Small Buildings Structural Guidance

domestic structure SBSG 2007
ANNEX C
Small buildings structural guidance

1.A General
1.B Stability
1.C Foundations
1.D Masonry walls
1.E Timber frame walls
1.F Timber floor and roof members
contents
domestic structure SBSG annex 1.A 2007
Annex
1.A General
1.A.0 Introduction
1.A.1 Scope
1.A.2 Revisions to small buildings guide
1.A.3 New guidance
1.A.4 Explanation of terms
1.A.5 Rules of measurement for storeys, walls , panels and building heights
Contents
annex General
1.A
1.A.0 Introduction
The Small Buildings Structural Guidance (SBSG) which is contained within Annexes 1.A-F has been
prepared to provide structural guidance to designers of small domestic buildings on how to meet
Standard 1.1.
The buildings covered by this guidance are restricted in terms of construction type, size and subsoil
conditions to those commonly occurring in Scotland.
This guidance has been written for those with expertise in building design and construction but not
necessarily in structural engineering design. Where the conditions or parameters fall outside the
scope then specialist advice should be sought from chartered engineers with the appropriate skills
and experience.
This guidance replaces the Small Buildings Guide Second Edition 1994 and has been prepared in
consultation with ODPM and DFP Northern Ireland so that reasonably uniform solutions might be
adopted towards meeting the requirements of the respective structural regulations and to incorporate
a broader base of experience into the definition of standards.
1.A.1 Scope
This guidance covers the following types of buildings-
a. Buildings with masonry walls
• domestic buildings of not more than 3 storeys without basement storeys
• extensions with eaves height not more than 3m to low rise domestic buildings including
garages and outbuildings;
• single storey, single skin buildings forming a garage or outbuilding within the curtilage of a
dwelling
b. Buildings with timber frame walls
• domestic buildings of not more than 2 storeys without basement storeys
• extensions with eaves height not more than 3m to low rise domestic buildings
The full description of the types of buildings and restrictions to which this guidance is applicable is set
out within the scope of each of the annexes.
It recommended that prior to using the SBSG for particular works , the scope of the works should be
checked against all of the limitations on its use to ensure that it is appropriate in the circumstances
.and in particular :
Annex 1C: Foundations : Geotechnical conditions
Annex 1D: Masonry walls : Not more than 3 storeys
Maximum building height of 15 m
Maximum 12m length between supporting walls
Wind speed verses the allowable height of building
Openings in walls not more than 3 m in length
Annex 1.E: Timber frame walls Not more than 2 storeys
Maximum building height of 10 m
Maximum 10m length between supporting walls
Wind speed verses the allowable height of building
Openings in walls totalling not more than 30% of the wall
area
Annex 1F: Timber floor and roof members Floor spans not exceeding 5.4 m
Roof spans not exceeding 6 m
Raised Tie and Collared Roofs only for attic storage
loading
Design and construction will also have to comply with all other relevant building standards
Annex 1.B gives general rules on stability which should be observed in Annexes 1.E-F whereas
Annexes 1.C and 1.E -F should not be used independently of each other.
1.A.2 Revisions to Small Buildings Guide
The Small Buildings Guide has been revised and updated to Small Buildings Structural Guidance
incorporating changes in construction practice specifically;
Loadings
• ‘Wind loading on traditional dwellings
‘Proposed revision of the simplified roof snow load map for Scotland
Masonry walls
• More detailed guidance on openings
• More detailed guidance on lateral support
• Differences in ground levels either sides of walls
• Stainless steel wall ties to be used in all locations
Timber Floor and Roof Members
The timber span tables have been expanded to cover raised tie and collared roofs.
1.A.3 Timber frame construction
Timber frame construction has been a significant form of construction for domestic buildings for over
20 years in Scotland ,rising from 38% of new starts in 1984 in the volume housing market to over 63
% in 2004, and a large proportion of the single build and extension market. Although the guidance in
the Small Buildings Guide was restricted to traditional masonry construction as timber frame
construction has been used and accepted for over 30 years it was considered necessary to extend
the scope of the guidance for small buildings to include timber frame walls.
The timber frame wall guidance has been restricted to masonry clad platform frame construction
which is the most common form of construction.
1.A.4 Explanation of Terms
The following terms are used in the SBSG in addition to the definitions and explanation of terms in
Appendix A of the Technical Handbooks.
Buttressing wall means a wall designed and constructed to afford lateral support to another wall
perpendicular to it, support being provided from the base to the top of the wall.
Cavity width means the horizontal distance between the two leaves of a cavity wall.
Pier means a member which forms an integral part of a wall, in the form of a thickened section at
intervals along the wall so as to afford lateral support to the wall to which it is bonded or securely tied.
Spacing means the distance between the longitudinal centres of any two adjacent timber members of
the same type, measured in the plane of floor, ceiling or roof structure of which the members form a
part.
Span means distance measured along the centre line of a member between the centres of any two
adjacent bearings or supports. Note: The spans given in Annex 1.E for Cripple Studs and Lintels and
in Annex 1.F for floor joists, and roof joists are the clear spans, i.e. spans between the faces of the
supports.
Supported wall means a wall to which lateral support is afforded by a combination of buttressing
walls, piers or chimneys acting in conjunction with floors or roof.
Engineered fill means fill that is selected, placed and compacted to an appropriate specification in
order that it will exhibit the required engineering behaviour .Normally such fill would not have taken
place prior to development of the site allowing the necessary control over the type of fill material and
method of placement to be exercised.
Non-engineered fill means fill that has arisen as a by-product of human activity, usually involving the
disposal of waste materials. Normally such fill would occur on sites where uncontrolled filling has
taken place and therefore no reliance can be placed on the type of fill material and method of
placement and hence its ability to support the buildings.
1.A.5 Rules of measurement for storeys , walls , panels and building heights
The height of a wall or a storey should be measured in accordance with the following diagram.
line of top of gable
parapet
= =
line of lateral
= support to gable
wall along roof slope = HP
D line of base
line of lateral
head binder thickness

2.7m max
of gable
support to gable
C B1
underside at ceiling level top of
of wall or
roof base of
joist parapet
Panel height
2.7m max
H3
B
H2
H1 Floor
deck
Panel height
thickness
2.7m max
panel height
A1
A
floor
deck
ground level thickness
2.7m max floor joist
base of wall Top of foundations
panel height
Key
(a) Measuring storey heights
A is the ground storey height if the ground floor is a suspended timber floor or a structurally separate
ground floor slab
A1 is the ground storey height if the ground floor is a suspended concrete floor bearing on the external
wall
B is the intermediate storey height providing
B1 is the top storey height for walls which do not include a gable
C is the top storey height where lateral support is given to the gable at both ceiling level and along the
roof slope
D is the top storey height for walls which include a gable where lateral support is given to the gable
only along the roof slope
(b) Measuring wall heights
H1 is the height of a wall that does not include a gable
H2 is the height of a compartment or a separating wall which may extend to the under side of the roof.
H3 is the height for a wall(except a compartment or separating wall) which includes a gable
P is the height of a parapet. If the parapet height is more than 1.2m add the height to H1
(c) Measuring timber panel heights
Panel heights are measured from the underside of the bottom rail to the top of the top rail
(d) Measuring building height
Building heights are measured from the lowest finished ground level to the highest point of the roof
domestic structure SBSG annex 1.B 2007
Annex
1.B Stability
1.B.0 Introduction
1.B.1 Stability recommendations
1.B.2 Timber roof bracing
Contents
domestic structure SBSG annex 1.B 2007
annex Basic requirements for stability
1.B
1.B.0 Introduction
Buildings should be stable under the likely combinations of dead , imposed and wind loading
conditions in terms of the individual structural elements , their interaction together and overall stability
as a structure .
This Annex provides guidance on the principles of stability and provisions which should be taken with
respect to all forms of buildings within the scope of the SBSG.
1.B.1 Stability recommendations

The following provisions should be made to ensure the stability of the building :
a. the overall size and proportioning of the building should be limited in accordance with the specific
guidance for each form of construction;
b. a suitable layout of walls (both internal and external) forming a robust three dimensional box
structure in plan should be constructed with restrictions on the maximum size of cells measured in
accordance with the specific guidance for each form of construction;
c. the internal and external walls should be adequately connected by either masonry bonding or by
using mechanical connections;
d. the intermediate floors and roof should be of such construction and interconnection with the walls
that they provide local support to the walls and also act as horizontal diaphragms capable of
transferring the wind forces to buttressing elements of the building.
More detailed guidance is provided in Annexes 1.B-1.E
1.B.2 Timber roof bracing
Trussed rafter roofs should be braced in accordance with the recommendations of BS 5268: Part 3:
1998 .
A traditional cut timber roof (i.e. using rafters, purlins and ceiling joists) generally has sufficient built-in
resistance to instability and wind forces (e.g. from either hipped ends, tiling battens, rigid sarking, or
the like). However, diagonal rafter bracing equivalent to that recommended in BS 5268: Part 3: 1998
or Annex H of BS 8103: Part 3: 1996 for trussed rafter roofs, should be provided particularly for
single-hipped and non-hipped roofs of more than 40˚ pitch to detached houses.
domestic structure SBSG annex 1.C 2007
Annex
1.C Foundations
1.C.0 Introduction
1.C.1 Conditions related to the subsoil
1.C.2 Design recommendations
1.C.3 Eccentric foundations
1.C.4 Extensions to existing buildings
1.C.5 Minimum width of strip foundations
Contents
annex Foundations
1.C
1.C.0 Introduction
The dead , imposed and live loads are transmitted from the building to the subsoil by means of the
foundations which should be designed taking into account the loadings and the subsoil conditions
without undue settlement .
This Annex provides guidance on suitable subsoil conditions on which buildings within the scope of
the SBSG can be constructed, the precautions to be taken and guidance on simple foundations for
such buildings.
1.C.1 Conditions related to the subsoil

