PPG Public Affairs- Politics is the conduct and management

of public interest and therefore, political affairs.

Politics- activity through which people make, preserve
and amend the general rules under which they live. Compromise and Consensus- attempts to resolve
Inextricably link to the phenomena of conflict and conflict through discussion, compromise, bargaining,
cooperation. and consensus.

Political Science- social discipline that studies the state Power and distribution of resources- exercise of
and the government. authority in the production, distribution and use of
resources. This describes who gets what and under
State- political community that involves four important
what circumstances.
elements, namely, people, territory, sovereignty and
government.

Government- instrument of the state through which Ideology -constitute a part of the raw material needed
the will of the people is expressed, carried out and to create a coherent doctrine.
formulated. It serves as the bridge of that connects the
-It consists of belief and value systems.
people to the state.
-generate a sense of collective belonging
ORIGIN OF POLITICS IN ACIENT GREECE
-The ideas of the ruling class
Polis- City State
-World-view of a particular social class or group
Polites- Citizens
-Ideas that propagate false consciousness amongst the
Politikos- Politician
oppressed.
Politike- politics as the art of citizenship and
-An abstract and highly systematic set of political
government
ideas.
Politeia- constitution, rules of politics

Politeuma- political community, all those residents who

Spectrum of Political Attitudes
have full political rights
Leftist- Liberals and Radicals (advocate changes in the
Four Categories of Residents
status quo) More likely to support fundamental
1. Citizens with full legal and political rights – changes. Human Equality and Rights
Adult Men had Native Greek parents had the
Rightist- Conservatives (status quo’s no. 1 supporter)
right to vote, be elected, bear arms and
Reactionaries and Conservatives are reluctant to
obligation at war.
progressive change. Authority and Tradition and
2. Citizens with legal rights but no political rights
Property Rights
– women and underage children cannot vote
can’t bear arms nor be elected. Not obliged at
war.
3. Foreigners- Full legal rights but no political
rights. Subject to Taxation. CANNOT vote, bear
arms, run in office.
4. Slaves- property of their owners, any privileges
depend on the owner’s will.

The Different Views on Politics:

