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Math in the Modern

World
The Language of Mathematics
Mathematical Symbols: Numbers
BRIEF HISTORY OF NUMERICAL
SYSTEMS
• Tick Marks
• Symbols for Numbers
• Positional Notation
• Invention of Zero
• Base Used
EXAMPLE: Roman Numeral System
EXAMPLE: Babylonian Numbers
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS

• Practical Use
• Shorthand for Familiar Concepts
• Arbitrary Assignments
The Language of Mathematics
• Mathematical language is the system used to communicate mathematical
ideas.
• It consists of some natural language using technical terms (mathematical
terms) and grammatical conventions that are uncommon to mathematical
discourse, supplemented by a highly specialized symbolic notation for
mathematical formulas.
• The mathematical notations used for formulas have their own grammar and
shared by mathematicians anywhere in the globe.
The Language of Mathematics
(Carol Burns Fisher)

• Characteristics of the language of mathematics

• 1. PRECISE - able to make very fine distinctions


• 2. CONCISE – able to say things briefly/shows simplicity
• 3. POWERFUL – able to express complex thoughts with relative ease
The Language of Mathematics

• “Mathematics is the language in which God has written the


universe.” – Galileo Galilei
The Language of Mathematics

• The language of mathematics can be learned, but requires the efforts


needed to learn any foreign language.
The Language of Mathematics
• I fed her cat food.
• I saw a man on a hill with a telescope.
• The sum of the square of a number and twice the number is less than the
square of the sum of the number and 10.

a2  b2  c2
The Language of Mathematics

A  B
The Language of Mathematics

x  As.t.y  A
The Language of Mathematics

y  x y  x
The Language of Mathematics
The Language of Mathematics

• Every language has its vocabulary (the words), and its rules for combining
these words into complete thoughts (sentences).

• Mathematics is NO EXCEPTION.
The Language of Mathematics
• A mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-
defined according to rules that depend on the context.
• The symbols can designate numbers, variables, operations, functions,
brackets, punctuations and groupings to help determine order of operations
and other aspects of mathematical syntax.
• A mathematical expression is a correct arrangement of mathematical
symbols used to represent the object of interest.
The Language of Mathematics

• A mathematical expression does not contain a complete thought and it


cannot be determined if it is true or false.

• Some types of expressions are numbers, sets and functions


The Language of Mathematics
• A mathematical sentence makes a statement about two expressions, either
using numbers, variables or a combination of both.
• A mathematical sentence can also use symbols or words like equals, greater
than or less than.
• A mathematical sentence is a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols
that states a complete thought and can be determined whether it’s true, false,
sometimes true or sometimes false.
The Language of Mathematics

ENGLISH MATHEMATICS
SYMBOLS Alphabet and punctuations Alphabet, numerals, operation
and grouping symbols, etc.
Name given to an object of NOUN EXPRESSION
interest (person, thing, place) (numbers, variables,sets, etc.)
A complete thought SENTENCE SENTENCE
The Language of Mathematics
• Expressions have SYNONYMS
• Examples:
• 1. happy
• 2. pretty
• 3. 16
• 4. a/b
The Language of Mathematics
• MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS VS MATHEMATICAL
SENTENCES

4 3
V  r
3
The Language of Mathematics

ab
a b
2 2
The Language of Mathematics

5y  3y  8
The Language of Mathematics

i
i 1
2
The Language of Mathematics

x3
f ( x) 
x 3
The Language of Mathematics

sin   cos   1
2 2
The Language of Mathematics

______
AB
The Language of Mathematics

 2
3  x4 5 6 
 
The Language of Mathematics

• NOTE:
• 1. Sentences have verbs.

• 2. It is reasonable to ask whether sentences are true or false.


The Language of Mathematics

• CONVENTIONS IN LANGUAGES
• Languages have conventions.
• There are conventions in the English language.
• Mathematics too has its conventions which help readers distinguish between
different types of mathematical expressions.
The Language of Mathematics
• SOME MATHEMATICAL CONVENTIONS
• PEMDAS
• Letters to represent certain objects
• Generally reading from left to right
• Superscripts as exponents; subscripts representing instances
• The meaning of the word “SIMPLIFY”
The Language of Mathematics

• Just like mathematical symbols, there’s usually no special reason for deciding
on a certain mathematical convention.

• An agreement on one is simply needed for the purpose of communication


The Language of Mathematics

• The Four Basic Concepts


• 1. The Language of Sets
• 2. The Language of Functions and Relations
• 3. The Language of Binary Operations
• 4. The Language of Reasoning
The Language of Mathematics

• Set Theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets.

• The study of sets has become a fundamental theory in mathematics in 1870s


which was introduced by Georg Cantor (1845 – 1918), a German
mathematician
The Language of Mathematics
The Language of Mathematics
• The Language of Sets
• A set is a well defined collection of objects.
• Terminologies:
• 1. element
• 2. Roster Method vs. Rule Method
• 3. finite set vs. infinite set
The Language of Mathematics
• 4. unit set vs null set
• 5. universal set
• 6. cardinality of a set
• 7. subset
• 8. proper subset
• 9. equality of sets vs. equivalence of sets
The Language of Mathematics
• 10. power set
• 11. union of sets
• 12. intersection of sets
• 13. complement of a set
• 14. set difference
• 15. disjoint sets
The Language of Mathematics

• 16. ordered pairs


• 17. Cartesian product
The Language of Mathematics
• The Language of Relations and Functions
• Terminologies
• 1. relation
• 2. function
• 3. correspondence/mapping
• 4. domain (pre-image)
The Language of Mathematics
• 5. range (image)
• 6. graph of a function

• * notation
• * evaluation
The Language of Mathematics
• The Language of Binary Operations
• Terminologies
• 1. binary operation
• 2. closure property
• 3. associative property
• 4. identity property
The Language of Mathematics

• 5. inverse property
• 6. group
The Language of Mathematics
• The Language of Reasoning
• Logic is the science of correct reasoning.
• Terminologies
• 1. deductive vs inductive reasoning
• 2. proposition
• 3. truth value
The Language of Mathematics
• 4. simple vs. compound proposition
• 5. conjunction
• 6. disjunction
• 7. conditional
• 8. biconditional
• 9. argument
The Language of Mathematics

10. validity of an argument


• 11. converse
• 12. inverse
• 13. contrapositive

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