A Continuous Damage Mechanics

Jean Lemaitre Model for Ductile Fracture

Professeur a I'Universite Paris 6,
Laboratoire de Mecanique et Technologie,
E.N.S.E.T/Universite Paris 6/C.N.R.S.
94230 Cachan, France
A model of isotropic ductile plastic damage based on a continuum damage variable,
on the effective stress concept and on thermodynamics is derived. The damage is
linear with equivalent strain and shows a large influence of triaxiality by means of a
damage equivalent stress. Identification for several metals is made by means of
elasticity modulus change induced by damage. A comparison with the McClintock
and Rice-Tracey models and with some experiments is presented for the influence of
triaxiality on the strain to rupture.

1 Introduction
The phenomenon of initiation and growth of cavities and Colloquim on "Damage Mechanics" held in Cachan (France)
microcracks induced by large deformations in metals and in 1981). Models presented here are in the framework of that
called "ductile plastic damage," has been extensively studied thermodynamics which gives the possibility of identifying the
by means of micro-mechanics anlaysis. In the pioneer works damage by means of its coupling with elasticity.
of McClintock [1], Rice and Tracey [2] and subsequent
studies, defects are taken into account by analyzing their 2 Elements of Continuous Damage Mechanics
geometry in a continuous matrix using the procedure of the
mechanics of continuous media. As many developments of the theory of continuous damage
mechanics have already been published [9, 10, 12], only the
At that microscale, a good representation of physical principal features used to build a new model of ductile plastic
mechanisms can be introduced, but difficulties arise when damage are summarized here.
these analyses have to be included in large scale structures to
predict ductile failures. The main reason is the lack of ac- 2.1 Damage Variable. Consider a damaged body in which
curacy of local stress calculations for the microscale level. a volume element at macroscale level has been isolated (Fig.
Between that microscale level, say 10 3 -10 - 2 mm, and the 1).
2 3
structure scale level, say 10 -10 mm, there exists a Let S be the overall section area of that element defined by
macroscale level of constitutive equations for strain behavior. its normal n. In that section the microcracks and cavities have
The continuous damage mechanics approach deals within that intersections of different shapes, let SD be their total area.
macroscale defining a damage variable as an effective surface Let S be the effective resisting area taking into account this
density of cracks or cavity intersections with a plane. Of area SD, the microstress concentrations in the vicinity of
course, at that macroscale it is difficult to introduce much discontinuities and the interactions between closed defects.
physics but on the other hand this damage variable is easy to
introduce in structural calculation, especially with the concept s<s-s D
of effective stress. This stress, written as the mean density of The concept of effective stress associated to the hypothesis
forces acting on the elementary surface that effectively resists, of strain equivalence described below avoids the calculation
has been introduced by Kachanov in 1958 to model creep of S and, by definition, the damage variable D associated
rupture [3]. This has been the starting point of continuous with the normal n is:
damage mechanics developed further for dissipation and low
cycle fatigue in metals (Lemaitre 1971 [4]), for coupling S-S
between damage and creep (Leckie 1974 [5]), between damage D„ =
and cyclic creep (Hult [6]), for high cycle fatigue (Chaboche
1974 [7]), for creep fatigue interaction (Lemaitre-Chaboche
1974 [8]). . . Later, the thermodynamics of irreversible
processes provided the necessary scientific basis to justify
continuous damage mechanics as a theory (Chaboche 1978
[9], Lemaitre-Chaboche 1978 [10], Murakami [11], Cor-
debois-Sidoroff [12] Krajcinovic [13]) with many develop-
ments (see for examples papers presented at the Euromech

Contributed by the Materials Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF

ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY. Manuscript received by the
Materials Division, March 31,1983. Fig. 1 Damaged element

Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology JANUARY 1985, Vol. 107/83