Art of Government- Politics concerns the state. It

focuses on the personnel and machinery of the
government.
Major Political Ideologies: Key Ideas and Theories
LIBERALISM- belief in individualism.
-Liberty of the individual must be protected. An
individual has freedom when he or she is able to act as
he or she pleases.
-Reason can lead individuals to make wise
judgements, which could solve issues or differences.
-Equality implies that individuals are born
equally moral, but not statistically equal.
-Tolerance- Accept Difference. Willingness of
individuals to allow others to think and behave in ways
they do not approve.
-Authority and Social Relationships must also
be based on agreement or consent.
Civil Case- citizens can bring lawsuits against one
another.
Criminal Case- government that brings a case against a
defendant.
CONSERVATISM- Tradition must be conserved including
established customs, institutions and ways of doing
things that have endured through time.
-Pragmantism- highlights the limits of human
reason. Action should be shaped by a practical
circumstances and goals. Being ‘Practical’.
-Human Imperfection-presents the pessimistic
view on the individual. People are morally corrupt and
belittled. “Trust Issues”
-Organicism: belief that society is an organic
whole and is a living entity than being an artifact of
human ingenuity. We adapt to change because we’re
organic and living entity.
-Hierarchy- social position and status are
natural. Hierarchy is inevitable.
-Authority must be exercised from above.
-Property is self-sustaining. It is an individual’s
Source of security and Independence from the
government.
SOCIALISM- Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a
shared common humanity.
-Society differences in the distribution of
wealth and power. Social class is an important social
cleavage, which divides societies.
-Common Ownership is a means to harness
material sources for the common good.
-nothing is made for profit, all people benefit
from education and health. The workers take control of
the country to produce things for anyone.
MARXISM/COMMUNISM- Classless/Tasteless society
-Common Ownership of all resources
-No Private Property
-Historical Materialism- materialist conception of
history provides that the economy conditions all other
aspects of social life- including the law, government,
politics, education, etc.
Major Players of Communism
1. Proletariat- working class/lower class
2. Bourgeoisie- upper class/ gain wealth from
working class
Karl Marx (1818-1883) aka Father of Communism
-German by birth
-former college professor
-Author/Philosopher
-hated the conditions that the Industrial
Revolution had brought to workers.
-created Marxism/Communism
Frederick Engels (1820-1895)
-German by birth
-College Degree in Journalism
-the one who financially helped Marx to
produce copies of his book ‘Communist Manifesto’
They lived in one house, supporting each other to
produce the said book. They are tired of corruption.
Origin of Communism
1. Primitive Communism – everything was shared
amongst tribes
2. Feudalism- people are kept uneducated and
told that God chose the king to rule. The Church
helps the king this way.
3. Capitalism- owners get richer while the workers
do all the hard work
4. Socialism- nothing is made for profit, all people
benefit from education and health. The workers
take control of the country to produce things
for everyone.
5. Communism (Marxism) – As everyone now
works together, war is a thing of the past.
Armies aren’t needed.
Marx’s proposed plan for achieving his vision
Step 1- Proletariat will rise up against Bourgeoisie
Step 2- Temporary dictatorship will step in and help to
redevelop society.
Step 3- Dictatorship will voluntarily give up power, thus
creating a classless, borderless utopia
MARXIST THEORY: Class, Conflict, Capitalism
Alienation of Labor- alienated from their craft. Their
creativity and effort to things that they would never
have.
FALSE CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS- conditioning to accept
that their status and situation as inevitable
Hegemony- change of culture and system
RELIGION, GOVERNMENT, FAMILY and EDUCATION
-education teaches/conditions us to be a good
employee, not to be a businessman
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
-balance between the market and the state / between
individual and the community.
-acceptance of Capitalism and distribution of wealth
-concerned with the weak, the vulnerable and underdog
-recognizes compassion, common humanity and
freedom
FACISM
-Ultranationalist ideology
-idea of supreme race that members should enjoy the
natural resources. Excludes nonmembers of the race
-values of struggle leadership, power, heroism and
war.
-believes in a unified community or strength through
unity
-social group or community is more important than
individual identity.
-has an anti-character: anti-liberalism, anti-
individualism, anti-capitalism, etc.
ANARCHISM
-prefers a stateless society
-intersection of liberalism and socialism
-Both State and Authority is both evil and unnecessary.
FEMINISM
-unifying theme is the desire to enhance the social role
of women
-acknowledging the Patriarchy – structure of male
power must be overturned, hence the belief in gender
equality
-influenced most by post-modernism
Fights for:
-sex and gender
-equality and differences
a redefinition of what constitutes ‘the political’
Famous Feminists:
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
-moral demand of equality in education
-first attribution of gender differences to socialization
-wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Man”
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
-wrote ‘The Subjection of Women’ in 1869
-Establish a right to vote and to vote political office
-popular stereotypes of women used to justify political
exclusion
Harriet Taylor (1807-1858)
-wrote ‘The Enfranchisment of Women’ in 1851
-arguing for political enfranchisement for women
-aguing women’s right to sue for divorce.
First Wave- critique on gender differences
Second Wave- gender oppression
Simone De Beauvoir (1908-1986)
-wrote ‘The Second Sex’ in 1949
-denies gender difference in biology
-developed the sex/gender distinction
-recognizes femininity and masculinity as
historically variable
Betty Friedan (1921-2006)
-wrote ‘The Feminine Mystique’ in 1963
-unhappiness despite gains of the women’s
rights movements
-traditional gender roles stifle women’s
development
-treats gender roles as inherently
dehumanizing
The Preamble
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the
aid of almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society, and establish a government that shall embody
our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to
ourselves and our posterity the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and
a regime of truth, justice freedom, love, equality and
peace, do ordain and promulgate this constitution.
The Animal Farm – Summary
One night, all the animals at Mr. Jones' Manor
Farm assemble in a barn to hear Old Major, a pig,
describe a dream he had about a world where all animals
live free from the tyranny of their human masters. Old
Major dies soon after the meeting, but the animals —
inspired by his philosophy of Animalism — plot a
rebellion against Jones. Two
pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, prove themselves
important figures and planners of this dangerous
enterprise. When Jones forgets to feed the animals, the
revolution occurs, and Jones and his men are chased off
the farm. Manor Farm is renamed Animal Farm, and the
Seven Commandments of Animalism are painted on the
barn wall.
Initially, the rebellion is a success: The animals
complete the harvest and meet every Sunday to debate
farm policy. The pigs, because of their intelligence,
become the supervisors of the farm. Napoleon, however,
proves to be a power-hungry leader who steals the cows'
milk and a number of apples to feed himself and the
other pigs. He also enlists the services of Squealer, a pig
with the ability to persuade the other animals that the
pigs are always moral and correct in their decisions.
Later that fall, Jones and his men return to
Animal Farm and attempt to retake it. Thanks to the
tactics of Snowball, the animals defeat Jones in what
thereafter becomes known as The Battle of the Cowshed.
Winter arrives, and Mollie, a vain horse concerned only
with ribbons and sugar, is lured off the farm by another
human. Snowball begins drawing plans for a windmill,
which will provide electricity and thereby give the
animals more leisure time, but Napoleon vehemently
opposes such a plan on the grounds that building the
windmill will allow them less time for producing food. On
the Sunday that the pigs offer the windmill to the animals
for a vote, Napoleon summons a pack of ferocious dogs,
who chase Snowball off the farm forever. Napoleon
announces that there will be no further debates; he also
tells them that the windmill will be built after all and lies
that it was his own idea, stolen by Snowball. For the rest
of the novel, Napoleon uses Snowball as a scapegoat on
whom he blames all of the animals' hardships.
another neighboring farmer, Pilkington. Life for all the
animals (except the pigs) is harsh. Eventually, the pigs
begin walking on their hind legs and take on many other
qualities of their former human oppressors. The Seven
Commandments are reduced to a single law: "All Animals
Are Equal / But Some Are More Equal Than Others." The
novel ends with Pilkington sharing drinks with the pigs in
Jones' house. Napoleon changes the name of the farm
back to Manor Farm and quarrels with Pilkington during
a card game in which both of them try to play the ace of
spades. As other animals watch the scene from outside
the window, they cannot tell the pigs from the humans.

