Handouts

LUCENA GREENVIEW INC.
MANDATORY 8 HOUR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

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MODULE 1:
OVERVIEW
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Introduction to OSH
What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?
Occupational safety and health is a discipline with a broad scope involving three major fields –
Occupational Safety, Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene.
 Occupational safety deals with understanding the causes of accidents at work and ways to
prevent unsafe act and unsafe conditions in any workplace. Safety at work discusses concepts on
good housekeeping, proper materials handling and storage, machine safety, electrical safety, fire
prevention and control, safety inspection, and accident investigation.
 Occupational health is a broad concept which explains how the different hazards and risks at
work may cause an illness and emphasizes that health programs are essential in controlling work-
related and/or occupational diseases.
 Industrial hygiene discusses the identification, evaluation, and control of physical, chemical,
biological and ergonomic hazards.
“In its broadest sense, OSH aims at:

• the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations;
• the prevention of adverse health effects of the working conditions
• the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to physical and mental
needs;
• the adaptation of work to humans (and NOT the other way around).
In other words, occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of
workers, that is, the “whole person”.
Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration and participation of both
employers and workers in health and safety programs, and involves the consideration of issues relating to
occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology, education, engineering safety, ergonomics,
psychology, etc.
Occupational health issues are often given less attention than occupational safety issues because the
former are generally more difficult to confront. However, when health is addressed, so is safety - a
healthy workplace is by definition also a safe workplace. The reverse, though, may not be true - a so-
called safe workplace is not necessarily also a healthy workplace. The important point is that both health
and safety issues must be addressed in every workplace.” (Your health and safety at work:
INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY, International Labour
Organization, accessed 25 April 2005 http://www.itcilo.it/actrav/actrav-
english/telearn/osh/intro/introduc.htm)
The terms hazard and risk are often interchanged. Because you will be encountering these throughout the
course it is a must that you understand the difference between them.
Hazard – a source or situation with a potential to cause harm in terms of injury, ill health, damage to
property, damage to the environment or a combination of these.
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Risk – a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in
specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property,
environment or any combination of these caused by the event.
The hazards affecting the workplace under each major area should be detected, identified, controlled and,
at best, prevented from occurring by the safety and health officer of the company. Occupational safety
and health should be integrated in every step of the work process, starting from storage and use of raw
materials, the manufacture of products, release of by-products, use of various equipment and ensuring a
non-hazardous or risk-free work environment.
IMPORTANCE OF OSH
Every business has safety risks
Occupational safety deals with all aspects of physical, mental and social health and safety in a workplace.
It is the umbrella for company’s efforts to prevent injuries and hazards in all work environments.
Every industry presents various kinds of safety hazards to its employees. The spectrum of possible
occupational safety risks ranges from severe and immediate physical dangers to milder hazards. The more
immediate cases can be fires, explosions, chemical hazards or other such dangers that present an
immediate threat to an employee’s life. Milder hazards include challenges in ergonomics, workloads,
mental capacity and general well-being of employees. The latter kinds of risks often take place in an
office environment. However, whatever business you are in, there is always the possibility of an accident
happening to someone.
OHS needs to be a top priority for the organization to implement workplace health and safety measures
for their employees. It is also mandatory by law to make sure that the employees are aware of all the
safety measures.
If the workplace is not capable of keeping the employees fit and healthy then there will be issues and
leaves hence, costing a lot to the company. The other cost that company will bear is a loss of skilled labor,
reduced productivity, loss of business reputation, etc.
To curb these additional costs, every company should take occupational health and safety on high priority
and ensure good health of the employee.
OSH SITUATIONER
The latest ILO figures reveal that,
“Every 15 seconds, 160 workers have a work-related accident. Every 15 seconds, a worker dies from a
work-related accident or disease.
Everyday, 6,300 people die as a result of occupational accidents or work-related diseases – more than
2.3 million deaths per year. Over 337 million accidents occur on the job annually; many of these
resulting in extended absences from work. The human cost of this daily adversity is vast and the economic
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burden of poor occupational safety and health practices is estimated at 4% of global Gross Domestic
product each year.
The safety and health conditions at work are very different between countries, economic sectors and
social groups. Deaths and injuries take a heavy toll in developing countries, where a large part of the
population is engaged in hazardous activities such as agriculture, fishing and mining. Throughout the
world, the poorest and least protected – often women, children and migrants – are among the most
affected.” (Safety and Health at Work, International Labour Organization, accessed September 6, 2011
http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/lang--en/index.htm )
SALIENT FEATURES OF OSH LEGISLATIONS

AN ACT STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCEWITH OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
STANDARDS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS (RA 11058)
RA 11058 requires employers to provide complete safe work procedures; inform workers of hazards
associated with their specific jobs; provide appropriate and personal protective equipment which have
passed the DOLE’s required tests; and provide access to mandatory OSH trainings as prescribed by the
DOLE.
Workers on the other hand are encouraged to know all they could about the risks inherent in the tasks they
perform, refuse unsafe work, report accidents and actively participate in planning and implementing the
safety and health program of the company they work for.
All safety and health personnel are required to undergo the mandatory basic OSH trainings required by
the DOLE and all workers must undergo the eight-hour safety and health orientation.
Employers who violate the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) may soon be fined a
P100,000 per day of non-compliance to the OSHS. The fines collected will be used for the conduct of
OSH trainings, education and other programs.
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 198 Series of 2018
“IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11058 ENTITLED “AN
ACT STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE WITH OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
STANDARDS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF”
(SEE ATTACHED PAMPHLET)
Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;