Copyright © 1985 by ASME
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 From a physical point of view the variable D„ is the 2.2 Thermodynamics. In order to model elasticity,
corrected area of cracks and cavities per unit surface cut by a thermal effects, plasticity and damage within the hypothesis
plane perpendicular to n. of isotropy for the three phenomena, the following variables
From a mathematical point of view, as S approaches zero, have to be introduced [10]:
then D„ is the corrected surface density of discontinuities in
the body relative to the normal n.
Observable Internal Associated
A, =0 corresponds to the undamaged state; variables variables variables
Elastic strain stress tensor
D„ = 1 corresponds to rupture of the element into two
tensor
parts; a
0 <D„ < 1 characterizes the damaged state.
Temperature entropy
« « as m » _ na

Hypothesis of Isotropy. In the general case, cracks and Accumulated Radius of yield
voids are oriented and Dn is a function of n. This leads to an surface: Ry+R
intrinsic variable of damage which can be a second order plastic strain
P R
tensor [12] or a fourth order tensor [9]"depending upon the
hypothesis made. In this paper we restrict ourselves to Damage Damage strain
isotropic damage, the cracks and voids being equally energy release
distributed in all directions. D„ does not depend upon n and rate
the intrinsic damage variable is the scalar D. D y

Concept of Effective Stress. If F is the load acting on the

section S of the element considered in Fig. 1, T = F/S is the p is defined by:
usual stress vector which leads to the Cauchy stress tensor a
(ff.n = T). The quantity S = S (\-D) is the effective area
which effectively carries the load F. By definition: dt = (}*':*')
- F T e" is the Euler-Almansi plastic strain tensor in large defor-
T = -=• =
S \-D mation theory, its rate being defined from the total strain rate
iby:
is the effective stress vector which, since D is a scalar, leads to
the effective stress tensor (S.n = T)
Thermodynamic Potential. Taking the free-energy $ as
thermodynamic potential, it is assumed that it is a convex
function of all observable and internal variables. Using the
\~D hypothesis that the elasticity and plasticity behaviors are
uncoupled gives:
Beside the hypothesis of isotropy, we assume here that the
mechanical effects of cavities and microcracks are the same t=4<e(te,T,D)+tp(T,p)
both in tension and compression. As it is generally not the In order to obtain linear elasticity coupled with damage by
case in practice, this limits the applicability of the theory to means of the effective stress, i/-c must be quadratic in ie and
those cases where "compressions" are small. linear in (l—D). If a is the fourth order tensor of elasticity
and p the density
Hypothesis of Strain Equivalence [4]. It is assumed that the
strain behavior is modified by damage only through the ef- ^e=^a :t?:t'0-D)
fective stress:
The strain behavior of a damaged material is represented by The damaged elasticity law is:
constitutive equations of the virgin material (without any
damage) in the potential of which the stress is simply = a: ee(l-D)
J replaced by the effective stress. dee
and the variable y associated with D, by the power dissipated
Examples: (—j> £>) in the phenomenon of damage, is defined by:
-one dimensional linear elasticity of a damage material:
1
y=p : a
_ a _ a dD 2
ee
~~¥~ (1-Z>)E
Damage Criterion. The density of elastic strain energy We
ee being the elastic strain and E the Young's modulus. being defined as:
-Ramberg-Osgood equation for plastic strain-hardening
evolution: dWe = a: dte

if we replace dte by its value taken from the damaged

e elasticity law written for da = 0 at constant temperature one
" \K/ 1(1-D)K\
{\-D)K.
where ep is the plastic strain and K and M material coef-
ficients. 'The symbol ( : ) means the tensorial product contracted on two indices.