Much of the next year is spent building the

windmill. Boxer, an incredibly strong horse, proves
himself to be the most valuable animal in this endeavor.
Jones, meanwhile, forsakes the farm and moves to
another part of the county. Contrary to the principles of
Animalism, Napoleon hires a solicitor and begins trading
with neighboring farms. When a storm topples the half-
finished windmill, Napoleon predictably blames
Snowball and orders the animals to begin rebuilding it.

Napoleon's lust for power increases to the point

where he becomes a totalitarian dictator, forcing
"confessions" from innocent animals and having the dogs
kill them in front of the entire farm. He and the pigs move
into Jones' house and begin sleeping in beds (which
Squealer excuses with his brand of twisted logic). The
animals receive less and less food, while the pigs grow
fatter. After the windmill is completed in August,
Napoleon sells a pile of timber to Jones; Frederick, a
neighboring farmer who pays for it with forged
banknotes. Frederick and his men attack the farm and
explode the windmill but are eventually defeated. As
more of the Seven Commandments of Animalism are
broken by the pigs, the language of the Commandments
is revised: For example, after the pigs become drunk one
night, the Commandment, "No animals shall drink
alcohol" is changed to, "No animal shall drink alcohol to
excess."

Boxer again offers his strength to help build a

new windmill, but when he collapses, exhausted,
Napoleon sells the devoted horse to a knacker (a glue-
boiler). Squealer tells the indignant animals that Boxer
was actually taken to a veterinarian and died a peaceful
death in a hospital — a tale the animals believe.

Years pass and Animal Farm expands its

boundaries after Napoleon purchases two fields from