•General safety and health programs including:
–Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control (HIRAC),
–Medical surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and work-related diseases, and
–First aid and emergency medical services;
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•Promotion of the following health domains:

–Drug-free workplace (RA 9165),
–Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), and
–Healthy lifestyle;
•Prevention and control of the following health domains:

–Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (RA 8504),
–Tuberculosis (EO 187-03) and
–Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010)
•Dust control and management, and regulations on activities such as building of temporary structures, and
lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical, communications system and other equipment;
•Provision of workers’ welfare facilities;
•Emergency and disaster preparedness and response plan to include the organization and creation of
disaster control groups, business continuity plan, and updating the hazard, risk and vulnerability
assessment, as required;
•Solid waste management system;
•Control and management of hazards;
•Prohibited acts and penalties for violations; and Cost of implementing company OSH program
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MODULE 2:
UNDERSTANDING
OSH
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THE WORK SYSTEM
Accidents
An accident is an unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted occurrence or event that causes
damage or loss of materials or properties, injury or death.
Common types of accidents:

 fall from height and fall from the same level (slips and trips)
 struck against rigid structure, sharp or rough objects
 struck by falling objects
 caught in, on or in between objects
 electrocution
 fire
Costs of accidents
Corollary to accidents are costs that companies have to bear whether directly or indirectly. The cost of
accidents can be best explained by the Iceberg Theory. Once an accident happens, money has to be spent
for medical expenses of the injured worker/workers, insurance premiums and, in some cases, for penalty
and litigation expenses. Companies also spend huge amounts to replace damaged equipment and wasted
raw materials. These are what we consider as the direct costs of accidents. But these are just the tip of the
iceberg.
The larger and more dangerous part of the iceberg however is the part that lies beneath the water. This
represents the indirect costs of an accident which have a more damaging impact to the worker, their
families, the company and the community in general. Indirect costs include:
1. Lost or lesser productivity of the injured – workers lose their efficiency and income due to work
interruption on the day of the injury.
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2. Loss of productivity among other employees due to work stoppage when assisting the injured worker,
inspection or merely out of curiosity. The psychological impact of the accident reduces the workers’
productivity.
3. Loss of productivity among supervisors because instead of focusing on managing people and the work
flow, they spend their time assisting the injured, investigating the accident and preparing inspection
reports.
4. Hiring and training replacement workers
5. Downtime due to equipment damage
Apart from these are humane aspects of accidents such as sorrow due to loss, hardships and
inconveniences, physical pain and discomfort and psychological problems.
Accident causation
After knowing what accidents are and the costs that will be incurred when these happen, we will now
look at the primary causes of accidents. Understanding this topic will help you identify appropriate
measures to prevent accidents from happening.
Are these phrases familiar to you?
– "Oras na niya"
– "Malas niya lang"
– “Tanga kasi”
– “Kasama sa trabaho”
People usually utter the abovementioned phrases or statements when someone gets injured or dies in an
accident. However, these are not the real causes of accidents but mere excuses of people who do not
understand the concepts of occupational safety and health. Accidents are primarily caused by unsafe and
unhealthy acts and conditions.
ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES

Domino theory of accident causation was one of the earliest developed. The theory posits that injuries
result from a series of factors, one of which is an accident. The theory is operationalized in ten statements
called the Axioms of Industrial Safety. According to this theory, there are five factors in the sequence of
events leading to an accident: ancestry/social environment, fault of person, unsafe act/mechanical or
physical hazard, accident, and injury.
Human factors theory of accident causation attributes accidents to a chain of events ultimately caused
by human error. It consists of three broad factors that lead to human error: overload, inappropriate
response, and inappropriate activities.
Accident/incident theory of accident causation is an extension of the human factors theory. It

introduces such new elements as ergonomic traps, the decision to err, and systems failures.
Epidemiological theory of accident causation holds that the models used for studying and determining
the relationships between environmental factors and disease can be used to study causal relationships
between environmental factors and accidents.
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Systems theory of accident causation views any situation in which an accident might occur as a system
with three components: person (host), machine (agency), and environment.
Combination theory of accident causation posits that no one model/theory can explain all accidents.
Factors from two or more models might be part of the cause.
Unsafe/unhealthy Act
 A human action that departs from a standard or written job procedure or common practice,
safety rules, regulations, or instructions.
 A violation of a commonly-accepted safe procedures and or processes.
 This is an act done by a worker that does not conform or departs from an established standard,
rules or policy.
 These often happen when a worker has improper attitudes, physical limitations or lacks
knowledge or skills.
EXAMPLES OF UNSAFE/UNHEALTHY ACTS
 Operating equipment without authority

 Removing safety devices
 Using Defective equipment
 Improper/Non-use of PPE
 Horseplaying
 Working while under the influence of alcohol or drugs
Unsafe Condition
 The physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment that may result in
injury to a person, damage or destruction to property and other losses;
 Could have been guarded or prevented.
Examples of Unsafe Conditions
 Inadequate guards/protection
 Defective tools, equipment
 Congested / blocked exits
 Inadequate warning systems
 Slippery floors
 Hazardous atmospheric condition
 Excessive noise
 Extreme temperature
 Inadequate illumination/ ventilation
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Can accidents be prevented?