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 same for both quantities and, that the ratio pD lpR does not These models depend upon material constants tD, eR, Dc for
depend upon triaxiality, and is equal to its value in the one- damage properties and Poisson's ratio v. The first one which
dimensional case: also depends upon hardening exponent M has to be integrated
PD eD in each particular case of history of loading represented by
PR £R
OH/oeq(t) and p(t) to obtain the damage evolution D(t).
The second, only valid for radial or proportional loading
where ep and eR are the one-dimensional strain at damage gives directly the damage D as a function of / when oH/aeq is
threshold and at failure. known.
Identification of Parameters. Identification of such models
Then D=D. consists in the quantitative evaluation of the three coefficients
eD, eR and Dc characteristic of each material at each temp-
erature considered. (Mis known from the uniaxial hardening
The accumulated strain at rupture pR can also be expressed as curve.)
a function of e^, oH/aeq and of its value in the one- eD and Dc need a measurement of damage which is
dimensional case: somewhat difficult due to the fact that damage does not affect
very much any measurable quantity far from the rupture
°H condition.
Let us return to the definition of D and the effective stress
From the expression of Dc with (2s0 +M)/M = 1 follows: concept applied to elasticity: it is possible to measure D
through the variations of the elasticity modulus [21].
(J*_=l) Writing again the damage elasticity law:
a=Eee or o= E(l-D)ee
2ES0DC E being the Young's modulus of undamaged material, the
= eR-- [ | ( l + ») + 3<l-2,)(|)]-"o quantity

"(--fr) tR
E(1-Z))=E
can be considered as the elasticity modulus of the damaged
and material. E being known and E measured by a special
2 -i -s0
technique described below, then the damage D is evaluated as:
PR = eR (l + *) + 3 ( l - 2 i o ( — Y
"eq D=l-
s0 being of the order of 1 as will be checked in section 4.1, the
final equation is:

£> =
-M
fP[j«+ v) + 3 ( l - 2 i o ( -
OH
a
eq -n-
\
£R-£D
""
1
\

In the particular case of one dimension

x
eR ~ eD I
^* c
which is very simple!
With the above expression for pR the equation for Dc can
be written in a very simple way using s0 = 1 and (2s0 +M) IM Fig. 2 Measure of damaged elasticity modulus
= 1:
The damage elasticity modulus E can be measured through
tension tests but as damage is always localized in a very small
Zhba pR it,b0
region of the specimen some special precautions are needed.
This allows to replace K2/2ES0 by Dc/(eR -eD) in the They are described in reference [22], For the static method, a
differential constitutive equation for D to obtain the final specimen of the shape given in Fig. 2 is needed. Roughly,
results. ductile plastic damage begins when necking starts. As a

Differential model
valid for any loading path D
r,_ ' (" 2 n | „) | 3f1 1v)( °H Y ]D2/Md
2 m L3 v
• ( • A fj-ffl oeq / J

Model valid for radial

loading only
c H
n— (n\ <\ 1 IA I i n irl I I r )
/ 2 \ "2 eR-eD\l?, \ aeq / J /
P=(Te:e)

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 3.1 One Dimensional Models Written in Terms of Stress. In the expression fory:
It can be shown that several models proposed in the past from
phenomenological considerations may be derived from the
above general constitutive equation:
In the one-dimensional case of monotonic loading defined
by the stress a and the plastic strain ep: replace aeq by its value, taken from the Ramberg-Osgood
a2 hardening law coupled with damage and written for the three-
p=£p,-y= dimensional case:
2E

P=\ °« r
With
or --Kp
\-D
(l-£>) Then
2
then follows «
£> = OH
(1 + e) + 3(l--2v) (- 5
/ & V \2ES0 [T - ) > ) \
\ 2ES 0 < This is the general constitutive equation for ductile plastic
Replacing ep by its value taken from the Ramberg-Osgood damage.
law of hardening coupled with damage' by means of the ef-
Integration in the Particular Case of Radial Loading. In
fective stress:
most engineering applications the loading is such that the
/ a \ M / -n x M-\
(i)'
M
<P:
directions of principal stresses (different in each point M) are
constant with time through the process and may be described
_(2i 0 +M-l) by:
t
U)°riM)
(a scalar)
gives: D-- '(.M,t) •