The subsoil conditions should be adequate where there is no -
• non- engineered fill or wide variation in type of subsoil within the loaded area; or
• peat within the loaded area; or
• a weaker type of soil within the loaded area at such a depth below the soil on which the foundation
rests as could impair the stability of the building
The minimum depth to the underside of foundations should be determined on the basis of the greatest
of:
• the depth to selected bearing stratum;
• a depth of 450 mm to the underside of foundations .This should avoid damage from frost action in
normal soil conditions although this depth may have to be increased in areas which are subject to
long periods of frost or in order to transfer the loading onto satisfactory ground.
• depth of 600 mm to the underside of foundations where clay soils are present although this depth
will commonly need to be increased in order to transfer the loading onto satisfactory ground.
The susceptibility of ground to movement, action of frost and changes in water table varies widely and
the advice of a structural engineer should be sought if the conditions are outwith the parameters set
out above. More detailed guidance is provided in BRE Digests 240 and 241.
1.C.2 Design recommendations

The design of foundations should be adequate where all of the following are followed -
a. the foundations are situated centrally under the wall( except as in clause 1.C.3);
b. the strip foundations have the minimum widths given in the table to 1.C.5;
c. concrete in chemically non-aggressive soils is composed of Portland Cement to BS EN 197-1 & 2:
2000 and fine and coarse aggregate conforms to BS EN 12620:2002 and the mix complies with
one of the following recommendations:
• in proportion of 50 kg of Portland cement to not more than 100kg
(0.05m3) of fine aggregate and 200 kg (0.1m3) of coarse aggregate, or
• Grade ST2 or Grade GEN I concrete to BS 8500-2
d. in chemically aggressive soils guidance is provided in BS 8500-1: Part 1 and
BRE Special Digest 1.
e. For strip foundations, the foundation width should not be less than the appropriate dimension , WF
in table to 1.C.5
f. the minimum thickness, T, of the concrete foundation is 150 mm or the scarcement width, P;
whichever is the greater, where P is derived using the table to 1.C.5 and the diagram below.
Trench fill foundations may be used as an acceptable alternative to strip foundations.
g. footings with regular offsets should have a depth at least 1.33 times the respective projection P1
(see diagram 1.7.2 opposite); with the overall width not less than the sum of , WF from table to
1.C.5 plus offset dimensions A1 and A2 and walls should be central on the foundation
h. for foundations stepped in elevation
• height of steps, S, should not be of greater height than the foundation thickness, T
• overlap, L, should be the greater of twice the step height ,S, the foundation thickness, T, or 300
mm
.
P .
A1 WT A2 P
P
.
WT
.
P
.
P1
1.33 P1 min
.
.
T S
T
T
WF WF + A1 + A2
L = greater of 2 x S, T, 300mm
i. foundations for piers , buttresses and chimneys should project as shown in the diagram below
where X must be not less than P
P X
X
1.C.3 Eccentric foundations

a. This guidance and the diagram opposite is limited to:
• single storey buildings of 4.5 m maximum height
where a wall is to be constructed either against a
boundary or against an existing wall where it is not
possible to construct the wall centrally on the
foundation.
• masonry cavity or timber frame walls with masonry
outer leaf with either a flat or pitched roof
• similar good ground conditions below both the
existing and new foundations
• the foundations should comply with all of the clauses
of this Annex (i.e. minimum foundation depth
thickness and width ,concrete grade (Grade ST2 or
GEN I) and the range of normal subsoil conditions
stated) .
b. Where the wall and its foundation is to be constructed
against an existing wall then the foundation should
comply with 1.C. 4 below
.
c. the full width of the foundation, WF (from Table 1.C.5) is WT
not effective in transmitting the load to the soil, and only
a proportion of the width is effective. This effective width
of the foundation, WF' is determined from
WF' = WF – (2 × e) e
where e is the eccentricity of the resultant thrust R due
to the wall load, about the centre-line of the foundation.
d. Nonetheless, the minimum foundation width,WF, should
still be read directly from Table 1.C.5.
e. the minimum foundation thickness, T for the minimum R
foundation widths listed in Table 1.C.5 should be taken
as 200mm.
f. an appropriate steel reinforcement mesh, (e.g. A142), T
should be placed at 50mm cover from the base of the
foundation.
WF'
WF
1.C.4 Extensions to existing buildings

a. This guidance and the diagram opposite is limited to:
• extensions of not more than two storeys connected to existing
existing buildings walls
• extensions with masonry cavity or timber frame walls with

floor new wall
masonry outer leaf with either a flat or pitched roof
• similar ground conditions below both the existing and new movement joint between
existing and new walls
foundations in range types I-VI from Table to 1.C.5 and foundations
• the extension foundations should comply with all of the
clauses of this Annex (i.e. minimum foundation depth
thickness and width ,concrete grade (Grade ST2 or GEN existing
I) and the range of normal subsoil conditions stated) . foundation new foundation
for extension
b. Where the depth of the existing foundations is less than that
in 1.C.1, the depth of the extension foundation should
match that of existing foundation depth at the interface and
step down progressively to that of 1.C.1.
e. To minimise the occurrence of differential settlement
between the extension and the existing structure, the
following should be considered;
• movement joints should be placed between the existing
and new foundations, and walls to accommodate any
differential settlement between the extension and
existing building . existing wall
• on non-compressible soils and rock (Soil types I, II and
III in Table 1.C.5) the strip foundation widths listed in the movement joint
table should be adopted and the new foundation should
be placed at the same depth as the existing foundation, new wall
• On soils of medium compressibility (Soil types IV, V and
VI in Table 1.C.5) the foundation dimensions should be
large enough so that excessive settlement is avoided by
increasing the minimum width ,WF, by 25% from the
values listed in Table 1.C.5 to lower the bearing New Walls
Existing Wall
pressure on the soil, recognising that foundations on soil

types V and VI do not fall within the provisions of this Brick ties and
channels allowing
annex if the total load exceeds 30 kN/m.
vertical movement
• To reach less compressible soil, the new foundation
may be placed at a greater depth than the existing
foundation. In such a case extreme care must be taken
to ensure that stability of the existing foundation is
maintained during excavation for the new foundation.
• The design of an appropriate foundation on highly
compressible soils (Soil type VII in Table 1.C.5) is
beyond the scope of this annex and specialist advice
should be sought for such cases.
• Additional information is provided in BRE GBG 53
Foundations for low-rise building extensions
• Where the subsoil to the existing building has been
subjected to ground improvement techniques ( e.g.
vibrocompaction , underpinning , soil replacement etc )
then specialist advice should be sought from chartered
engineers with the appropriate skills and experience.
1.C.5 Minimum width of strip foundations

The recommended widths of foundations set out in the table below may be used subject to :
• the subsoil conditions in 1.C.1,
• the foundation design provisions in 1.C.2
• the type and condition of subsoil is known and is within the types set out in the Table below,
• the loading at the base of the wall is within acceptable limits.
The table is applicable only within the strict terms of the criteria described within it and where the
subsoil is not covered by the types set out below or the total load from the load-bearing walling
exceeds 70kN/linear metre or 30kN/linear metre in types of subsoil under heads V-VI or type VII
subsoil below, then a designed foundation may be required and the advice of a structural engineer
should be sought.
Minimum width of strip footings
Total load of load-bearing walling not
more than (kN/linear metre)
Type of Condition Field Test Applicable 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ground of ground Minimum width of strip foundation,
(including WF (mm)
engineered
fill)
I Rock Not Requires at least a pneumatic In each case equal to the width of wall
inferior to or other mechanically operated
sandstone pick for excavation
,limestone
or firm
chalk
II Gravel or Medium Requires pick for excavation. 250 300 400 500 600 650
Sand dense Wooden peg 50mm square in
cross section hard to drive
beyond 150mm
III Clay Stiff Can be indented slightly by 250 300 400 500 600 650
Sandy Clay Stiff thumb
IV Clay Firm Thumb makes impression 300 350 450 600 750 850
Sandy Clay Firm easily
V Sand Loose Can be excavated with a 400 600
Silty sand Loose spade. Wooden peg 50mm
Clayey sand Loose square in cross section can be Note
easily driven Foundations on soil types
VI Silt Soft Finger pushed in up to 10mm 450 650 V and V1 do not fall
Clay Soft within the provisions of
Sandy clay Soft this annex if the total load
Clay or silt Soft exceeds 30kN/m.
VII Silt Very soft Finger easily pushed in up to Refer to specialist advice
Clay Very soft 25mm
Sandy clay Very soft
Clay or silt Very soft
domestic structure SBSG annex 1.D 2007
Annex
1.D Masonry walls
1.D.0 Introduction
1.D.1 Wall types
1.D.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
1.D.3 Maximum floor area
1.D.4 Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings
Thickness of walls
1.D.5 General
1.D.6 Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in coursed brickwork or
blockwork
1.D.7 Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in uncoursed stone , flints
etc
1.D.8 Cavity walls in coursed brickwork and blockwork
1.D.9 Walls providing vertical support to other walls
1.D.10 Internal load-bearing walls in brickwork or blockwork
1.D.11 Parapet walls
1.D.12 Single leaf external walls
1.D.13 Modular bricks and bricks
1.D.14 Maximum height of buildings based on wind loadings
1.D.15 Maximum allowable length and height of the wall
Construction materials and workmanship
1.D.16 Wall ties
1.D.17 Brick and block construction
1.D.18 Compressive strength of masonry units
1.D.19 Declared compressive strength of masonry units
1.D.20 Normalised compressive strength of masonry units
1.D.21 Compressive strength of masonry units in walls
1.D.22 Mortar
1.D.23 Lintels for openings
Loading on walls
1.D.24 Maximum span of floors
1.D.25 Other loading conditions
End restraint
1.D.26 Vertical lateral restraint to walls
1.D.27 Criteria for buttressing walls
1.D.28 Criteria for piers and chimney providing restraint
Openings , recesses , chases and overhangs
1.D.29 General
1.D.30 Dimensional criteria for openings and recesses
1.D.31 Sizes of openings and recesses
1.D.32 Chases
1.D.33 Overhangs
1.D.34 Lateral support by roofs and buildings
1.D.35 Gable wall strapping
1.D.36 Interruption of lateral support
1.D.37 Movement in masonry
Small single storey , single skin buildings
1.D.38 General
1.D.39 Size and proportions of openings
1.D.40 Wall thicknesses and piers
1.D.41 Horizontal lateral restraint at roof level
1.D.42 Proportions for masonry chimneys
Contents
annex Masonry walls
1.D
1.D.0 Introduction
Small buildings of traditional masonry walls can be designed to take advantage of custom and
practice to provide designs taking into account loading conditions , limitations on dimensions ,
openings and subject to , restraint conditions .
This Annex provides guidance for traditional masonry wall construction for the following building types
a. domestic buildings of not more than 3 storeys where loading criteria for individual floors does not
exceed those given in 1.D.4 and total limit of loading does not exceed that given in 1.D.25;
b. single storey single skin extensions to domestic buildings including garages and outbuildings that
do not exceed the dimensional criteria set out in 1.D.2b ; and.
d. single storey , single skin buildings forming a garage or outbuilding within the curtilage of a
dwelling that do not exceed the dimensional criteria set out in 1.D.2c
1.D.1 Wall types

