The current municipal solid waste management systems in the country are carried out through waste

collection and disposal at the existing landfill site located in Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain. A total of
659,847 tons of wastes are generated in the Kingdom of Bahrain. This is expected to increase as the
population increases. With further reference to the population of the country, an estimated of 1.4 kg of
wastes are proportioned to every person living in the country. The most dominant component of these
wastes are domestic in nature, accumulating to about 45% of the total while further data reveals that
commercial wastes are consequently increasing due to rapid urbanization taking place within the
country. These increases are therefore reflective of more complexities that may arise as the country
continues to solve the existing problems within its waste management systems [13].

Owing to the importance of the topic, there has been significant research done and a large number of
literature published about waste management systems around the world. That being said, it is also noted
that not much of this is based on the Arab countries, or on the Kingdom of Bahrain in particular. This
paper, therefore, attempts at filling these gaps in the literature.

(only till here can be counted as “literature review” coz they are things you have read and researched.
The following paragraphs are not based on existing literature, they are your own words and ideas. I’m not
sure that’ll be taken as part of literature review. If possible, add some more from what you’ve read, with
references, since its only about 930 words. The three paragraphs below sounds more like the
“Applications” part.)

Waste management in urban areas plays a very important role, given that waste is generated from urban
areas are often exported out of the region for processing and treatment, and the impacts of waste disposal
activities may pass on to the other authorities, and even to the next generations.

An urban system cannot be sustainable if it requires more resources than it can produce on its own and
generates more wastes than the environment can handle. The current waste management practice, which
focuses on short term impacts and end-of-pipe solutions, is reactive in nature and under-qualified to
promote sustainability within the urban systems, across jurisdictions, and across generations.

Through material flows in and out of urban systems, many potential opportunities exist to reduce waste
generation and to minimize the negative impacts on the environment, the economy, and the society. City
planner’s involvement in waste management, however, has been largely limited to siting waste
management facilities. Linking waste management with three important lenses in planning land use,
economic development, and environmental planning, this study investigates the impacts of urban growth
on waste management activities, the need of transforming the reactive nature of current waste
management, and the challenges and opportunities that planners should address to promote urban
systems self-reliance of material and waste management needs. THE GAP? Commented [SB1]: Whats this? Please tell me what the
highlighted part is. It doesn’t look like literature review coz
This study targeted there are no references. It’s more like “objectives” /
“Applications” and I like it. But you already have objectives
This study includes three empirical analyses to complement theoretical discussions. First, it will connect
below… So??
waste statistics with demographic data, geographic characteristics, and policy instruments at the country
level which will examine whether waste volume can be decoupled from urban population growth. Second, Maybe you can add it to the conclusion.
it will elaborate the life cycle costs of different waste management options and therefore developing a
simulation study to seek cost-effective strategies for long-term waste management. Lastly, this study will
compile evidence of geographic-specific characteristics related to waste management and demonstrate
why waste management policies cannot be one-size-fit-all. Accordingly, this study illustrates the potential
opportunities for planners to contribute to community-specific waste management programs, the
prospect of transforming waste management practice from a cost burden to a long-term economic
development strategy, and the need to incorporate waste management into the sustainable urban
planning program.

The original aim of regulating waste disposal is to reduce the introduction of polluting substances
into the atmosphere since protection of the environment is a major challenge facing developing
countries such as Kingdom of Bahrain