DPR Chapter 2 Approach and Methodology PDF

DPR & PMC Services for Five Urban Roads of Ranchi

CHAPTER 2

APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 General Approach

The consultant has divided the consultancy services into the following tasks but not
limited to the following:

 Review of all available reports and published information.
 Detailed reconnaissance survey of project roads & Inventory and condition
survey of the existing road pavement and shoulder and Identification of possible
improvements in the existing alignment
 Detailed topographical survey using LiDAR Technology.
 Traffic surveys.
 Pavement investigations including Sub grade characteristics and evaluation of
strength.
 Inventory and condition survey for bridges and culverts.
 Evolving required design standards & specifications
 Design of roads & other structures including flyover/grade separator
 Project costing

2.2 Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance surveys have been conducted by our project team of engineers to
finalize the procedure for the detailed inventories and engineering investigations to
follow, and have identified the following:

 Topographic and physical features of the project and surrounding region,
including environmental features.
 Need for grade separators and Flyovers.
 Traffic flow pattern
 Locations for conducting traffic surveys.
 Preliminary inventory of pavement, carriageway type, bridges and structures,
intersections, Urban/congested areas.
 Requirements for conducting supplementary investigations.
 Extent of land available and additional requirements for widening if any.

2.3 Review of Current Data

The following secondary data has been collected and reviewed.

 Climatic and demographic features
 Inventory and condition reports of road, bridges and structures.
Chapter – 2 : Page ‐ 1 of 9
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 Traffic data‐ classified volume count, Turning Movement Count(RITES Report)
 Accident Data
 Location of utility services‐(Meinhardt Report, electric cables, telephone cable)
 Details of sanctioned/ongoing work(road side drains, electrical poles, etc)

2.4 Topography

Ranchi is located between latitude 22030’N – 23036’N and longitude 84054’E –
85054’E.The tropic of Cancer at 231/20North passes through Ranchi District (at
Ormanjhi). The average altitude of Ranchi is 600 meters above the sea level with
undulating land features.

The physiographic characteristics of the district are rich. It has waterfalls, hills, and land
with avalanches. Ranchi is surrounded by green forest.

2.5 Surveys and Investigations

Topographic Survey

The topographical survey has been carried out using the latest LiDAR technology and
augmented with total station survey inputs as required. The data has been acquired
from the centre line of the road up to 30m on either side. All the topographic features
along the road have been extracted and after the initial pre‐processing, Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) for the road stretches has been generated.

Traffic Surveys

The traffic surveys and analysis is a very critical aspect in the preparation of detailed
project report as the need and type of improvements is always dependent on the traffic
flow characteristics. Underlying aim of the entire assignment is to provide an accurate
assessment of the existing traffic flow characteristics and the future traffic levels based
on the anticipated traffic growth and quantum of diverted traffic, if any.

The details of traffic surveys have been described in Chapter – 5.

2.5.1 Classified Volume Count

The traffic volume surveys have been conducted based on IRC: 102‐1988 supplemented
by various accepted practices and project specific requirements. The objective of the
surveys will be to establish accurate baseline traffic flows, which can be used for
forecasting the future traffic levels. These surveys have been undertaken on identified
stations based on initial reconnaissance.



Based on the survey locations and the requirements, a series of traffic counts has been
organized. IRC: 106‐1990 suggests undertaking traffic counts for 16 hour day (6 A.M. to
10 P.M.) in order to capture all the peaks. In order to take care of the hourly variation to
a great extent, data collection was extended to 24 hours x 3 days (72 hours) instead of
16 hours.

The data was collected at 15‐minute intervals and aggregated to hourly volumes,
direction wise. This is required because of the requirements for modeling traffic
congestion effects which requires an hourly distribution of traffic volume.

2.5.1.1 Turning Volume count Survey

The turning volume count survey for estimation of peak hour traffic for the design of
major intersections was carried out for the study. The methodologies for the surveys
were as per IRC: SP: 41‐1994. The data derived from the survey was used to analyze and
to identify requirements of suitable remedial measures, such as construction of
underpasses and interchanges, along the project road alignment. Intersections with high
traffic volume requiring special treatments either presently or in future were identified.

2.5.1.2 Axle Load Surveys:

The intensity of traffic load repetitions is an important parameter in the design of
highway pavements. The intensity of traffic loading is defined in terms of cumulative
number of standard axles (6600 kg in case of single tire single axles, 8160 kg in case of
dual tire single axles and 15,100 kg in case of tandem axles) load repetitions to be
carried during the design life of the road. The equivalent standard axle concept is the
best method available, for design purposes, to handle the large spectrum of axle loads
actually applied on to a pavement surface. IRC 37‐2012 provides a scientific method for
the design of flexible pavements based on the concept of equivalent standard axle and
vehicle damage factor. Since there is minimal commercial traffic on road nos. 1,2&5, axle
load survey has not been conducted in these roads. However axle road survey has been
conducted on Road no 3 &4, near Kantatoli and Booti More.