This Annex deals only with the types of wall extending to full storey height set out below and parapet
walls.
a. Domestic buildings of up to 3 storeys
• External walls
• Internal load bearing walls
• Separating walls
b. Extensions to domestic buildings and single storey buildings
• External walls
This annex should be used in conjunction with Annexes 1.B ;and

a. if wall thickness is to be determined according to 1.D.5 to 1.D.13 all appropriate design conditions
given in this Annex should be satisfied;
b. walls should comply with the relevant requirements of BS 5628: Part 3: 2001, except as regards
the conditions given in 1.D.2 and 1.D. 3 -4,1.D.14-41;
c. in formulating the guidance of this Annex, the worst combination of circumstances likely to arise
was taken into account.
d. If a requirement of this Annex is considered too onerous in a particular case then adequacy by
calculation should be shown in respect of the aspect of the wall which is subject to the departure
rather than for the entire wall;
e. the guidance given in this Annex is based upon unit compressive strengths of bricks and blocks
being not less than that indicated in the Tables to 1.D.19-20 and diagrams to 1.D.21
f. BS5628 Part 1; 1992 gives design strengths for walls where the suitability for use of masonry
units of other compressive strengths are being considered.
1.D.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
This Annex applies only to buildings having proportions within the following limits and as shown
on the Diagrams below subject to the limits of 1.D.15
a. domestic buildings of not more than three storeys
• the maximum height of the building measured from the lowest finished ground level
adjoining the building to the highest point of any wall or roof should not be greater than
15 m ;
• the height of the building H, should not exceed twice the least width of the building W 1 ,
• the height of the wing H 2 should not exceed twice the least width of the wing W 2 when
the projection P exceeds twice the width W 2 .
Maximum height Minimum width
H
H
not to H
exceed
15m
W1
W1
lowest W1 not to be less
ground level than 0.5H
H2
P1 W2
W1
b. Size of extensions to domestic buildings

For extensions, height H should not exceed the relevant limits shown below (see also 1.D.38)
where H is measured from the top of the foundation or from the underside of the floor slab
where this provides effective lateral restraint.
Maximum roof
slope 40
Domestic
domestic building
building
= =
extension
3.0m max
3.0 m max
4.5m max
c. Size of single storey , single skin buildings

Small single-storey , single skin buildings the height H of the building should not exceed 3m and W
(the length or width whichever is more ) shall not exceed 9m (see also 1.D.38) where H is
measured from the top of the foundation or from the underside of the floor slab where this
provides effective lateral restraint
Maximum roof
slope 40
II
II
3.0 m max
3.0 m max
3.6 m max
1.D.3 Maximum floor area

The guidance in this annex applies where -
1. Floors enclosed by structural walls on all sides do not exceed 70 m2; and
floors without a structural wall on one side do not exceed 36 m2
Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Area not 2
exceeding 70 m
Area not
exceeding Area not
exceeding 70 m
2
36 m2 Area not
exceeding
Area not 36 m2
exceeding Area not 2
36 m2 exceeding 70 m
1.D.4 Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings

The imposed loads on roofs, floors and ceilings should not exceed those given in the table below.
Element Loading
Roof distributed load: 1.00 kN/m2 for spans up to 12 metres

1.50 kN/m2 for spans up to 6 metres
Floors distributed load: 2.00kN/m2 together with a concentrated

load of 1.4 kN
Ceilings distributed load: 0.25 kN/m2 together with concentrated

load: 0.9 kN
The guidance for snow loading in 1.F.6 applies only to a free standing flat roofed structure with
no parapet and with the roof on one level only, provided that there are no other buildings within
1.5m of its perimeter.
Thickness of walls
1.D.5 General
Wall thickness should be determined according to this Annex provided the following conditions
are met-
a. relating to the building of which the wall forms a part in 1.D.2-4 and 1.D.14 (3.4 , 3.15 to 3.17);
and
b. relating to the wall in 1.D.15-41 (3.18 to 3.41).
Wall thicknesses may be affected by adequate bearing for precast concrete units.
Conditions – building
Conditions relating to a. limitations on size and
building of which wall proportions of building and parts of
forms part building ( 1.D.2 )
b. max allowable floor areas (
1.D.3)
c. max imposed and wind loads (
1.D.4 and 1.D.14)
Are building conditions
Outside
satisfied?
Annex N
1.D scope
Yes
Conditions – wall
Conditions relating to a. max allowable length and
wall height of wall ( 1.D.15)
b. construction materials and
workmanship ( 1.D.16-23)
c. loading on walls ( 1.D.24-25)
Outside Annex Are wall conditions d. end restraints ( 1.D.26-28)
1.D scope satisfied ? e. openings , recesses ,
overhangs, chases (1.D.29-
33)
f. lateral support by floors and
Yes roofs (1.D.34-36)
g. movement in masonry (1.D.37)
h. conditions relating to external
walls of small single storey
Use 1.D.6-13 for wall buildings and extensions (
1.D.38-41)
thickness assessment
1.D.6 Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in coursed brickwork or
blockwork
Solid walls constructed of coursed brickwork or blockwork should be at least as thick as 1/16 of
the storey height. Further requirements are given in the table below.
Height of wall Length of wall Minimum thickness of wall
not exceeding not exceeding 12m 190mm for the whole of its height
3.5m
exceeding 3.5m not exceeding 9m 190mm for the whole of its height
but not
exceeding 9m but not 290mm from the base for the height of one storey,
exceeding 9m
exceeding 12m and 190mm for the rest of its height
exceeding 9m not exceeding 9m 290mm from the base for the height of one storey,
but not but not exceeding 12m and 190mm for the rest of its height
exceeding 12m exceeding 9m but not 290mm from the base for the height of two storeys,
exceeding 12m and 190mm for the rest of its height.
1.D.7 Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in uncoursed stone,
flints etc
The thickness of walls constructed in uncoursed stone or bricks or other burnt or vitrified material
should not be less than 1.33 times the thickness required by 1.D.6.
1.D.8 Cavity walls in coursed brickwork and blockwork

All cavity walls should have leaves at least 90 mm thick and structural cavities at least 50 mm wide.
The wall ties should have a horizontal spacing of 900mm and a vertical spacing of 450mm, which is
equivalent to 2.5 ties per square metre. Wall ties should also be provided, spaced not more than
300mm apart vertically, within a distance of 225mm from the vertical edges of all openings, movement
joints and roof verges. For selection of wall ties for use in a range of cavity widths refer to Table to
1.D.16. For specification of cavity wall ties refer to paragraph 1.D.16.
For external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in cavity construction, the combined
thickness of the two leaves plus 10 mm should not be less than the thickness required by 1.D.6 for
a solid wall of the same height and length.
1.D.9 Walls providing vertical support to other walls

Irrespective of the materials used in the construction, a wall should not be less in thickness than
any part of the wall to which it gives vertical support.
1.D.10 Internal loadbearing walls in brickwork or blockwork

With the exception of compartment walls or separating walls internal loadbearing walls should have
a thickness not less than :
(specified thickness from 1.D.6) /2 less 5 mm
except for a wall in the lowest storey of a three storey building carrying load from both upper storeys,
which should have a thickness as determined by the above equation or 140 mm, whichever is the
greater.
1.D.11 Parapet walls

The minimum thickness and maximum height of parapet walls should be as given in the table and
diagrams below only where access is limited ( e.g. for occasional maintenance ).
Cavity wall
t
Max parapet height H Thickness(mm)
(mm)
600 t1+t2 not more than 200 t1
Hp t2
860 t1+t2 more than 200
level of junction
of wall and
T structural roof
Solid wall
600 t = 150
760 t = 190
860 t = 215
Note that t must not be more than T
level of junction
of wall and
structural roof
1.D.12 Single leaf external walls

The single leaf of external walls of small single storey non-domestic buildings and of extensions
need be only 90 mm thick, provided the requirements of 1.D.38-41 are met.
1.D.13 Modular bricks and blocks
Where walls are constructed of bricks or blocks having modular dimensions derived from BS 6649 -
1985 wall thicknesses recommended in this Annex which derive from a dimension of a brick or
block may be reduced by an amount not exceeding the deviation from work size permitted by a
British Standard relating to equivalent sized bricks or blocks made of the same material.
1.D.14 Maximum height of buildings based on wind loadings