Herbert William Heinrich, an American industrial safety pioneer who worked as an Assistant
Superintendent of the Engineering and Inspection Division of Travelers Insurance Company, did a study
on the insurance claims. After reviewing thousands of accident reports completed by supervisors, who
generally blamed workers for causing accidents without conducting detailed investigations into the root
causes, Heinrich found out that 98% of workplace accidents are preventable and only 2% are non-
preventable. Of the 98% preventable accidents, 88% is due to unsafe/unhealthy acts or “man failure” and
10% is due to unsafe/unhealthy conditions. This study explains the rationale for focusing interventions on
changing the behaviors and attitudes of workers and management towards safety and health.
•98% - preventable
88% - unsafe / unhealthy ACTS
10% - unsafe/unhealthy CONDITIONS
•2% - non-preventable
ACCIDENTS/ ILLNESSES
US/UH US/UH
ACTS CONDITIONS
 UNAWARE
 UNNOTICED
 UNABLE
 UNCORRECTED
 UNMOTIVATED
How do you prevent yourself from performing unsafe/unhealthy acts that will cause
unsafe/unhealthy conditions at work?
It is important to raise everybody’s consciousness to such a degree that we all begin to realize that our
actions affect other people in the workplace, even if these appear to have nothing to do with them. If you
agree that we are part of the problem, then, probably we can be part of the solution, too. OSHC believes
that Filipinos are inherently responsible workers. Given the proper education, training, and the right
motivation, we can do our part in making a safe and a healthy workplace. That is why we are conducting
this OSH Training Course.
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Workplace Hazards
Safety Hazards
 Something that has a potential for injury
EXAMPLES OF SAFETY HAZARD
 Anything that can cause spills or trips such as cords running across the floor or ice
 Anything that can cause falls such as working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or
any raised work area
 Unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts that a worker can accidentally touch
 Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring
 Confined spaces.
Health Hazards
 Something that has a potential to cause illness
EXAMPLES OF HEALTH HAZARD
 Acute toxicity
 Skin corrosion/irritation
 Serious eye damage/eye irritation
 Respiratory or skin sensitization
 Germ cell mutagenicity
 Carcinogenicity
 Reproductive toxicity
 Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure
 Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure
 Aspiration hazard
 Biohazardous infectious materials
High risk establishment – refers to a workplace wherein the presence of hazard or potential hazard
within the company may affect the safety and/or health of workers.
Low risk establishment

– A workplace where there is low level of danger or exposure to safety and health hazards and not likely
or with low probability to result in accident, harm or illness.
Medium risk establishment – A workplace where there is moderate exposure to safety and health
hazards and with probability of an accident, injury or illness.
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MODULE 3:
RECOGNIZING SAFETY
HAZARDS AND
APROPRIATE CONTROL
MEASURES
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HOUSEKEEPING
 Housekeeping is not just keeping your workplace clean and safe but it is an effective workplace
organization.
 Housekeeping lessens accidents and related injuries and illnesses.
Benefits of Good Housekeeping

 Eliminates accident and fire hazards
 Maintains safe and healthy work conditions
 Saves time, money, materials, space, and effort
 Improves productivity and quality of work
 Boosts morale
 Reflects a well-run organization
SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING
 Cluttered and poorly arranged areas

 Untidy or dangerous storage of materials
 Presence of items no longer needed or in excess
 Dusty, dirty floors and work surfaces
 Tools an equipment left in work areas
 No waste bins and containers
 Presence of spills and leaks
ACCIDENTS FROM POOR HOUSEKEEPING
 Being hit by falling objects

 Tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs and platforms
 Slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces
 Striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or misplaced material
 Cutting, puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or other parts of the body on projecting nails,
wire or steel strapping
 Electrocution from exposed live wires
 Fires resulting from improper storage
 Health problems
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What is 5S?
 5S is a tool that represents the basic principles of housekeeping and workplace organization. It is
more than cleaning and painting. It is a disciplined approach to keep the workplace efficient and
effective.
 5S practice is a technique used to establish and maintain Safe and Quality environment in an
organization
5S is a systematized approach to:

 organizing work areas
 keeping rules and standards
 maintaining discipline
5S utilizes:
 workplace organization
 work simplification techniques
5S practice…
 develops positive attitude among workers
 cultivates an environment of efficiency, effectiveness and economy
5S Philosophy
 Productivity comes from the elimination of waste
 It is necessary to attack the root cause of a problem, not just symptoms
 Participation of everybody is required
 To acknowledge that the human being is not infallible
5S stands for five Japanese words
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1. Seiri/Sort/Suriin – is the first S which means sorting out unnecessary items and discarding them.
 Make the work easy by eliminating obstacles

 Eliminate the need to take care of unnecessary items
 Provide no chance of being disturbed with unnecessary items
 Prevent faulty operation caused by unnecessary items
2. Seiton/Systematize/ Sinupin – is the second S which means we need to organize things
7 Seiton Principles:
 Follow the first-in-first-out (FIFO) method for storing items
 Assign each item a dedicated location.
 All items and their locations should be indicated by a systematic labeling
 Place items so that they are visible to minimize search time
 Place items so they can be reached or handled easily
 Separate exclusive tools from common ones.
 Place frequently used tools near the user
3. Seiso/Sweep/Simutin – is the third S which means we have to sanitize or clean our workplace.
 Keep environmental condition as clean as the level necessary for the products
 Prevent deterioration of machinery and equipment and make checking of abnormalities easy
 Keep workplace safe and work easy
4. Seiketsu/Standardize/Siguruhin – is the fourth S which means we have to standardize what we are

doing.
5. Shitsuke/Self- Discipline/Sariling kusa – is the fifth and last S which means we have to do this
process without prodding.
Key Points to Remember
 Good housekeeping helps prevent workplace fires and accidents