Within this hypothesis, the triaxiality ratio aH/aeq is

(2ES0f constant with time and it is possible, by integration, to obtain
or, with change of notation: a simple relation between the actual value of damage D and
the accumulated plastic strain p. If pD is the damage strain
dD do threshold:
=\-s) p<pD~D =0
This is the model proposed by Broberg [19]. Usually a
Integration yields:
damage threshold does exist such that:
o<oD~D =0
D (1 + ")
Then a more realistic model has been proposed by Dufailly \2EsA'
and Lemaitre 1201: 2SQ +M
do
*>-<s3>}'
S 2 (l-X»)/ ~S^
with: < x > = x i f > 0 , <x>=0 if x<0 This expression can be written in a simpler fashion by in-
Here aD, S2, and s2 are material constants identified from troducing the rupture strain pR as a function of the triaxiality
tension tests in which damage is derived from elasticity ratio oH/aeq corresponding to the intrinsic value of damage at
modulus change as explained in section 3.2. (Identification). failure Dc which we assume to be a material property:
These models written in term of stress are difficult to apply P=PR-D=DC
in the range of large strains, where usually ductile plastic
damage occurs, because the stress does not vary very much as
the material becomes almost perfectly plastic close to rupture.
Then a model written in terms of strains is more suitable
especially for metal forming calculations.
M2IJ (\ + v)

2s0+M

3.2 A Three Dimensional Model Written in Terms of

Strains. Ductile plastic damage generally occurs with large
deformations and in metal forming calculations. Large strain
theory must then be used. Dividing D by Dc yields:
Now t is the Green Lagrange strain tensor, 2sQ+M 1SQ+M

a is the Cauchy stress tensor, M

-PD
te is the elastic strain tensor defined with respect to D = D„
2s0+M 2s0+M
the unstressed state.
M M
Due to the large strain hypothesis the damage is written as •„ -n
PR PD
function of total strain instead of plastic strain. Then:
In the range of large deformations in metals, the hardening
exponent M is usually very high (a perfectly plastic material
corresponds to M = 00). Otherwise, identifications of one-
dimensional models described in section 3.1. show that the s0
Formulation. From the potential of dissipation already coefficient is of order of magnitude of unity then
chosen in section 3: (2s0 +M) IMis of order unity.

*-(?r> pD and pR depend upon the triaxiality ratio but it is

physically admissible to assume that this dependence is the

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 same for both quantities and, that the ratio pD lpR does not These models depend upon material constants tD, eR, Dc for
depend upon triaxiality, and is equal to its value in the one- damage properties and Poisson's ratio v. The first one which
dimensional case: also depends upon hardening exponent M has to be integrated
PD eD in each particular case of history of loading represented by
PR £R
OH/oeq(t) and p(t) to obtain the damage evolution D(t).
The second, only valid for radial or proportional loading
where ep and eR are the one-dimensional strain at damage gives directly the damage D as a function of / when oH/aeq is
threshold and at failure. known.
Identification of Parameters. Identification of such models
Then D=D. consists in the quantitative evaluation of the three coefficients
eD, eR and Dc characteristic of each material at each temp-
erature considered. (Mis known from the uniaxial hardening
The accumulated strain at rupture pR can also be expressed as curve.)
a function of e^, oH/aeq and of its value in the one- eD and Dc need a measurement of damage which is
dimensional case: somewhat difficult due to the fact that damage does not affect
very much any measurable quantity far from the rupture
°H condition.
Let us return to the definition of D and the effective stress
From the expression of Dc with (2s0 +M)/M = 1 follows: concept applied to elasticity: it is possible to measure D
through the variations of the elasticity modulus [21].
(J*_=l) Writing again the damage elasticity law:
a=Eee or o= E(l-D)ee
2ES0DC E being the Young's modulus of undamaged material, the
= eR-- [ | ( l + ») + 3<l-2,)(|)]-"o quantity