The maximum height of building which should be adequate for the various site exposure conditions
and wind speed should be derived by following the procedure which is set out on the Flow Chart
below using the map of wind speeds , topographic zone diagrams below and tables 1 and 2 enabling
the maximum height of building to be read off table 3 opposite
This design guidance has been revised in accordance with Wind loading on Traditional dwellings and
is based on BS 6399: Part 2 1997 using hourly mean wind speeds and it should be noted that the
wind speeds are derived from a different basis than in the Small Buildings Guide and it is important
that they are only applied to the methodology within this annex.
Flow chart for deriving maximum allowable building height
Read Topographic Read Factor Factor Max

windspeed zone from Factor ,T A from S= allowable
,V from above from table 2 VxTxA building
map above diagrams Table 1 height
from
Table 3
Wind
Z2 Z1 Z2 Z3
direction
0.25Lu 0.4Lu 0.4 Lu 1.2 L u
0.25Lu
Lu
Hills and ridges
Z2 Z1 Z2
Wind
0.4 Ld
direction 0.4 L u
0.4 L u 0.4 L d
Lu Ld
Cliffs and escarpments

Map of wind speeds ( m/sec)
Topographic zones for Table 1
Table 1 Factor T Table 2 Factor A

Topographic category and Factor T Site Altitude Factor A
average slope of whole (m)
hillside, ridge, cliff or Zone Zone Zone
escarpment 1 2 3 0 1.00
Category 1: Nominally flat 1.0 1.0 1.0 50 1.05
terrain, average slope < 1/20 100 1.10
150 1.15
Category 2: Moderately steep 1.24 1.13 1.10 200 1.20
terrain, average slope < 1/5 300 1.30
Category 3: Steep terrain, 1.36 1.20 1.15 400 1.40
average slope > 1/5
Note: Outside of these zones factor T = 1.0
Table 3 Maximum allowable building height (m)

Country Sites Town Sitesa
Factor Distance to the coastb Distance to the coastb
S
<10km 10 to 50km >50km <10km 10 to 50km >50km
23 15 15 15 15 15 15
24 15 15 15 15 15 15
25 11 14.5 15 15 15 15
26 8 10.5 13 15 15 15
27 6 8.5 10 15 15 15
28 4.5 6.5 8 13.5 15 15
29 3.5 5 6 11 13 14.5
30 3 4 5 9 11 12.5
31 3.5 4 8 9.5 10.5
32 3 3.5 7 8.5 9.5
33 3 6 7.5 8.5
34 5 7 8
35 4 6 7
36 3 5.5 6
37 4.5 5.5
38 4 5
39 3 4
40 3
Notes
a. For sites on the outskirts of towns not sheltered by other buildings use the values for country sites
b. Where a site is nearer than 1 km to an inland area of water which extends more than 1 km in the
wind direction , the distance to the coast should be taken as from the edge of the water.
1.D.15 Maximum allowable length and height of the wall

This annex does not deal with walls longer than 12 m, measured from centre to centre of buttressing
walls, piers or chimneys providing restraint, or of walls exceeding 12 m in height. (See also table to
1.D.6 and 1.D.37 regarding movement joints )

1.D.16 Wall ties
Wall ties should comply with BS EN 845-1 and be material references 1 or 3 in BS EN 845 Table
A1 austenitic stainless steel or suitable non-ferrous ties. Wall ties should be selected in
accordance with the following table
Cavity wall ties

Permissible type of tie
Normal cavity Tie length (mm) BS EN 845-1 tie (Note 4)
width (mm) (Note 2)
(Note 1)
50 to 75 200 Types 1, 2, 3 or 4 to DD 140-2* and selected on the basis
76 to 90 225 of the design loading and design cavity width
91 to 100 225( Note 3)
101 to 125 250 *Although DD 140-2 was withdrawn on 1 February 2005,
126 to 150 275 the tie user classes (types) given in Tables 1 and 3 of the
151 to 175 300 latter document can continue to be used after this date.
176 to 300 (See Note 2)
Notes
1 Where face insulated blocks are used the cavity width should be measured from the face of the
masonry unit.
2 The embedment depth of the tie should not be less than 50mm in both leaves. For cavities wider
than 180mm calculate the length as the structural cavity width plus 125mm and select the nearest
stock length.
3 Double triangle ties having a strength to satisfy Type 2 of DD 140-2*, are manufactured. Specialist
tie manufacturers should be consulted if 225mm long double triangle format ties are needed for 91 to
100mm cavities.
4 Reference requires to be additionally made to DD 140-2* for the selection of the type (i.e. types
1, 2, 3 or 4) relevant to the performance levels given in DD140-2.
1.D.17 Brick and block construction

Walls should be properly bonded and solidly put together with mortar. Materials should be chosen
from the following list as being suitable for their intended use and for the exposure conditions,
likely to prevail -
a. clay bricks or blocks to BS 3921: 1985 or BS EN 771-1; or
b. calcium silicate bricks to BS 187: 1978 or BS 6649: 1985; or BS EN 771-2 or
c. concrete bricks or blocks to BS 6073: Part 1: 1981; or BS EN 771-3 or 4 or
d. square dressed natural stone to the appropriate requirements described in BS 5628-3 or BS
EN 771-6 ; or
Manufactured Stone to BS 6457: 1984 or BS EN 771-5.
1.D.18 Compressive strength of masonry units

The minimum compressive strength requirements for masonry units according to BS Standards and
BS EN Standards are given in the Diagrams in 1.D.21 where the masonry units indicated for
Conditions A, B and C should have declared compressive strengths of not less than the values given
in the Table below. Normalised compressive strengths for block sized clay and calcium silicate
masonry units not complying with brick dimensional format are given in the Table to 1.D.20.
1.D.19 Declared Compressive Strength of Masonry Units complying with BS EN 771 - 1 to 5

(N/mm2)
Masonry Clay masonry units Calcium Silicate Aggregate Autoclaved Manufactured
Unit to BS EN 771-1 masonry units to Concrete aerated conc. Stone Masonry
BS EN 771-2 Masonry Masonry units units to BS EN
Units to BS to BS EN 771-5
EN 771-3 771-4
Condition A
771-5 will be acceptable for

Any unit complying with BS EN
Brick Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 Group 2
6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 -
Block See clause 1.D.20 2.9* 2.9
Condition B
conditions A, B and C
9.0 13.0 9.0 13.0 9.0 -
Condition C
18.0 25.0 18.0 25.0 18.0 -
Notes
1. This table applies to Group 1 and Group 2 units.
2. For the EN 771 series of standards for masonry units the values of declared compressive
strengths (N/mm2) are mean values.
3. Brick: a masonry unit having work sizes not more than 337.5 mm in length or 112.5 mm in
height.
4. Block: a masonry unit exceeding either of the limiting work sizes of a brick and with a minimum
height of 190mm. For blocks with smaller heights, excluding cuts or make up units, the strength
requirements are as for brick except for solid external walls where the blocks should have a
compressive strength at least equal to that shown for block for an inner leaf of a cavity wall in the
same position.
5. Group 1 masonry units have not more than 25% formed voids (20% for frogged bricks). Group 2
masonry units have formed voids greater than 25%, but not more than 55%
6. Refer to 1.D.21 for locations of Conditions A, B and C
7. Values marked * are dry strengths to BS EN 772-1
1.D.20 Normalised compressive strength of masonry units of clay and calcium silicate blocks
complying with BS EN 771 - 1 and 2 (N/mm2)
Standard Condition Group 1 masonry units Group 2 masonry units
Clay masonry units to A 5.0 8.0
BS EN 771-1 Calcium
B 7.5 11.0
silicate masonry units
to BS EN 771-2 C 15.0 21.0
Notes:
1 Values in this Table are normalised compressive strengths (N/mm2). Compressive strengths of
masonry units should be derived according to EN 772-1.
2 The Table applies to clay and calcium silicate block masonry units where the work size is more
than 337.5mm in length or 112.5mm in height.
3 Group 1 masonry units have not more than 25% formed voids (20% for frogged bricks). Group 2
masonry units have formed voids greater than 25%, but not more than 55%.
1.D.21 Compressive strengths of masonry units in walls
underside
of
HS
structural
roof
Top of
structural floor Where
Hf Less than or equal to 1m-
Condition A
Where
Hf greater than 1m-
Condition B
Underside Cavity
Internal
of wall
HS wall
S structural
Internal
roof Underside
wall
of
Underside Underside structural
Cavity
of of structural roof
wall HS
S structural floor
floor
This wall to
Top of be at least
Hf structural HS 140mm thick
floor blockwork or
215mm thick
This wall to be at least
brickwork
140 mm thick in blockwork or
Topside of
215 mm thick in brickwork below
structural
groundfloor level if
floor
height Hf exceeds 1m.
Notes
1. If HS is not more than 2.7 m , the compressive strength of bricks or blocks should be used in walls as
indicated by the key
2.If HS is more than 2.7m, the compressive strength of bricks or blocks used in the wall should be at
least Condition B, or as indicated by the key whichever is the greater.
3.If the external wall is solid construction the masonry units should have a compressive strength of at
least that shown for the internal leaf of a cavity wall in the same position.
The guidance in the diagram for walls of two or three storey buildings should only be used to determine
the compressive strength of the masonry units where the roof construction is of timber.
1.D.22 Mortar
Mortar should be -
a. Mortar designation (iii) according to BS 5628:Part 3:2001;
b. Strength class M4 according to BS EN 998 - 2 ;
c. 1:1: 5 or 6 CEM 1, lime and fine aggregate measured by volume of dry materials
1.D.23 Lintels for openings

Proprietary steel or concrete lintels suitable for use with masonry cavity wall construction should be
tested by a notified body or justified by calculations
Loading on walls
1.D.24 Maximum span of floors
The maximum span for any floor supported by a wall is 6 m, where the span is measured centre
to centre of bearing as shown on the diagrams below.
Floor member bearing on Floor member bearing on

