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– re model
– Hybrid equivalent model
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
The re Transistor Model
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Base Configuration
26 mV
I c = αI e re =
Ie
Input impedance:
Zi= r e
Output impedance:
Z o≃∞ Ω
Voltage gain:
αR L R L
AV = ≃
re re
Current gain:
Ai = − α≃− 1
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Configuration
I e= (β+ 1 )I b≃βI b
26 mV
re =
Ie
more…
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i = βr e
Output impedance:
Z o= r o≃∞ Ω
Voltage gain:
RL
AV = −
re
Current gain:A = β∣
i r o= ∞
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Collector Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i = ( β+ 1 )r e
Output impedance:
Z o= r e∣∣ R E
Voltage gain:
RE
AV =
R E+ r e
Current gain:
Ai = β + 1
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
The Hybrid Equivalent Model
The following hybrid parameters are developed and used
for modeling the transistor. These parameters can be found
on the specification sheet for a transistor.
• hi = input resistance
• hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo) 0
• hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
• ho = output conductance
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Simplified General h-Parameter Model
• hi = input resistance
• hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
re vs. h-Parameter Model
Common-Emitter
hie = βr e
h fe= β ac
Common-Base
hib = r e
h fb = − α≃− 1
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
The Hybrid Model
The hybrid model is most useful for analysis of high-
frequency transistor applications.
At lower frequencies the hybrid model closely
approximate the re parameters, and can be replaced by
them.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration
AC equivalent
re model
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i = R B ∣∣ βr e
Z i ≃ βr e∣R ≥ 10 βr
E e
Output impedance:
Z o = RC ∣∣r O
Z o ≃ RC ∣r ≥ 10 R
o C
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias
Calculations
Input impedance:
R' = R 1∣∣ R 2
Z i = R '∣∣ βr e
Output impedance:
V o − RC∣∣r o
Av= = I '
V i re Ai = o ¿β∣r ≥ 10R , { R≥ 10 βr e
Ii o C
V R
A v = o ≃− C ∣r ≥ 10R
Vi re o C Current gain from voltage gain:
Zi
Ai = − A v
RC
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Emitter-Bias
Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Impedance Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i = R B∣∣ Z b
Z b = βr e + ( β + 1) R E
Z b≃ β ( re + R E )
Z b ≃ βR E
Output impedance:
Z o= RC
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
Vo βRC
Av= =−
Vi Zb
V R
Av= o = − C ∣
Vi r e + R E Z b= β( r e + R E )
Vo RC
Av = ¿− ∣
Vi R E Z b ≃βR E
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Impedance Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i = R B∣∣ Z b
Z b = βr e + ( β + 1) R E
Z b≃ β ( re + R E )
Z b ≃ βR E
Output impedance:
Z o = R E ∣∣r e
Z o ≃r e∣R >> r
E e
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
V o RE
Av= =
Vi R E+ r e
V
A v = o ≃1∣ R >> r , R + r ≃ R
Vi E e E e E
Current gain:
βR B
Ai ≃−
R B+ Z b
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Base Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i = R E∣∣r e
Output impedance:
Z o= RC
Voltage gain:
V o αR C R C
Av= = ≃
Vi re re
Current gain:
Io
Ai = = − α ≃− 1
Ii
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Collector Feedback
Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Calculations
Input impedance:
re
Zi=
1 RC
+
β RF
Output impedance:
Z o≃RC ∣∣ R F
Voltage gain:
Vo R
Av= =− C
Vi re
Current gain:
I o βR F
Ai = =
Ii R F + βR C
I R
Ai = o ≃ F
Ii RC
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Collector DC Feedback Configuration
• This is a variation of the
common-emitter, fixed-bias
configuration
• The input is applied to the base
• The output is taken from the
collector
• There is a 180 phase shift
between input and output
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Calculations
Input impedance:
re
Zi=
1 RC
+
β RF
Output impedance:
Z o≃RC ∣∣ R F
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Two-Port Systems Approach
This approach:
• Reduces a circuit to a two-port system
• Provides a “Thévenin look” at the output terminals
• Makes it easier to determine the effects of a changing load
With Vi set to 0 V:
Z Th= Z o= R o
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Effect of Load Impedance on Gain
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Effect of Source Impedance on Gain
The fraction of
applied signal that
reaches the input of
the amplifier is:
Ri V s
V i=
Ri+ Rs
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Combined Effects of RS and RL on Voltage
Gain
Effects of RL:
V o R L A vNL
Av= =
V i R L+ R o
R
Ai = − A v i
RL
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Cascaded Systems
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
R-C Coupled BJT Amplifiers
Voltage gain:
R C∣∣ R 1∣∣ R 2∣∣ βr e
A v1=
re
R
AV2 = C
re
A v = A v1 A v2
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Cascode Connection
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Darlington Connection
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
DC Bias of Darlington Circuits
Base current:
V CC − V BE
I B=
R B+ β D R E
Emitter current:
I E = ( β D+ 1) I B≃ β D I B
Emitter voltage:
V E= I E R E
Base voltage:
V B= V E+ V BE
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Feedback Pair
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Current Mirror Circuits
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Current Source Circuits
Constant-current sources can be built using FETs, BJTs, and
combinations of these devices.
IE IC
V − V
I ≃ I E=
Z BE
RE
more…
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Current Source Circuits
VGS = 0V
ID = IDSS = 10 mA
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Fixed-Bias Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i = R B∣∣hie
Output impedance:
Z o= RC ∣∣1/h oe
Voltage gain:
Vo h fe (R C∣∣1 / ho e )
Av= =−
Vi hie
Current gain:
Io
Ai = ≃h fe Z i = R B∣∣hie
Ii
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Voltage-Divider Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i = R '∣∣ hie
Output impedance:
Z o≃RC
Voltage gain:
h fe (R C∣∣1/h oe )
Av= −
h ie
Current gain:
hfe R'
Ai = − '
R + hie
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Input impedance:
Z b = h fe R E
Z i = R o∣∣ Z b
Z b = h fe R E
Output impedance:
Z i = R o∣∣ Z b
hie
Z o ≃ R E ∣∣
h fe
Voltage gain:
Vo RE
Av= =
V i R E + hie / hfe
Current gain:
h fe R B
Ai =
R B+ Z b
Zi
Ai = − A v
RE
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Base Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i = R E∣∣h ib
Output impedance:
Z o= RC
Voltage gain:
Vo h R
Av= = − fb C
Vi h ib
Current gain:
Io
Ai = = h fb≃− 1
Ii
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Troubleshooting
Check the DC bias voltages
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.