2.5.1.3 Accident Spot Studies

All secondary data on accidents occurring along the project corridor has been collected
for year 2013 from SP, Traffic.

2.5.2 Road and Pavement Investigations

Field studies have been carried out in respect of road and pavement as per the
requirements. Methodology for various field studies is given below.



2.5.2.1 Road Inventory Surveys

Detailed road inventory surveys have been carried out to collect details of all existing
road and pavement features along the existing road sections. The inventory data
includes the following:

• Terrain (flat, rolling, mountainous)
• Land‐use (commercial, Defense land, residential etc)
• Carriageway width, surfacing type
• Shoulder surfacing type and width
• Sub‐grade / local soil type (textural classification)
• Road intersection type and details
• Retaining structures, if any
• Location of water bodies (Lakes and Ponds), if any
• Land width i.e. ROW
• Culverts, bridges and other structures (type, size, span arrangement and location)
• Roadside arboriculture
• Existing utility services on either side within ROW
• General drainage conditions
• Riding Quality

The data has been compiled and presented in tabular form in relevant section of this
DPR.

2.5.2.2 Pavement Investigations

(I) Pavement Composition

a) Test pits were made to ascertain the pavement composition. The test pits
were dug as per standards and the test pits immediately filled up after
the necessary collection of samples.
b) For each test pit, the following information has been recorded:
 Test pit reference (Identification number, Location)
 Pavement composition (material type and thickness)
 Sub grade type (textural classification) and condition (dry, wet)
 Sub grade moisture content and strength

(II) Pavement condition study

It has been observed that there is no major distress in Road Nos. 1& 2. It has also
been observed that overlay has been laid recently. In Road No. 3, the condition
of the pavement is fair all along the road but some part of the pavement has
deteriorated near Kantatoli Chowk and Katcheri Chowk. In Road No. 5 the
condition of the pavement is generally good. In Road No.4 pavement condition is
good from Rajbhawan upto Karamtoli Junction. However from Karamtoli junction


up to Booti More the pavement condition has deteriorated due to poor surface
drainage and other factors.

(III) Shoulder condition study

It has been observed that the shoulder condition varies from good to fair in Road
Nos. 1,2,3& 5 and is in poor condition in Road No. 4.

(IV) Pavement Drainage

It has been observed that there is in general an absence of planned camber on
these roads, yet the pavement surface does not suffer drainage related issues
due to rolling topography.

(V) Pavement Structural Strength

The structural strength surveys for existing pavement has been carried out using
Benkelman Beam Deflection technique in accordance with the CGRA procedure
given in IRC: 81‐1997 (“Guidelines for Strengthening of Flexible Road Pavements
Using Benkelman Beam Deflection Technique”). Benkelman Beam deflection
surveys have been carried out on all roads except for severely distressed sections
of the road warranting reconstruction.

2.5.2.3 Sub‐grade Characteristics and Strength

The data on soil classification and mechanical characteristics for soils along the existing
alignments have been collected as given under:

(a) The characteristics of the existing soil from every 1.0 km of the project road or
closer where the change in soil type is encountered.
(b) The determination of Sub grade CBR (4 days soaked) at 97% of heavy compaction
results at 1.0 km intervals of the project road or closer where change in type is
encountered. Laboratory CBR (4‐days soaked compacted at 97% MDD and OMC)
and swell has also be conducted.
(c) Benkelman Beam Deflection measurements on the project road.
(d) Investigations of the subsoil strata (one trial bore and / or test pit at locations
where new bridges or other structures are proposed. The depth of the trial bore/
test pit is as per IRC standards).



2.5.3 Investigations for Bridges and Structures

2.5.3.1 Inventory of Bridges, Culverts and Structures

An inventory of the entire structures (bridges, via ducts, ROBs, culverts, etc.) along the
road under the project has been prepared. The inventory for the bridges, via ducts and
ROBs include the parameters required as per the guidelines of IRC‐SP: 35‐1990. The
inventory of culverts and cross drainage structures are presented in relevant sections.

2.5.3.2 Hydraulic and Hydrological Investigations

Hydrological studies have been conducted based on the available cross section of the
stream and the linear waterway available. As only widening of the existing CD structures
are envisaged, the available linear waterway is sufficient to cater to the existing
discharges.

2.5.3.3 Condition Surveys for Bridges, Culverts and Structures

1 The existing structures excluding ROBs have been thoroughly investigated and
have been tabulated under relevant sections.
2 No visual distress has been observed in the structures.