Wall joist hanger
wall
floor floor
floor span floor span

maximum 6m maximum 6m
centre line centre line

of bearing of bearing
Loading on walls
1.D.25 Other loading conditions
a. Vertical loading on walls should be distributed. This may be assumed for concrete floor slabs,
precast concrete floors, and timber floors designed in accordance with annex 1.F, and where the
bearing length for lintels is 150 mm or greater. Where a lintel has a clear span of 1200 mm or less
the bearing length may be reduced to 100 mm. Where lintels carry a concrete floor the bearing
length should be at least 150mm or L/10 whichever is the greater, where L is the span of the lintel.
b. Differences in level of ground or other solid construction between one side of the wall and the
other should be less than four times the thickness of the wall and the combined dead and imposed
load should not exceed 70kN/m at base of wall as shown below provided there is a full storey
height of masonry above the upper retained level.
c. Walls should not be subject to lateral load other than from wind, and that covered by 1.D.25 b
a. Examples of ground level differences

t1
t2 H should be less
Ground Suspended than or equal to
Supported ground floor 1m and less than
floor slab or equal to
4( t1+ t2)
Void
Retained Retained
height height
W W
Suspended To be level for

ground floor a distance of not
less than 1.25H
Retained
height
W W
b. Maximum differences in ground level
t H should be less
than or equal to 1m
t and less than or
H should be less
equal to 4t
than or equal to 1m
and less than
or equal to 4t Retained H
height
Retained H
height
Concrete fill
to wall cavity
W W
Notes
Floor slabs in diagrams b have been omitted for clarity and may be on either side of the walls shown.
Cavity walls should be tied in accordance with Table to clause 1.D.16.
These recommendations apply only to circumstances where there is a full storey height of masonry above
the upper retained level.
End restraint
1.D.26 Vertical lateral restraint to walls
The ends of every wall, except single leaf walls less than 2.5 m in height and length in small single
storey non-domestic buildings and extensions should be bonded or otherwise securely tied
throughout their full height to a buttressing wall, pier or chimney. Long walls may be provided with
intermediate support dividing the wall into distinct lengths; each distinct length is a supported wall for
the purposes of this part. The buttressing wall, pier or chimney should provide support from the base
to the full height of the wall.
1.D.27 Criteria for buttressing walls

The diagram below gives certain rules for buttressing walls. Additionally i f the buttressing wall is
not itself a supported wall, its thickness T2 should not be less than -
a. half the thickness required by this part for an external or separating wall of similar height and
length, less 5 mm; or
b. 75 mm if the wall forms part of a dwelling and does not exceed 6 m in total height and 10 m in
length; or
c. 90 mm in any other case.
Notes Openings in a buttressed wall

1. The buttressing wall should be bonded or
securely tied to the supported wall and
at the other end to a buttressing wall, LB
pier or chimney.
2. The length, LB, of the buttressing wall Buttressing
should be at least 1/6 of the overall Wall
height, H, of the supported wall.
3. The position and shape of the openings H
should not impair the lateral support to T2 Supported
be given by the buttressing wall. wall
4. Openings or recesses in the buttressing
wall more than 0.1 m2 should be at least 550mm
550mm from the supported wall.
5. There may be only one opening or recess not more than 0.1 m2 at any position.
6. The opening height in a buttressed wall should be not more than 0.9 times the floor to ceiling
height and the depth of lintel including any masonry over the opening should be not less than 150
mm.
Refer to diagram to 1.A.5 for the rules for measuring the height of the supported wall.
1.D.28 Criteria for piers and chimney centre line of

providing restraint buttressing wall centre line of
1. Piers should measure at least three pier(alternative
T arrangement)
times the thickness of the supported
wall, and chimneys twice the thickness, centre line
measured at right angles to the wall. of chimney
centre line
Piers must have a minimum width of of pier
190 mm as shown opposite.
2. The sectional area on plan of chimneys
(excluding openings for fireplaces and
flues) should be not less than the area Buttressing
required for a pier in the same wall, and wall Pier H
the overall thickness should not be less
than twice the required thickness of the
Chimney
supported wall
3. The buttressing wall, pier or chimney min
should provide support to the full height 190mm
of the wall from base to top of wall.
Openings , recesses , chases and overhangs

1.D.29 General
The number, size and position of openings and recesses should not impair the stability of a wall or
the lateral support afforded by a buttressing wall to a supported wall. Construction over openings
and recesses should be adequately supported.
1.D.30 Dimensional criteria for openings and recesses

The dimensional criteria are given in the diagram and table below.
No openings should be provide in walls below ground floor except for small holes for services and
ventilation etc. which should be limited to a maximum area of 0.1 m2 at not less than 2 m centres .
1.D.31 Sizes of openings and recesses
corner of two
external walls
Opening Opening Recess Opening

W1 W2 W3 W4 P5
P1 P2 P3 P4
outer face of
return w all
Notes
1. W1 + W2 + W3 should not exceed 2L/3 7. P5 should be greater than or equal to W4/X
2. None of W1 or W2 or W3 should exceed 3m but should not be less than 665 mm.
3. P1 should not be greater than W1/X 8. The value of Factor X should be taken from
4. P2 should not be greater than or equal to W1/X the table below or can be given the value 6,
5. P3 should be greater than or equal to (W2+ provided the compressive strength of the
W3)/X bricks or blocks (in the case of a cavity wall,
6. P4 should be greater than or equal to W3/X in the loaded leaf) is not less than 7 N/mm2.
Value of factor 'X' (see diagram above)

Nature of roof Maximum roof Minimum Span of floor Span of Span of
span span (m) thickness of is parallel to timber floor concrete floor
wall inner wall into wall into wall
(mm)
Max Max Max Max
4.5m 6.0m 4.5m 6.0m
Value of factor 'X'
roof spans 100 6 6 6 6 6
non applicable
parallel to wall 90 6 6 6 6 5
timber roof 100 6 6 5 4 3

9
spans into wall 90 6 4 4 3 3
1.D.32 Chases
Chases should not -
a. if vertical, be deeper than 1/3 of wall thickness or, in cavity walls, 1/3 of leaf thickness ;
b. if horizontal, be deeper than 1/6 of the thickness of the leaf or wall; and
c. be so positioned as to impair the stability of the wall, particularly where hollow blocks are used.
1.D.33 Overhangs
In constructing a corbelled overhang, the amount of any projection should not impair the stability
of the wall.
Minor overhangs may occur at the interfaces between different masonry materials which have minor
differences in thickness provided this does not impair the stability of the wall.
1.D.34 Lateral support by roofs and floors

The walls in each storey of a building should extend to the full height of that storey, and have
horizontal lateral supports to restrict movement of the wall at right angles to its plane.
Floors and roofs should -
a. act to transfer lateral forces from walls to buttressing walls, piers or chimneys; and
b. be secured to the supported wall by connections specified in clauses 1.D.34-35 .
The requirements for lateral support of walls at roof and floor levels are given in the table below and
guidance on satisfying the requirements is given in clauses 1.D35 and 1.D.36
Wall Type Wall Length Lateral support required
any length roof lateral support by every roof forming

a junction with the supported wall
Solid or cavity: external
compartment separating floor lateral support by every floor
greater than 3 m forming a junction with the supported
wall
internal load-bearing wall

roof or floor lateral support at the top of
(not being a compartment or any length
each storey
separating wall)
Walls should be strapped to floors above ground level, at intervals not more than 2 m by tension
straps as shown below to BS EN 845-1. For corrosion resistance purposes , the tension straps
should be material reference 14 or 16.1 or 16.2 (galvanised steel) or other more resistant
specifications including material references 1 or 3 (austenitic stainless steel). The declared tensile
strength of tensions straps should not be less than 8 kN
30 x 5mm galvanised mild

30x5mm galvanised mild steel or other durable strap
steel or other durable strap held tight against masonry
at least 1200mm long and wall and fixed across 3 joists
held tight against masonry
wall
Dwangs minimum 38mm

width to extend
internal leaf of external cavity at least ½ depth of joist
wall requiring lateral restraint
Tension strap detail 1 Tension strap detail 2
Tension straps need not be provided -

a. in the longitudinal direction of joists in domestic
buildings of not more than two storeys, if the joists are
at not more than 1.2 m centres and have at least 90
mm bearing on the supported walls or 75mm bearing
on a timber wall- plate at each end ,and
b. in the longitudinal direction of joists in domestic
buildings of not more than two storeys, if the joists
are carried on the supported wall by joist hangers in
accordance with BS EN 845-1 of the restraint type
described in BS 5628:Part 1 and shown opposite and
are incorporated at not more than 2 m centres; Restraint type joist hanger
X to be not less than 90mm
c. where a concrete floor has at least 90 mm bearing on

the supported wall as opposite;
d. where floors are at or about the same level on
each side of a supported wall and contact
between the floors and wall is either continuous X X
or at intervals not exceeding 2m. Where contact
is intermittent, the points of contact should be in
line or nearly in line on plan as shown on the Restraint by concrete floor or roof
diagrams below.
domestic structure SBSG annex 1.E 2007
Restraint of internal walls
Where joists are not hard up to

the wall blockings at not greater
than 2m centres should be used
at the same locations on both
sides of the wall
1.D.35 Gable wall strapping Tension straps

at highest point If H is greater
Gable walls should be strapped to roofs as shown that will provide a than 16t, provide
opposite by tension straps as shown in the diagrams secure connection restraint here
opposite . at not greater
Tension straps
Vertical strapping at least 1m long should be provided at than 2m centres
at not more than
eaves level at intervals not exceeding 2m if the roof - 2 metre centres
a. has got a pitch of 150 or less;
b. is not tiled or slated; X X/2
c. is not of a type known by local experience to be
X/2
resistant to wind gusts; and ss
kne
d. has not got main timber members spanning onto the thic0mm
of s + 1
supported wall at not more than 1.2 m centres.
= su meave
t of l h
Gable
end
wall
Tension strap location
Effective strapping at gable Vertical strapping at eaves Vertical strapping at eaves
Rafter fixed to Each joist fixed to wall-plate

wall plate with With framing anchors
framing anchor Or skew nails
or truss clip
dwang
Strap turned Strap anchored to

over uncut pack strap anchored wall and turned
block to wall and rafter over wall plate
1.D.36 Interruption of lateral support