"(--fr) tR
E(1-Z))=E
can be considered as the elasticity modulus of the damaged
and material. E being known and E measured by a special
2 -i -s0
technique described below, then the damage D is evaluated as:
PR = eR (l + *) + 3 ( l - 2 i o ( — Y
"eq D=l-
s0 being of the order of 1 as will be checked in section 4.1, the
final equation is:

£> =
-M
fP[j«+ v) + 3 ( l - 2 i o ( -
OH
a
eq -n-
\
£R-£D
""
1
\

In the particular case of one dimension

x
eR ~ eD I
^* c
which is very simple!
With the above expression for pR the equation for Dc can
be written in a very simple way using s0 = 1 and (2s0 +M) IM Fig. 2 Measure of damaged elasticity modulus
= 1:
The damage elasticity modulus E can be measured through
tension tests but as damage is always localized in a very small
Zhba pR it,b0
region of the specimen some special precautions are needed.
This allows to replace K2/2ES0 by Dc/(eR -eD) in the They are described in reference [22], For the static method, a
differential constitutive equation for D to obtain the final specimen of the shape given in Fig. 2 is needed. Roughly,
results. ductile plastic damage begins when necking starts. As a

Differential model
valid for any loading path D
r,_ ' (" 2 n | „) | 3f1 1v)( °H Y ]D2/Md
2 m L3 v
• ( • A fj-ffl oeq / J

Model valid for radial

loading only
c H
n— (n\ <\ 1 IA I i n irl I I r )
/ 2 \ "2 eR-eD\l?, \ aeq / J /
P=(Te:e)

Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology JANUARY 1985, Vol. 107/87

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 oo ibo|
£p D ::.35 £pR -1.07

(a) (6)
Fig. 3 Ductile plastic damage for 99,9 percent copper. T = 20 = C

consequence, rapid change of geometry occurs and the local
strain in the most damaged region must be measured through
very small strain gages, say .5 x .5 mm. As these gages have a
maximum strain amplitude of 10 to 15 percent then, if the
damage has to be measured up to strain of 50 or 100 percent
or more, the gages have to be changed, which interrupts the
tests. Last point, a better accuracy is obtained if E is measured
during unloading as shown in Fig. 2. With these precautions
taken, a relative accuracy of 5 percent may be expected for D,
When texture induces a variation of the elasticity modulus this
• is generally for small values of strain far below the damage
threshold. eD is then defined by the value of e for which the
derivative dD/de begins to be positive. The damage is of
course supposed to be zero for e < eD.
An example is shown in Fig. 3 for copper (99.9 percent) at
room temperature, the variation of damage elasticity modulus
is shown in Fig. 3(a) and the evolution of damage, deduced
from D = 1 - E/E, is plotted against the true strain e„ =
log(l+e)inFig. 3(6).
In the range of normal scatter D is linear in e as predicated
by the model.
eD is the value of e where the best fit straight line of ex-
perimental data cuts the e axis.
Dc is the value of D for the strain at rupture eR.
4 Applications
The two main properties of the model is the linearity of D
with strain and the influence of triaxiality given by the factor
2 threshold value of the equivalent strain/?/, is reached.
[|(l+,) + 3<l-2„>(-^-) ]
The first set of applications will check the first property and
the second application will give some elements of the second.
4.1 Ductile Plastic Damage Characteristics of Several
Metals. The method of identification described above has
been applied to several materials. The results are given below
in Fig. 4 with the characteristic values of eD, eR, and Dc. The
linearity of D with e is again well verified in these six exam-
ples.
4.2 Influence of Triaxiality on Strain to Failure. A way to
check the model with regard to the triaxiality effect is to
compare the strain to failure predicted by p = pR when D
reaches its critical value Dc with the one predicted by the
McClintock or Rice and Tracey models for growth of voids
and with experiments.
The strain to rupture/^ for any value of the triaxiality ratio
has already been calculated to derive the model. Dividing pR
by eR (the strain to rupture in the one-dimensional case) yields
(with s 0 = 1).
ES L 3 \ aeq / J
Let us now calculate the same ratio with the McClintock or
Rice and Tracey models [1, 2], These models predict the
growth of a void of radius R in a plastic matrix by
dR
"-'•*(c-2-)*
where B and C = 1.5 are coefficients determined by the
theory.
Assume an initial value of the radius R0 which grows after a
P<PD - R=R0
Assume that failure occurs when a critical value of the radius
Rc is reached [23]