 Keeping the workplace neat, clean, and safe is everyone’s responsibility
 Keep alert to housekeeping hazards
 Eliminate or report hazards you identify anywhere in the facility
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MATERIALS HANDLING SAFETY

Materials handling and storage is a technique which includes the art of lifting, placing,
storing or movement of materials through the use of one’s physical strength or
appropriate handling equipment. Materials handling has two general classifications:
manual materials handling and mechanical materials handling.
Hazards Associated with Materials Handling
 Failure of the lifting equipment

 Falling load
 Collisions
 Entrapment between materials and/or equipment
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS HANDLING OPERATION
Manual Handling
 Pertains to the lifting, transporting and packaging of products using own physical strength.
 Hand operated handling, transporting and packaging of products.
Proper Procedure of Manual Lifting
 Stand close to the load and face the way you intend to move
 Keep feet apart
 Be sure you have a good grip on the load
 Look forward to keep back straight
 Keep arms straight
 Tighten abdominal muscles
 Tuck chin into the chest
MANUAL HANDLING – MISTAKES THAT CAUSE INJURIES
 Bending Back
 Twisting with load
 Attempting to much weight (load too heavy)
 Reaching too far
 Failure to use personal PPE, such as gloves, safety shoes
What types of protective clothing should be worn?
DO WEAR
 lightweight, flexible, tear and puncture-resistant clothing,
 safety boots with toe caps and slip-resistant soles, and
 protective gloves, appropriate for the materials being handled
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DO NOT WEAR
 aprons, coats,
 clothing with exposed buttons, zippers or loose flaps, or
 heavy duty mitts
Reminders for A Safe Manual Handling
1. Inspect materials for sharp edges, burrs, rough or slippery surfaces.

2. Get a firm grip on the object.
3. Keep fingers away from pinch points, especially when setting down materials.
4. Wipe off greasy, wet, slippery, or dirty objects before trying to handle them.
5. Never attempt to lift that are either too heavy or bulky to handle safely.
Mechanical Handling
 pertains to more rigid, powered and non-powered mechanics mainly for handling bulky and
heavy items
MECHANICAL HANDLING
Non Power Driven

 Wheeler/hand truck
 Wheelbarrow
 Cart
 Drum tilter
 Trolley
 Hand pallet (pallet jack)
 Lever hoist
 Chain hoist
Manually Powered Materials Handling Equipment
 to reduce physical effort making the handling of materials easier and safer
 to provide easy access
 to protect the operator
 to prevent any damage to the material.
POWER‐DRIVEN LIFTING EQUIPMENT TYPES
 Elevators and Dumbwaiters

 Electric Hoist
 Cranes
o Stationary
 Tower Cranes,
 Overhead Traveling Cranes
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 Gantry Cranes
o Mobile
 Wheel Type
 Crawler Type
 Forklift
 Tractor
 Dump Truck
 Conveyor
 Motorized Pallet Jacks
MECHANICAL HANDLING GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 Operators must be under skills training and must be authorized.

 Equipment must be regularly inspected and maintained.
MATERIALS STORAGE
 Materials should be stored neatly and orderly. A variety of ways and means could easily be adopted
and maintained.
PRINCIPLES OF MATERIAL STORAGE
MATERIALS STORAGE ROOM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 Storage areas should have at least two exits.

 Should be properly illuminated and ventilated.
 Materials are properly identified and labeled (including hazard labels).
 Restricted Access
 Must have a smooth flow of materials, material handling equipment and people.
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 Storage areas must be kept free from accumulated materials that may cause tripping, fires, or
explosions, or that may contribute to the harboring of rats and other pests).
 When stacking and piling materials, it is important to be aware of such factors as the materials'
height and weight, how accessible the stored materials are to the user, and the condition of the
containers where the materials are being stored.
 Stored materials must not create a hazard.
 Should have proper danger or warning signs.
 Materials & material handling equipment’s should not obstruct emergency equipment such as fire
alarm buttons, evacuation map, first aid kits, fire extinguishers (portable or fixed) etc.
When Storing Materials
 Place large, heavy packages on the bottom and lighter ones on top.
 Never place materials where they can be tripped over or where someone could get hurt attempting
to retrieve them.
 When materials are moved to where you are working, they should be secured so they can’t fall on
anyone.
 Never block a traffic path or prop materials up against a wall where they might slide over and
cause an accident.
MACHINE SAFETY
A machine is a tool used to make work easier. It is basically an assemblage of parts that transmit forces,
motion and energy in a predetermined manner. Simple machines are mechanical devices that change the
direction or magnitude of a force. They are the "building blocks" of which the more complicated
machines or compound machines are made.
Safeguarding any machine part that may cause injury. It is the prevention of accidents when working with
machines.
IMPORTANCE OF MACHINE SAFETY

Prevents:
 Loss of life
 Severe accidents or serious injury
 Loss of production
 Equipment damage and repairs
 Possible litigation
 Having time spent on accident investigation and other statutory requirements.
CAUSES OF MACHINE RELATED ACCIDENTS
o An individual making unwanted contact with a moving part of a

machine
o Something flying from the machine
o A machine malfunction, including mechanical and electrical energy sources
failure.
o Workpiece movement during a forming or cutting process
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EFFECTS OF MACHINE RELATED ACCIDENTS
 Can result to severe injuries