Where a stair or other opening in a floor or roof adjoins a supported wall and interrupts the continuity
of lateral support-
a. the length of the opening should be not more than 3 m, measured parallel to the supported wall;
b. where a connection is provided by means other than by anchor, this should be provided
throughout the length of each portion of the wall situated on each side of the opening;
c. where connection is provided by anchors, these should be spaced closer than 2 m on each side
of the opening to provide the same number of anchors as if there were no opening; and
d. there should be no other interruption of lateral support.
1.D.37 Movement in masonry
Max spacing of movement joints
Clay brickwork 12 m centres
Calcium silicate brickwork 7.5 m centres
Concrete brickwork and blockwork 6 m centres
Reference should be made to BS 8103-2, Annex B Code of practice for masonry walls for housing
which provides general guidance for movement joints.
External walls of small single storey single skin buildings and extensions
1.D.38 General
The guidance given applies in the following circumstances:-
2
a. The floor area of the building or extension does not exceed 36m
b. The walls are solidly constructed in brickwork or blockwork using materials which comply with
clauses 1.D.16-1.D.23.
2
c. Where the floor area of the building or extension exceeds 10m ,the walls have a mass of not less
2 2
than 130 kg/m . (Note: There is no surface mass limitation recommended for floor areas of 10m or
less.)
d. Access to the roof is only for the purposes of maintenance and repair.
e. The only lateral loads are wind loads.
f. The maximum length or width of the building or extension does not exceed 9m.
g. The height of the building or extension does not exceed the lower value derived from the Diagrams
to clause 1.D.2.
h. The roof is braced at rafter level, horizontally at eaves level and at the base of any gable by roof
decking, rigid sarking or diagonal timber bracing, as appropriate, in accordance with BS 5268: Part 3.
i. Walls are tied to the roof structure vertically and horizontally in accordance with clauses 1.D.34-36
and with horizontal lateral restraint at roof level in accordance with clause 1.D.41.
j. The roof structure of an extension is secured to the structure of the main building at both rafter and
eaves level.
1.D.39 Size and proportions of openings

One or two major openings not more than 2.1m in height are permitted in one wall of the building or
extension only. The width of a single opening or the combined width of two openings should not
exceed 5m.
The only other openings permitted in a building or extension are for windows and a single leaf door.
The size and location of these openings should be in accordance with the diagram below.
Notes
1. Major openings should be restricted to 390mm min
one wall only. Their aggregate width
should be not more than 5.0m and their
390mm min
height should not be more than 2.1m
2. There should be no other openings within
2.0m of a wall containing a major opening.
3. The aggregate size of openings in a wall
not containing a major opening should be
No other openings in this zone
not more than 2.4m2.

4. There should not be more than one
opening between piers.
5. Unless there is a corner pier the
distance from a window or a door to a Wall with major
corner should not be les s than 390 mm. openings
2.0m
Isolated column
1.D.40 Wall thicknesses and piers

The walls should have a minimum thickness of 90mm.
The minimum pier size ( AP x BP) should be 390mm x 190mm or 327mm x 215mm depending on the
size of the masonry units
Isolated columns should be 325mm x 325mm minimum (CC x CC )
Walls which do not contain a major opening but exceed 2.5m in length or height should be bonded or
tied to piers for their full height at not more than 3m centres as shown in the diagram below
Wall without a major opening
AP AP
BP 90mm min
3.0m max 3.0m max 3.0m max
Walls which contain one or two major openings Wall with a single major opening
should in addition have piers as shown in the BP
Diagrams above and opposite. Where ties are
used to connect piers to walls they should be
flat, 20mm x 3mm in cross section, be in AP G
stainless steel in accordance with clause Dotted line
1.D.16, be placed in pairs and be spaced at
indicates range
not more than 300mm centre vertically
of wall positions
BP
G > 2.5m
AP
AP
G 2.5m
BP
Wall with two major openings

Dotted line indicates
range of wall positions
CC
BP
AP
CC
1.D.41 Horizontal lateral restraint at roof level

Walls should be tied horizontally at no more than 2m centres
to the roof structure at eaves level, base of gables and along
roof slopes with straps fixed in accordance with clauses
1.D.34 and 1D.35 and where straps cannot pass through a
wall they should be adequately secured to the masonry using
suitable fixings and isolated columns should also be tied to
the roof structure all as shown below. Fixings should be in
accordance with the diagram opposite.
1.D.42 Proportions for Masonry Chimneys

Where a chimney is not adequately supported by ties or securely restrained in any way, its height if
measured from the highest point of intersection with the roof surface, gutter, etc should not exceed
4.5W, provided the density of the masonry is greater than 1500 kg/m3 where -
W is the least horizontal dimension of the chimney measured at the same point of intersection; and
H is measured to the top of any chimney pot or other flue terminal.
H H
W W
Level of highest
point of
intersection
domestic structure SBSG annex 1.F 2007
Annex
1.E Timber frame walls
1.E.0 Introduction
1.E.1 Wall types
1.E.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
1.E.3 Maximum floor area
1.E.4 Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings
Wall structure
1.E.5 General
1.E.6 Minimum thickness of external walls
1.E.7 Walls providing vertical support to other walls
1.E.8 Timber frame wall sizing
1.E.9 Site data
1.E.10 Building data
1.E.11 Horizontal loads
1.E.12 Wall sheathing
1.E.13 Site data and building data
1.E.14 Altitude/distance category
1.E.15 Length/width ratio
1.E.16 Racking bands
1.E.17 Percentage openings
1.E.18 Masonry cladding arrangements
1.E.19 Panel sheathing and nailing
1.E.20 Vertical loads
1.E.21 Wall stud sizing
1.E.22 Cripple stud sizing
1.E.23 Lintel sizing
1.E.24 Example
1.E.25 Overall stability
1.E.26 Maximum allowable length and height of wall
1.E.27 General
1.E.28 Wall ties
1.E.29 Masonry cladding
1.E.30 Brick and block construction
1.E.31 Mortar
1.E.32 Lintels for masonry cladding
1.E.33 Timber members
1.E.35 Fasteners
1.E.36 Fabrication
1.E.37 Composite action
1.E.38 Wall panel connections
1.E.39 Nailing and fixing schedule
Loading on walls
1.E.40 Maximum span of floors
1.E.41 Other loading conditions
1.E.42 End restraint
Openings, notching and drilling
1.E.43 General
1.E.44 Framing of openings
1.E.45 Dimensional criteria for openings
1.E.46 Small unframed openings
1.E.47 Notching and drilling
1.E.48 Lateral support by roofs and floors
1.E.49 Differential movement
annex Walls in certain small buildings – timber frame
1.E
1.E.0 Introduction
Small buildings of masonry clad platform frame construction can be designed to provide designs
taking into account loading conditions , limitations on dimensions , openings and subject to , restraint
conditions .
This structural guidance for timber frame construction for small buildings is intended to be similar to
that for masonry construction restricted to cover a limited range of timber frame wall dimensions,
member sizes and loading conditions which commonly apply in Scotland.
To comply with the philosophy of the Small Buildings Structural Guidance, the guidance for timber
frame construction has been produced for use by those who have expertise in building design and
construction but not necessarily in structural engineering design. Where the conditions or parameters
fall outside the scope then specialist advice should be sought from chartered engineers with the
appropriate skills and experience.
This guidance is based on the Platform Frame method of timber frame construction with external
masonry cladding being the most common form of timber frame construction in Scotland It is
restricted to the member sizes and types and sheathing materials which are commonly used in small
buildings in Scotland.
It should be noted that the guidance within this Annex only relates to Section 1 Structure. There are
other factors such as cavity barriers, breather membranes ,thermal insulation, etc which may be
relevant and reference should be made to the appropriate sections in the Technical Handbooks.
Timber frame construction outwith the parameters and materials covered in this guidance should be
designed in accordance with the guidance in BS 5268 Part 6.1 1996.
This Annex provides guidance for timber frame wall construction for the following building types
a. domestic buildings of not more than 2 storeys where loading criteria for individual floors does not
exceed those given in 1.E.4 and total limit of loading does not exceed that given in 1.E.41;
There is guidance in Annex 1.D: Masonry walls which is relevant to this annex with respect to
masonry cladding to timber frame walls.
1.E.1 Wall types
This Annex deals only with the types of wall extending to full storey height set out below.
a. Domestic buildings of not more than 2 storeys
• External walls
• Compartment walls
• Separating walls
This Annex should be used in conjunction with Annexe 1.B ; and
a. if a timber wall structure is designed in accordance with the guidance in Annex 1.E, all
appropriate design conditions should be satisfied;
b. walls should comply with the relevant recommendations of BS 5268: Part 6.1: 1996, except as
regards the conditions given in 1.E.2,1.E.3-4 and 1.E.8-49
c. in formulating the guidance of this Annex, the worst combination of circumstances likely to
arise was taken into account.
d. If a recommendation of this Annex is considered too onerous in a particular case then
adequacy by calculation should be shown in respect of the aspect of the wall which is
subject to the departure rather than for the entire wall;
e. the guidance given in this Annex is based upon the material strengths of timber , sheathing ,
plasterboard and masonry being not less than that indicated in 1.E.27-39
f. roof construction should be :
• duo or mono pitch trussed rafters with 15-45o pitch and dead weight not more than 1.036
kN/m2 on the slope
• or flat ,raised tie or collared roofs in accordance with guidance in Annex 1.F.
g. floor dead load should be not more than 0.5 kN/m2
h. Internal , party and external wall dead loads should be not more than 1.5 kN/m excluding
masonry cladding
i. panel heights should be not more than 2.7 m
j. timber frame walls act should compositely with the masonry cladding ,sheathing and inner
plasterboard lining all contributing to the racking resistance of the timber frame walls.
This guidance does not cover hipped ends to roofs with girder trusses which impose point loads on to
the walls or other situations where point loads occur.
Wall sheathing which provides the racking resistance to wind loading generally is the limiting factor
and this aspect should be checked prior to carrying the remainder of the design. It is unlikely that this
guidance could be used with walls with openings more than 30 % of the total wall area or for front
gable buildings where there are large percentage openings in the shorter length walls.
1.E.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
This Annex applies only to buildings having proportions within the following limits and as shown
on the Diagrams below subject to the limits of 1.E.26
The maximum height of the building measured from the lowest finished ground level adjoining
the building to the highest point of any wall or roof must not be greater than:
10 m for duo pitch roofs
5.5 m for mono pitch or flat roofs
• the height of the building H, should not exceed twice the least width of the building W 1 ,
the height of the wing H 2 should not exceed twice the least width of the wing W 2 when the
projection P exceeds twice the width W 2 .
Maximum height
Minimum width
H
not to
H H
exceed
10m
lowest
W1 W1
ground level
W1 not to be less
than 0.5H
H2
P1 W2
W1
1.E.3 Maximum floor area