Steel E24

"• ft*? °'\^

Alloy INCO 716

_flsifl^4_
I
!
I
]

' I >
ep=qej n'_

Fig. 4 Ductile damage evolutions (from J. Dufailly, D. Nouailhas, B.

Ghatoufi, B. Abdouli-LM.T. Cachan France).

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 OH between
p t w p p n tthese
R=RC

h p s p ttwo
-

w n limits.
limitc
p=pR
and integrate the differential equation for constant ratio
rr.,/nlaeq h 5 Conclusion
- ( l + v) + 3 ( l - 2
»m
Rc The integrated model of ductile plastic damage developed
Log —— =B(pR-pD) exp (C~ ) on a thermodynamic and effective stress concept basis is
linear in strain and shows a very strong effect of triaxiality as
do the McClintock and Rice and Tracey models. Its range of
Rc = R0exp(B validity is limited by the hypothesis of isotropy of damage and
P/?-.Pz>]exp(c—))
isotropy of plasticity, and also by the hypothesis of constant
Dividing by the same expression written for the one- triaxiality ratio during loading, that is radial loading in the
dimensional case: sense of plasticity (approximately constant principal direc-
tions of stresses), which is a very common case in metal
forming. In more general cases of loading, the differential
model written in terms of a continuum mechanics variable of
after some mathematical manipulations, we obtain: damage is easy to apply together with plasticity equations
coupled with damage in any type of structural step by step
calculations such as the finite element method to predict the
1 state of damage and ductile fracture.
PR PD £R
+ • References
CR £R
expc(^--l) 1 McClintock, F., " A Criterion for Ductile Fracture by the Growth of
\ a,„ 3 / Holes," ASME Journal ofApplied Mechanics, June 1968.
2 Rice, J., and Tracey, D., "On Ductile Enlargement of Voids in Triaxial
The corresponding values of pR/eR for C = 1.5 are plotted Stress Fields," Journal of Mechanics Physics of Solids, Vol. 17,1969.
against the triaxiality ratio aHlaeq in Fig. 5. The two dashed 3 Kachanov, L. M., "Time of the Rupture Process Under Creep Con-
ditions," IVZAkadNauk, S.S.R., Otd Tech Nauk, No. 8,1958.
lines correspond to extreme values of the ratios pD/eR and 4 Lemaitre, J., "Evaluation of Dissipation and Damage in Metals Sub-
eD/eR that experiments on metal may show. That is: mitted to Dynamic Loading," Proceedings I.C.M.I, Kyoto, Japan, 1971.
5 Leckie, F., and Hayhurst, D., "Creep Rupture of Structures,"
PD eD = 0 Proceedings of R. Soc, London A, Vol. 240,1974, p. 323.
(no threshold)
£R 6 Hult, J., "Creep in Continua and Structures," Topics in Applied Con-
tinuum Mechanics, Springer-Verlag, Vienna, 1974.
7 Chaboche, J. L., "Une loi differentielle d'endommagement de fatigue
PD iD
= .2 avec cumulation non lineaire," Revue Francaise de Mechanique, No. 50-51,
CR (R 1974.
8 Lemaitre, J., and Chaboche, J. L., " A Non Linear Model of Creep-
Values ofpR/eR given by the model described in this paper are Fatigue Damage Cumulation and Interaction," Proceedings of I.U.T.A.M.
also plotted on the figure for the two values of v, v = .25 and Symposium on Mechanics of Visco-elastic media and bodies, Gothenburg,
v= .33. Sweden, Springer-Verlag, 1974.
9 Chaboche, J. L., "Description Thermodynamique et phenomenologique
de la visco-plasticite cyclique avec endommagement," These O.N.E.R.A. et