 Loss of trained and skilled employee
 Loss in productivity
 Damaged equipment
WHERE MECHANICAL HAZARDS OCCUR
 Power transmission apparatus

 The point of operation
 Other moving parts
HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTIONS
 Rotating
 Nip Points
 Parallel Axes
 Tangential
 Rotating and Fixed Parts
 Reciprocating
o Punching
o Shearing
o Bending
 Transversing
 Cutting
MACHINE GUARDS
 Guards are barriers that prevent entry of an individual’s hands or other body parts into a hazard
area.
 Installed to minimize the risk of injury to machine operators or other persons from hazardous
machine parts, materials being processed, or scrap.
REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINE GUARDS
 Prevent employee contact with hazardous moving parts

 Secured and durable
 Prevent falling materials into moving parts
 Create no new hazards
 Must not interfere with worker productivity
 Should allow for proper and safe maintenance and lubrication
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CATEGORY OF MACHINE GUARDS
Preventing Access
 Fixed enclosing guards

 Movable Guards with interlocking switches
 Adjustable Guards
 Manually adjustable
 Self-adjusting
Preventing Dangerous Motion
 Photoelectric light curtains/Presence sensing device

 Two hand controls
 Pullback devices
 Restraint device
Lock-out/Tag-out System
 It is a method that is especially designed to protect against the unexpected startup of a machine
that is supposed to be turned off.
 The Lock-out/Tag-out System is designed to protect against the unexpected startup of machine
that is supposed to be "OFF" or an unexpected release of energy (hazardous energy).
The “Fatal Five” Main Causes of Maintenance Injuries:
 Failure to stop equipment

 Failure to disconnect from power source
 Failure to dissipate (bleed, neutralize) residual energy
 Accidental restarting of equipment
 Failure to clear work areas before restarting
Hazardous Energy Sources Found in the Workplace
- Electrical - sudden turning on of power source or stored energy in capacitors

- Mechanical
- Thermal - such as steam or due to chemical reaction
- Potential - stored energy that may be due to gravity, hydraulics, pneumatics, vacuum or springs
Lock-out Device – A device that utilizes a positive means such as a lock to hold an energy isolating
device in the safe position and prevents the energizing of an equipment.
Types of Lock-out Devices

- Plug Locks
- Ball Valve Lock-out
- Gate Valve Lock-out
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- Group Lock-out Hasp
- Electrical
- Hydraulic, pneumatic, and other pressurized systems
TAG-OUT DEVICES
 A warning device, such as a tag and a means of attachment

 Can be securely fastened to an energy isolating device in accordance with an established
procedure to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled can not
be operated until the tag is removed.
Lock-out Procedure
- Alert the operator(s) that power is being disconnected.

- Preparation for Shutdown
- Equipment Shutdown
- Equipment Isolation
- Application of Lock-out Devices
- Control of Stored Energy
- Equipment Isolation-Verification
WHO ARE INVOLVED IN LOTO PROCEDURE?
Authorized Employee
• An employee who locks or tags machines or equipment to perform maintenance or servicing.
Affected Employee
•An employee whose job requires him/her to operate or work in an area where servicing is being
performed under Lockout/Tagout.
TYPICAL LOTO PROCEDURE
1. NOTIFY
2. IDENTIFY
3. SHUT-DOWN
4. ISOLATE
5. LOCK-OUT
6. VERIFY
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Removal of Lock-out
- Ensure equipment is safe to operate

- Safeguard all employees
- Remove lock-out/tag-out devices. Except in emergencies, each device must be removed by
the person who placed it.
- Last person to take off lock
- Follow checklist
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Electricity
Electricity is essential and considered as among the basic needs of everybody. Electricity had made our
houses into homes, changed the mode of transportation from kalesas into taxis and Metro Railway
Transport Systems (MRTS), and improved shops to malls and factories. It is hard to imagine if we had no
electricity until now. However, it is also among the common causes of occupational accidents resulting to
injuries, death and property damage.
Electrical safety requires understanding of what electricity is, how electrical energy is transferred and
how the path through which electrical current travels can be controlled.
Elements of electricity
 Voltage
 Resistance
 Current
Electrical Accidents
There are three direct and two indirect types of electrical accidents:
Direct:
 Electrocution or death due to electrical shock

 Electrical shock
 Burns
Indirect
 Falls
 Fire
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Causes of Electrical Accidents
 Contact with live conductors

 Short circuiting
 Arcs and sparks
 Overloading
 Inadequate grounding
 Non-usage of standard replacement
 Wet environment
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
FIRES
 Electricity is one of the most common causes of fires both in the home and in the workplace.
Causes of Electrocution Fatalities
 Contact with Overhead Power lines