The guidance in this annex applies where -
• Floors enclosed by structural walls on all sides do not exceed 70 m2; and
• floors without a structural wall on one side do not exceed 36 m2
Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Area not 2
exceeding 70 m
Area not
Area not exceeding
exceeding 70 m
2
36 m2 Area not
exceeding
Area not 36 m2
Area not 2
exceeding
exceeding 70 m 36 m2
1.E.4 Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings

The imposed loads on roofs, floors and ceilings should not exceed those given in the table below.
Element Loading
Roof distributed load: 1.00 kN/m2 for spans up to 12 metres

1.50 kN/m2 for spans up to 6 metres
Floors distributed load: 2.00kN/m2 together with a concentrated load of 1.4

kN
Ceilings distributed load: 0.25 kN/m2 together with concentrated load: 0.9 kN
The guidance for snow loading in 1.F.6 applies only to a free standing flat roofed structure with no
parapet and with the roof on one level only, provided that there are no other buildings within 1.5m
of its perimeter.
Wall structure
1.E.5 General
Wall structure should be determined according to this Annex provided the following conditions are
met-
a. relating to the building of which the wall forms a part (1.E.2); and
b. relating to the wall 1.E.3-49
Conditions – building
Conditions relating to d. limitations on size and proportions of
building of which wall building and parts of building ( 1.E.2, )
is part e. max allowable floor areas ( 1.E.3)
f. max imposed and wind loads (
1.E.12.)
No
Outside Are building
Annex 1.E conditions satisfied ?
scope
Yes
Conditions – wall
i. max allowable length and height of
No wall ( 1.E.26)
Outside j. construction materials and
Annex 1.E Are wall conditions workmanship ( 1.E.27-39)
scope satisfied? k. loading on walls ( 1.E.40 and 1.E.41)
l. end restraints ( 1.E.42)
m. openings, notching and drilling
(1.E.43-47)
Yes n. lateral support by floors and roofs
(1.E.48)
o. Differential movement (1.E.49)
Use Annex 1.E for
timber frame walls
1.E.6 Minimum thicknesses of external cavity walls

Masonry clad timber frame walls should comprise masonry cladding for at least 100 mm thick ,50 mm
nominal cavity width 9mm nominal sheathing thickness and timber studs at least 89 mm depth and
plasterboard inner wall lining . Wall ties should be securely nailed to the vertical studs and not to the
sheathing alone generally at the following spacings
a. Brickwork cladding: horizontal spacing of 600mm and a vertical spacing of 375mm
b. Blockwork cladding : horizontal spacing of 400 or 600mm and a vertical spacing of 450mm,
c. Wall ties should also be provided, spaced not more than 300mm apart vertically, within a distance
of 225 mm from the vertical edges of all openings, movement joints and roof verges.
d. In exposed wind locations, the tie density would require to be increased in accordance with BS
5268 -6.1:1996.
e. For specification of cavity wall ties refer to 1.E.28
1.E. 7 Walls providing vertical support to other walls
Irrespective of the materials used in the construction, a wall should not be less in thickness than
any part of the wall to which it gives vertical support.
1.E.8 Timber frame wall sizing

The following procedure which should be followed to determine the member sizing etc for masonry
clad timber frame wall construction which should be adequate for a particular location depending on
the building dimensions and the site exposure conditions is based on BS 5268-6.1
The procedure is summarised in the flow chart below and explained in detail thereafter together with a
worked example in 1.E.24.
Design Procedure Flow Chart

Assess Building Data( 1.E.10)
Length / Width ratio (1.E.11
Assess Site Data( 1.E.12)
Wall Sheathing Requirements(1.E.13-18)
Horizontal(Wind) Loads (1.E.19)
Vertical(Snow ) Loads ( 1.E20)
Wall Stud Requirements ( 1.E.21)
Cripple Stud Requirements(1.E.22)
Lintel requirements (1.E.23)


The horizontal loads arising from wind action are resisted and transferred to the base of the walls by
the racking resistance of the racking ( or wind) wall panels .
Walls should only be considered to be Racking Walls and hence able to provide resistance to wind
action if they are specifically designed in accordance with the following racking procedure and have at
least one layer of OSB3 or plywood sheathing secured to the timber studs.
The Flow Chart below and subsequent clauses provide guidance on how to provide adequate racking
resistance by means of racking or wind walls comprising wall sheathing and nailing arrangements ..
Racking Procedure Flow Chart
Building and Site Data including assessing β = B/A (1.E.10-12)
Read off Altitude-Distance Category from Table to 1.E.13
Read Racking Band from Tables to 1.E.14
Assess the percentage openings in each wall of Building(1.E.15)
Assess the Masonry Cladding Arrangement from Table to 1.E.16
Select Panel Sheathing and Nailing requirements (1.E.17)
Use of internal racking walls, if appropriate (1.E.17)

1.E.10 Building Data stage 1 Building dimensions

Assess the following dimensions for the
building :
• Overall outside plan width , A
• Overall outside plan length, B
• Height from ground level to eaves ,H H
• Overall Building Height from ground
level to ridge
• Number of storeys
• Roof shape :- duopitch , monopitch or
flat
Duo pitch roof Mono pitch roof
• Spans of roof and floors
Key
A : Building Width (smaller dimension of
the building cross-section (plan) RA A
B : Building Length (larger dimension of the
building cross-section (plan)
β: Length/ Width Ratio of the building B
plan
β = B/A. RB
Flat roof Plan
1.E.11 Length/width ratio stage 2

Determine the length/ width ratio, β in accordance with the diagram above
Note that β should always be rounded up from the derived value to the nearest 0.5 and will be not
less than 1.0 in any case.
1.E.12 Site Data stage 3

a. Determine the site location of the building under consideration
b. Assess the distance of the site to the coast within the following ranges
• Not more than 10 km
• not more than 100 km
• greater than 100 km
Where a site is nearer than 1 km to an inland area of water which extends more than 1 km in the
wind direction , the distance to the coast should be taken as from the edge of the water.
c. Assess the altitude of the site above ordinance datum within the following ranges
• 0m
• not more than 50 m
• not more than 100m
• not more than 400 m
d. Determine the snow zone as A or B from the snow map below
Determine the wind speed from the wind speed map below
Snow Zone Map Wind Speed Map ( m/s)
Zone
A
B
Inverness
1.E.13 Altitude/distance category stage 4 Table Altitude/distance category

Using the Site Altitude and Distance to the coast, Distance to the coast(km)
Altitude
read the Altitude-Distance category (AD1-AD6) from <10 <100 >100
the table opposite 0m AD1 AD1 AD1
Key < 50m AD1 AD1 AD1
AD1-AD6 :Altitude / Distance to the coast Category < 100m AD2 AD2 AD2
< : less than < 150m AD3 AD3 AD3
< : not more than < 200m AD4 AD3 AD3
< 300m AD5 AD5 AD4
< 400m AD6 AD6 AD5
1.E.14 Racking Bands stage 5

The Racking Band is the wind force on to an external wall panel in a parallel direction to that panel as
shown in the diagram in clause 1.E.10 and can be read from the relevant table below using the
following information derived above
• Building height H, and roof type from clause 1.E.10
• Length/width ratio, β from clause 1.E.11
• Wind speed from clause 1.E.12
• Altitude / distance, AD, category from clause 1.E.13
Tables 1-4 provide racking bands for duo pitch roofed buildings for heights of 5.5 and 10 metres
height for wind speeds of 30, 27, 25 and 23 metres / sec
Table 5-8 provide racking bands for duo pitch roofed buildings for heights of 5.5 metres height for
wind speeds of 30, 27, 25 and 23 metres / sec
Table 9-12 provide racking bands for duo pitch roofed buildings for heights of 5.5 metres height for
wind speeds of 30, 27, 25 and 23 metres / sec
Racking Bands for Duopitch roofs