2.5.3.4 Geo‐technical Investigations and Sub‐Soil Exploration

Geo‐technical investigations and sub‐surface explorations for the existing minor bridges,
proposed flyover has been conducted and will be used for design of foundations.

2.6 Design of Road and Pavements

Designs have been carried out and drawings have been prepared for the following:

a) Improvement to Road Nos.1,2,3,4& 5 and beautification with provision of
dedicated underground utility corridor
b) Design of pavement along with pavement cross section
c) GAD for bridges
d) Alignment plans, longitudinal sections;
e) Designs for road furniture and road safety/ traffic control features;
f) Horizontal and vertical alignment of existing carriageway



2.6.1 Design Standards

 The design standards and material specifications for the road has been primarily
based on IRC publications, MoRT&H – Revision V‐ Specifications for Road and
Bridge Works, specifications and circulars. Relevant recommendations of the
international standards (American, Australian, British) will be referred in case on
non‐availability in Indian Standards.
 The design standards for the project has covered all aspects of detailed design
including the design of geometric elements, pavement design, bridges and
structures, traffic safety and materials.
 Preliminary design standards for the project sections are given in relevant
chapter.

2.6.2 Geometric Design

Horizontal Alignment: The raw data collected through topographic survey has been
processed and a base plan prepared showing all the manmade features, existing road
and any other features falling within the RoW. Thereafter, keeping the base plan in the
background, the centre line has been finalised using sophisticated computer software,
MX ROAD. Efforts have been made to improve all the curves having poor geometry to
the acceptable design standards and also to accommodate the widening proposal within
the available RoW.

Vertical Profile: The existing longitudinal section of the project road has been obtained
from DTM data. The finished level along the centre line will depend on the thickness of
the pavement layer determined from pavement design. In order to bring the existing
road to the desired camber, a layer of profile correction course (PCC) hasbe provided.

The following tentative guideline has been considered while designing the vertical
profile.

 To avoid cutting/scraping of existing pavement
 Compatibility of design speed to horizontal geometry of the section
 To provide adequate vertical curve at the grade change from stopping sight
distance criterion.
 Cross Section: The proposed cross sections broadly comprise of carriageway,
medians, raised footpath and underground utility corridor.
 The design for geometric elements covering
a) Horizontal alignment
b) Longitudinal profile
c) Cross‐sectional elements
d) Junctions /intersections
e) Flyover



 The alignment design has been verified for available sight distances as per the
standard norms. The provision of appropriate markings and signs has been made
wherever the existing site conditions do not permit the adherence to the sight
distance requirements as per the standard norms.
 Details of at‐grade junctions

2.6.3 Pavement Design

The design of pavement will involve strengthening of existing road pavement and design
of the new pavement for widening, wherever required.

The design of flexible pavement will primarily be based on IRC: 37‐2012 and the design
of rigid pavement will be based on IRC: 58‐ 2011.

The overlay thickness requirements will be worked out for each road with respect to
condition, strength and sub‐grade characteristics based on IRC: 81 – 1997.

2.6.4 Design of Bridges and Structures

1. The General Arrangement Drawing (GAD) showing the salient features of the
bridges and structures proposed to be constructed along the road sections
covered under the study has been prepared. These salient features such as
alignment, overall length, span arrangement, cross section, deck level, founding
level, type of bridge components (superstructure, substructure, foundations,
bearings, expansion joint, return walls etc.) has been finalized based upon
hydraulic and geo‐technical studies, cost effectiveness and ease of construction.

2. ROBs have not been considered as part of this report as the ROB design and
construction has been taken up by other agencies.

3. Dismantling/ reconstruction of existing structures has been avoided. The existing
structures having inadequate carriageway width have been widened as per the
latest MORT&H guidelines.

2.6.5 Traffic Safety Features, Road Furniture and Road Markings

The suitable traffic safety features and road furniture including traffic signals, signs,
markings, overhead sign boards, crash barriers, delineators etc has been designed as per
the IRC guide lines. The locations of these features has been shown in the drawings.



2.6.6 Arboriculture and Landscaping

Appropriate plan for planting of trees (specifying type of plantation), horticulture,
floriculture on the surplus land of the right‐of‐way with a view to beautify the road and
making the environment along the road pleasing has been considered. The existing trees
/ plants has been retained to the extent possible.

2.6.7 Miscellaneous Works

Suitable designs and layout for miscellaneous works including bus bays with shelter,
vehicle parking areas, etc has been considered.
2.7 Estimation of Quantities and Project Costs

The approximate quantities for the elements for the project road and the structures
have been calculated and the cost has been assigned to it based on the current schedule
of rates of Road Construction Department, Government of Jharkhand.

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