 Not following Lockout/Tagout procedures
 Contact with Live Circuits
 Poorly Maintained Extension Cords
 Defective Power Tools
“More Frequent Accidents Happen at Low Voltage Area”
Types of Electric Current
Direct Current (DC)
 An electric current flowing in one direction only.
Alternating Current (AC)
 Electric current that reverses its direction of flow (polarity) periodically according to a frequency
measured in hertz, or cycles per second.
ELECTRIC SHOCK OCCURRENCE MECHANISM
 Breakdown of insulation
 Human body comes in contact with bare conductor
 Current flows through the human body
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SEMINAR
Electrical Protection
Insulation
- Electrical insulation is the absence of electrical conduction. All electrical cords should have
sufficient insulation to prevent direct contact with wires.
Circuit Breakers
- These are calibrated conductors which will melt and/or break (open) the electrical circuit when too
much current flows through them. This stops the flow of electricity before any problem can develop.
GFCI
- The ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is a fast-acting circuit breaker which senses small
imbalances in the circuit caused by current leakage to ground and, in a fraction of a second, shuts off
the electricity.
Grounding
- is a conductive connection between electrical circuit or equipment and earth or ground plane
Proper use of extension cords
- Stay away from wet areas, sharp objects heat & oil
- Check cords periodically for nicks and cuts
- Always use the correct wire gauge and cord length for its intended use
Lockout/Tag-out System (LOTO)
The standard for the control of hazardous energy sources which covers maintenance of machines in which
the unexpected start-up of machines or release of stored energy could cause injury to employees.
Lockout device
 A device that utilizes a positive means such as a lock to hold an energy isolating device in the
safe position and prevents the energizing of an equipment
Tag-out devices
 A warning device, such as a tag and a means of attachment.
Safeguards for personnel protection
Electrical Hazard Protections
Hand protection
 Rubber insulating gloves.
 Classified by the level of voltage and protection they provide.
 May be worn with outer leather cover to provide the mechanical protection needed against cuts,
abrasions, and punctures.
Safety signs and tags
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SEMINAR
Barricades
Attendants
In Case of Electrical Accident

 Immediately turn off electrical power source
 Apply CPR if necessary
 Always use fire extinguisher in case of fire
 Find help as quickly as possible
FIRE SAFETY
FIRE PREVENTION – Preventing occurrence of destructive fire or reduce likelihood of destructive
fire.
FIRE DETECTION –Alarm system to detect presence of smoke or heat
FIRE SUPPRESION – Extinguishing unwanted/ uncontrolled destructive fire. Means of mitigation.

Reduce the effect of destructive fire.
FIRE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS – Preparing persons in the eventuality of a fire

emergency.
IMPORTANCE OF FIRE SAFETY
Life Safety
- The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect building occupants from injury and to prevent
loss of life.
Property Protection
- The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property damage.
Protection of Operations
- By preventing fires and limiting damage we can assure that work operations will continue.
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FIRE
- It is frequently referred to as “rapid oxidation with the evolution of light and heat.”
- Is the chemical union of heat , fuel and oxygen produced in the proper proportions
Fuel
Any material that will burn is classified as fuel. Identify examples of fuel you can find in your workplace.
Oxygen
From our definition of FIRE, we need oxygen which combines with fuel while burning. Normally, the air
has 21% oxygen and 78% while nitrogen.
Heat – completes the chemistry of fire

Even if found together, fuel and oxygen will not burn.
Classes of Fire
Class A - type of fires are made up of ordinary combustibles such as paper, wood, or plastic.
Class B - type of fires are fueled by liquids, gases, or grease‐type fuels. Oil, gasoline, alcohol, and other
liquids are the most common types found in this class.
Class C - type of fires are basically fueled by electricity. In this case, the electricity is actually the heat
source that propagates the fire and often communicates to other fuels of the class A or B type to sustain
the burning process.
Class D - a less common fire type, is fueled by metals. A particular class of heavy metals, which can be
identified in the periodic table of the elements and found mostly in the alkali metal group, will burn.
Class K - Fires involving combustible vegetable or animal non‐ saturated cooking fats in commercial
cooking equipment.
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SEMINAR
CLASSES OF FIRE
PRINCIPLES OF FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 Prevent the Outbreak of Fire

 Provide for Early Detection
 Prevent the Spread of Fire
 Provide for Prompt Extinguishment
 Provide for Prompt and Orderly Evacuation
FIRE PREVENTION PRACTICES
 Correct all defective wiring systems.

 Never overload a power outlet.
 Unplug all appliances that are not in use.
 Never bypass fuses or circuit breakers.
 Never play with matches or lighters
 Always keep stoves that use LPG’s in good condition
 Practice safe storage of chemicals
 Smoke only in designated smoking areas.
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SEMINAR
EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE
 Removal of Fuel
 Excluding or Limiting Oxygen
 Cooling
 By Interrupting the Chain Reaction
HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER
USING FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 Start approximately 6‐8 feet from the fire then squeeze the trigger slowly while moving towards
the fire
 10‐lb fire extinguishers lasts only 10‐20 seconds. It should be used correctly.
 When the fire is extinguish, stop pulling the trigger. In the event of a re‐ignition, at least there
would still be contents inside the unit.
 Ensure that you have an escape path in case the fire is not extinguished
29
SEMINAR
MODULE 4:
APPLICATION OF
HAZARDS
IDENTIFICATION,
RISK ASSESSMENT
AND CONTROL
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SEMINAR
Hierarchy of Control
Three (3) zones where control measures can be applied:
 At the source of contamination