Universite Paris 6, 1978.
10 Lemaitre, J., and Chaboche, J. L., "Aspects Phenomenologiques de la
Rupture par Endommagement," Journal de Mecanique Appliquee, Vol. 2, No.
3,1978.
11 Murakami, S., "Effects of Cavity Distribution in Constitutive Equations
of Creep and Creep Damage," EUROMECH Colloquium on Damage
Mechanics, Cachan France, 1981.
12 Cordebois, J. P, and Sidoroff, F., "Endommagement anisotrope en
elasticite et plasticite," Journal de Mecanique Theorique et Appliquee, No.
Special, 1982.
13 Krajcinovic, D., and Fonseka, G. U., "The Continuous Damage Theory
of Brittle Materials," ASME Journal ofApplied Mechanics, Vol. 48, 1981, pp.
809-824.
14 Lemaitre, J., and Baptiste, D., "On Damage Criteria," Workshop NSF
on "Mechanics of Damage and Fracture," Atlanta, U.S.A., 1982.
15 Rousselier, G., "Contribution a l'etude de la rupture des me'taux dans le
domaine de l'elasto-plasticite," Th'ese, Ecole Polytechnique et Universite Paris
6, 1979.
0 1 2 3 16 Needleman, A., and Triantafyllidis, N., "Void Growth and Local
Fig. 5 Influence of triaxiality on strain to rupture** A508 steel Necking in Biaxially Stretched Sheets," Report of Brown University, No.
16421/1,1977.
®<8>H Steel
17 Twergaard, V., "Influence of Voids on Shear Band Instabilities Under
I l f f l Domaine cover by McClintock-R.T. model Plane Strain Conditions," Report of Technical University of Denmark, No.
/ / / / / Domaine cover by present model. 159, 1979.
18 Germain, P., Cours de mechanique des milieuxcontinus, Masson, 1973.
Except for very small values of the ratio aH/aeq, the domain 19 Broberg, H., "A New Criterion for Brittle Creep Rupture," ASME
of this model (between the two solid lines) covers the domain Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 41,1974.
20 Lemaitre, J., and Dufailly, J., "Modelisation et identification de l'en-
of the McClintock or Rice and Tracey models (between the dommagement plastique des metaux," 3 e m e Congres Francais de Mecanique,
two dashed lines). This strong influence of triaxiality ratio is Grenoble, France, 1977.
also in accordance with results of reference [16] and [17]. Also 21 Lemaitre, J., Cordebois, J. P., and Dufailly, J., "Sur le couplage en-
plotted in Fig. 5 are some points representing experimental dommagement-elasticite," Compte-rendu \ I'Academie des Sciences, Paris,
B.391, 1979.
results from reference [23] obtained with notched specimens 22 Lemaitre, J., "Evaluation of Damage by Means of Elasticity Change
of A508 steel at room temperature and from reference [24] Measurements,'' To be published, 1984.
obtained with deep-drawing of sheets of "H" steel. 23 Mudry, F., "Etude de la rupture ductile et de la rupture par clivage
Considering the simplicity of the model and the scatter of d'aciers faiblement allies," These de l'Ecole des Mines, Universite de
Technologie de Compiegne, 1982.
tests, correlation may be considered to be good, and provides 24 Grumbach, M., and Sanz, G., "Influence de quelques parametres sur les
a proof of the validity of the triaxiality factor: courbes limites d'emboutissage," Revue de Metallurgie, Avril 1972.

Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology JANUARY 1985, Vol. 107/89

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