 Along the transmission path
 At the worker
Hazard identification is part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation, item, thing, etc.
may have the potential to cause harm. The term often used to describe the full process is risk assessment:
 Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm (hazard identification).
 Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk evaluation).
 Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk when the hazard cannot be
eliminated (risk control).
Overall, the goal of hazard identification is to find and record possible hazards that may be present in
your workplace. It may help to work as a team and include both people familiar with the work area, as
well as people who are not – this way you have both the experienced and fresh eye to conduct the
inspection.
Hazard identification can be done:
 During design and implementation

o Designing a new process or procedure
o Purchasing and installing new machinery
 Before tasks are done
o Checking equipment or following processes
o Reviewing surroundings before each shift
 While tasks are being done
o Be aware of changes, abnormal conditions, or sudden emissions
 During inspections
o Formal, informal, supervisor, health and safety committee
 After incidents
o Near misses or minor events
o Injuries
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Safety Hazards
 Something that has a potential for injury
EXAMPLES OF SAFETY HAZARD
 Anything that can cause spills or trips such as cords running across the floor or ice
 Anything that can cause falls such as working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or
any raised work area
 Unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts that a worker can accidentally touch
 Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring
 Confined spaces.
Health Hazards
 Something that has a potential to cause illness
EXAMPLES OF HEALTH HAZARD
 Acute toxicity
 Skin corrosion/irritation
 Serious eye damage/eye irritation
 Respiratory or skin sensitization
 Germ cell mutagenicity
 Carcinogenicity
 Reproductive toxicity
 Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure
 Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure
 Aspiration hazard
 Biohazardous infectious materials
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL MEASURES
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SEMINAR
ELIMINATION
 A hazard control strategy based on completely removing a material or process causing a hazard.
Elimination is the most effective of the five members of the hierarchy of hazard controls in
protecting workers, and where possible should be implemented before all other control methods.
Many jurisdictions require that an employer eliminate hazards if it is possible, before considering
other types of hazard control.
 For example, if employees must work high above the ground, the hazard can be eliminated by
moving the piece they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights
SUBSTITUTION
 A hazard control strategy in which a material or process is replaced with another that is less
hazardous. Substitution is the second most effective of the five members of the hierarchy of
hazard controls in protecting workers, after elimination.[1][2][3] Substitution and elimination are
most effective early in the design process, when they may be inexpensive and simple to
implement, while for an existing process they may require major changes in equipment and
procedures.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
 Eliminate the hazard by considering safety and health provisions, substitution, modification of
process/equipment, isolation, wet methods and industrial ventilation.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
 Control employees’ exposure by scheduling hazardous work process; reduced working hours in
hot processes and work areas with excessive noise levels; assigning workers to other less
hazardous work areas of production and training of workers on various health and safety aspects.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
 Should be considered as the last resort when engineering controls are not feasible or are not
sufficient to achieve acceptable limits of exposure. PPE can be used in conjunction with
engineering controls and other methods.
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SEMINAR
MODULE 5:
WORK
EMERGENCY
PREPAREDNESS
34
SEMINAR
Emergency – A serious situation or occurrence that demands immediate action.
Disaster – is the result of a calamitous event causing massive death, injury or damage.
Natural Emergencies - events that are caused by the forces of nature
Flood Typhoon Volcanic Eruption

Drought Earthquake Tsunami
Man‐made Emergencies
Industrial Fires Structure Collapse Chemical Leaks/Spills

Chemical Threats Biological Threats Construction Cave‐ins
Bomb Threats or Explosions
Functions of the Safety and Health Committee
Being the focal group on workplace safety and health, the functions of the committee includes:
 Plans and develops accident prevention programs for the establishment
 Directs the accident prevention programs of the establishment
 Conducts safety and health meetings at least once a month
 Reviews report of inspection, accident investigations and implementation of programs
 Initiates and supervises safety training
 Develops and maintains disaster contingency plans.
ELEMENTS Emergency Preparedness Program
Review of the Workplace Hazards
 Existing hazards
 Types of potential hazards
 Number of people or things exposed to the hazard and its adverse consequences
Evaluate Resources
Material Resources
 Equipment
 Supplies
Human Resources
 Staff Expertise
 Staff Training
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SEMINAR
Develop Emergency Plan and Procedures
 Properly document all emergency procedures in a manual or booklet

 Identify prospective members of emergency brigades
 Fire brigade
 Disaster control
 Give specialized training to members of emergency brigades
Conduct Training on:
 Information on Different Types of Emergencies

 Good Housekeeping and 5S
 Fire Prevention and Control Methods
 Different Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher
 Hazardous Materials Characteristics
 Risk Assessment
Conduct Drills and Exercises on:
 Emergency Reporting Procedures

 Fire Hose and Nozzle Use
 Fire Fighting Drill using Portable Fire Extinguisher
 Proper First Aid Response
 Evacuation Drills
Educate the Public
 To make neighboring companies know of the facility’s effort to ensure safety

 To protect the public during emergencies
Integrate with Community Plan
 Community officials should be involved in the company’s emergency planning process and
that the company be involved in local planning
Preparing For Common Emergencies
- In case of fire:
o Activate appropriate alarms.
o Stay calm and do not panic. Alert others in your area. Evacuate as directed by your
supervisor to your designated evacuation area. Walk, do not run. Remain in the evacuation
area until the supervisor has accounted for everyone and you have been instructed
otherwise.
o Never use an elevator during a fire. Always use the stairwell.
o If there is smoke in the room, stay low (the air is cooler and cleaner closer to the floor);
hold a wet clothe over your mouth and nose; and only break windows as a last resort.
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SEMINAR
o If a door is hot, do not open it. Use an alternate door if one is available and safe to use. If
an alternate door is not available, contact someone (if possible) and give them your exact
location.
o Close all doors as you leave. Do not lock them.
o If trained to use a fire extinguisher, and the fire is in the incipient stage, you may attempt
to extinguish the fire. Remember that your own safety is of primary concern.
o Never attempt to put out a fire alone.
- Before an Earthquake
o Store heavy objects near ground or floor.

o Secure tall objects, like bookcases to the wall.
o Learn where your exits, evacuation route, and meeting places are.
o Keep emergency items , such as a flashlight, first aid kit and spare clothes in your car or
office.
- In case of earthquake:
o Duck under something sturdy and cover your head.

o Stay away from windows and objects which may fall on you.
o Do not dash for stairway exits. Do not use elevators.
o If you are inside a building, remain inside until directed otherwise.
o Do not be surprised if the electricity goes out. This is common during an earthquake.
o If an evacuation is necessary, follow the established routes and procedures.
o If you are outside, stay in an open area, which is clear from hazards. When the shaking
stops, do not re‐enter any building.
o Workers shall remain in the safe refuge area until they have been directed by the
appropriate authority to leave the safe refuge area or to return to their workplace
- After an earthquake:
o Be prepared for aftershocks. Do not panic, stay calm.

o Check for injured persons and assist as necessary.
o If indoors, your supervisor may initiate an evacuation.
o Replace the telephone hand set if it has fallen off the hook. Use telephones for emergency
calls only.
- In case of severe weather:
o Monitor the local government weather service for announcements including warnings and
any other information provided by officials, such as the appropriate actions in the event of
an emergency.
o Learn the history of flooding in your area. If possible, strive to know the elevation of your
facility in relation to streams, rivers, and dams.
o Inspect areas in your facility subject to flooding. Identify records and equipment that can
be moved to higher location. Make plans to move records and equipment in case of flood
o Identify the community's evacuation routes. Know where to find higher ground in case of
a flood. Be prepared to evacuate to designated safe areas.
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SEMINAR
o Keep a portable radio, flashlights, whistle, spare batteries and other emergency supplies
ready.
- If a flood occurs:
o If you are inside, turn off main electrical power.
o Follow the established evacuation procedures for the facility. Make plans for assisting
employees who may need transportation.
o If you are outside, never attempt to walk across a flooded area. The water could sweep you
away.
o If you are in your car, do not try to drive through flood waters. If your car stalls in rising
water, abandon it.
Evacuation Drill
Purpose
- To familiarize, train and rehearse the occupants with evacuation procedures so that order and
control is maintained in actual emergency.
- To determine if emergency escape facilities are sufficient for orderly evacuation of all occupants.
General Evacuation Procedures
- When you hear an alarm, stop work activities and prepare to evacuate as directed by your
supervisor.
- Proceed promptly to the nearest emergency exit. Walk quickly, but do not run.
- Do not use elevators, instead use stairways to reach ground level.
- Exit the building and proceed directly to the designated safe assembly area. Safe assembly areas
should generally be away from the building, upwind and out of the way of incoming emergency
personnel. t
Note: During an earthquake, remain in the building until directed to do otherwise.
- Remain in the safe assembly area location so that the supervisory personnel may conduct a survey
to account for all building personnel. Do not disperse or move to other assembly locations.
- Do not re‐enter the building until the emergency response team leader has deemed it safe and
supervisory personnel have given permission to go back into the facility.
38

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LUCENA GREENVIEW INC.

MANDATORY 8 HOUR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

“In its broadest sense, OSH aims at:

SALIENT FEATURES OF OSH LEGISLATIONS

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 198 Series of 2018

(SEE ATTACHED PAMPHLET)

Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;

•Promotion of the following health domains:

•Prevention and control of the following health domains:

THE WORK SYSTEM

Common types of accidents:

ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES

Accident/incident theory of accident causation is an extension of the human factors theory. It

 A violation of a commonly-accepted safe procedures and or processes.

EXAMPLES OF UNSAFE/UNHEALTHY ACTS

 Operating equipment without authority

Examples of Unsafe Conditions

Can accidents be prevented?

EXAMPLES OF SAFETY HAZARD

EXAMPLES OF HEALTH HAZARD

Low risk establishment

Benefits of Good Housekeeping

SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING

 Cluttered and poorly arranged areas

ACCIDENTS FROM POOR HOUSEKEEPING

 Being hit by falling objects

5S is a systematized approach to:

5S stands for five Japanese words

 Make the work easy by eliminating obstacles

2. Seiton/Systematize/ Sinupin – is the second S which means we need to organize things

4. Seiketsu/Standardize/Siguruhin – is the fourth S which means we have to standardize what we are

Key Points to Remember

 Good housekeeping helps prevent workplace fires and accidents

MATERIALS HANDLING SAFETY

Hazards Associated with Materials Handling

 Failure of the lifting equipment

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS HANDLING OPERATION

Proper Procedure of Manual Lifting

MANUAL HANDLING – MISTAKES THAT CAUSE INJURIES

What types of protective clothing should be worn?

Reminders for A Safe Manual Handling

1. Inspect materials for sharp edges, burrs, rough or slippery surfaces.

Non Power Driven

Manually Powered Materials Handling Equipment

POWER‐DRIVEN LIFTING EQUIPMENT TYPES

 Elevators and Dumbwaiters

MECHANICAL HANDLING GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

 Operators must be under skills training and must be authorized.

PRINCIPLES OF MATERIAL STORAGE

MATERIALS STORAGE ROOM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

 Storage areas should have at least two exits.

When Storing Materials

IMPORTANCE OF MACHINE SAFETY

CAUSES OF MACHINE RELATED ACCIDENTS

o An individual making unwanted contact with a moving part of a

 Can result to severe injuries

WHERE MECHANICAL HAZARDS OCCUR

 Power transmission apparatus

HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTIONS

REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINE GUARDS

 Prevent employee contact with hazardous moving parts

 Fixed enclosing guards

Preventing Dangerous Motion