Table 1 Wind speed = 30m/s
5.5 m Height 10m Height
β Side
Altitude/Distance Category (AD) Altitude/Distance Category (AD)
AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
1 A R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R5 R5 R6 R8 R9 R11 - -
B R3 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 - -
1.5 A R6 R6 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 - - - - - - -
B R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R3 - - - - - - -
2 A R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 - - - - - - - - -
2.5 A R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - - -
3 A R11 R11 - - - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
3.5 A R11 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 A - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5.5 Height 10m Height
β Side
1 A R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R4 R5 R6 R7 R9 R11 -
B R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R4 R6 R6 R7 R8 R9 R11 -
1.5 A R5 R5 R6 R6 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 - - - - -
B R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R4 R5 - - - - -
2 A R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 - - - - - - -
2.5 A R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - -
3 A R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - -
3.5 A R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - - -
4 A R11 R11 - - - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sid
β AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD
e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 A R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R6 R7 R9 R11
B R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R5 R5 R6 R7 R7 R8 R9
1.5 A R4 R4 R5 R5 R6 R7 R7 R11 R11 R11 - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R4 R4 - - - -
2 A R5 R6 R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 - - - - - - -
2.5 A R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - -
3 A R8 R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - -
3.5 A R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - -
4 A R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - -

β
Side AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
1.5 A R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R5 R6 R8 R9 R9 R11 R11 - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 - -
2 A R4 R5 R5 R6 R7 R7 R8 R11 R11 - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 - - - - -
2.5 A R5 R6 R6 R7 R8 R9 R11 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - -
3 A R6 R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - -
3.5 A R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - -
4 A R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - -
Racking Bands for Monopitch roofs

Table 5 Wind speed = 30m/s Table 6 Wind speed = 27m/s
5.5 Height 5.5 Height
β Side AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
1.5 A R11 R11 R11 - - - - R8 R9 R9 R R11 - -
B R2 R2 R2 - - - - R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 - -
2 A - - - - - - - R11 R11 - - - - -
B - - - - - - - R1 R1 - - - - -
2.5 A - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Racking Bands for Monopitch roofs

β= Altitude/Distance Category (AD) Altitude/Distance Category (AD
(B / Side
A) AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
1.5 A R7 R7 R8 R9 R1- R11 R11 R5 R6 R6 R7 R8 R9 R
2 A R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - R7 R8 R9 R R11 R11 -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 -
2.5 A R11 R11 - - - - - R9 R9 R R11 - - -
B R1 R1 - - - - - R1 R1 R1 R1 - - -
3 A R11 - - - - - - R11- R11 R11 - - - -
B R1 - - - - - - R1 R1 R1 - - - -
3.5 A - - - - - - - R11 R11 - - - - -
B - - - - - - - R1 R1 - - - - -
4 A - - - - - - - R11 - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - R1 - - - - - -
Racking Bands for Flat roofs

β Side AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
1.5 A R9 R9 R1- R11 R11 - - R7 R7 R8 R9 R9 R1- R11
B R3 R3 R4 R4 R4 - - R2 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R4
2 A R11 R11 - - - - - R9 R1- R11 R11 - - -
B R2 R2 - - - - - R2 R2 R2 R2 - - -
2.5 A - - - - - - - R11 R11 - - - - -
B - - - - - - - R1 R1 - - - - -
Racking Bands for Flat roofs

β Side
1.5 A R6 R6 R7 R7 R8 R9 R9 R6 R6 R7 R7 R8 R9 R9
2 A R8 R9 R9 R1- R11 R11 - R8 R9 R9 R1- R11 R11 -
B R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 - R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 -
2.5 A R9 R1- R11 R11 - - - R9 R1- R11 R11 - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - R1 R1 R1 R1 - - -
3 A R11 R11 - - - - - R11 R11 - - - - -
B R1 R1 - - - - - R1 R1 - - - - -
3.5 A R11 - - - - - - R11 - - - - - -
B R1 - - - - - - R1 - - - - - -
4 A - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1.E.15 Percentage openings in racking walls stage 6

a. Assess the Effective External Racking Wall Area, AEX, of the ground floor for each wall as Length,
B or Width, A x Height from ground level to first floor level .: AEX = A x H and B x H
b. Assess the Total Opening Area, AO , of the ground floor for each of the walls ( sum of lengths
times widths of all openings) AO = Sum (( W1 x H1) + (W2 x H2) + ….(WN x HN) )
c. Assess the Allowable Percentage Wall Openings in each wall as percentage Total Opening Area /
Effective External Racking Wall Area for each external face of the building : %Op = AO /AEX %
subject to the following:
• Where two framed openings are separated by less than 300mm and the heights of both
openings are greater than half the panel height, the area of opening should be taken as the
rectangle that encloses both openings.
• Where there are limited areas of alternative cladding panels such as timber cladding above
doors or windows (not exceeding 0.5 m2 these areas should be should be added to the areas
of openings.
• Where an opening is less than 300mm from the corner of a building and the depth of opening
is greater than half the panel height, and then the length of that part of the wall, up to and
including the opening, should be disregarded when determining the total length of wall.
Effective External Racking Wall Area, AEX = L x H

Total Opening Area ,
H2 H2
AO = (W1 x H1) + (W2 x H1) + (W3 x H3)
H1 A1 A2 A3
Percentage Wall Opening,
H H1
%Op = ( AO / AEX ) x 100
If P1 <300mm and H1 > H/2 ,then L becomes ( L – P1 )
If P2 < 300mm then ( A1 + A2) = (W1 +P2 + W2 ) x H1
P1 W1 P2 W2 P3 W3 P4
If the area above an opening is timber cladding
then L = Length of wall
A2 = W2 x (H1 + H2 ) and A3 = W3 x (H3 + H4)
1.E.16 Masonry Cladding Arrangement stage 7

Assess the Masonry Cladding arrangement Type from the Table below
Masonry cladding arrangement type

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
For masonry walls with For masonry walls with For masonry walls without
buttresses or returns not buttresses or returns at one buttresses or returns or with
less than 550mm length end of wall not less than buttresses or returns of less than
and not more than 9m 550mm length with the other 550mm length.
centre to centre. end without buttresses or
returns less than 550mm
length and wall length not
more than 4.5m
1.E.17 Panel Sheathing and Nailing stage 8

a. The Wall Sheathing in combination with the nailing of the sheathing to the wall studs provides the
resistance of the wall to the racking ( wind ) force in the plane of that panel as shown in the
diagram in clause 1.E.10 and combinations of sheathing and nailing can be read from the relevant
charts below using the following information derived above
• Racking Band , R , from clause 1.E.14
• Percentage Openings from clause 1.E.15
• Masonry Wall Type from clause 1.E.16
a. Select the appropriate chart below based on the Wall Type and number of storeys
• Chart 1 provides wall sheathing for Wall Type 1 for 1 and 2 Storey buildings.
• Chart 2 provides wall sheathing for Wall Type 2 at 1 and 2 Storey buildings.
• Chart 3 provides wall sheathing for Wall Type 3 for 1 and 2 Storey buildings.
b. Read off the allowable walling configurations for the Racking Bands and Percentage Wall
Openings for each wall
• Double sheathed with 100mm nail centres
• Double sheathed with 150mm nail centres
• Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres

• Single sheathed with 150mm nail centres
c. Select the most appropriate Walling Configurations Option
d. If the required percentage openings/racking bands are outwith the charts
• either reconsider the parameters particularly the Percentage Wall Openings;
• or consider introducing an internal racking wall ( refer to clause 1.E.18);
• or specialist advice should be sought from chartered engineers with the appropriate skills
and experience.
Charts 1-3 Wall details and allowable percentage of openings for given racking banding
70
Perim eter nail spacing
A llo D ouble sheathed w ith 100m m nail centres

60
w ab
le
per D ouble sheathed w ith 150m m nail centres
50
cen
tag
S ingle sheathed w ith 100m m nail centres
e
ope 40
ning S ingle sheathed w ith 150m m nail centres
in
pan 30
el
%.
20
10
0
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R 10 R 11
R acking band
Chart 1 Wall Type 1 at 1 & 2 Storey: Wall details and allowable percentage of openings for
given racking banding
70
Perimeter nail spacing
60 Double sheathed with 100mm nail centres

Allowable percentage opening in panel %.
Double sheathed with 150mm nail centres

50
Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres

40
30
20
10
0
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11
Racking band
Chart 2 Wall Type 2 at 1 & 2 Storey: Wall details and allowable percentage of openings for
given racking banding
70
Perimeter nail spacing
60 Double sheathed with 100mm nail centres

Allowable percentage opening in panel %.
Double sheathed with 150mm nail centres

50

40
30
20
10
0
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11
Racking band
Chart 3 Wall Type 3 at 1 & 2 Storey: Wall details and allowable percentage of openings
for given racking banding
1.E.18 Use of internal walls for additional racking resistance stage 9

Internal walls can be used to provide additional racking resistance provided the following apply to
such walls
a. satisfactory fixity to the foundations , floor or roof diaphragms as appropriate
b. no segments of wall being used is less than 600 mm in length
c. the assessed internal racking length is the shortest length of all storeys in that direction ( eg for a
2 storey building, if level one has 2 internal racking walls of say C1 and C3 and level two has only
C2, then C is the smaller of (C1+C3) and C2, for that building).
Key
A is the smaller dimension of the building plan C1
B is the larger dimension of the building plan RA A C2
C is the sum of the lengths of the internal racking
resisting walls (C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ….), C3
β can be considered as B/(A+0.5×C) but not less than 1.0 B
in any case. It is recommended that this value is always
rounded up when calculated (i.e. if A = 3, B = 5 and C = RB
1.2 then β= 5/(3+0.5×1.2) = 1.38 thus adopt β= 1.5 but if Plan where there are internal racking
A = 4, B = 5 and C = 2.5 then β= 5/(4+0.5×2.5) = 0.92 walls
thus adopt β=1.0)
Internal racking walls parallel to the length of the building (i.e. B) should be ignored in the calculation
of β. However they can be used to enhance racking resistance in that direction to allow for an
increased percentage of openings as follows:
The Effective internal racking wall area, AIN, should be split equally between each of the external
racking wall areas, AEX, which are parallel to that internal wall allowing the allowable percentage of
opening calculated from clause 1.E.15 may be increased using the following equation:
AOP = (AEX + (AIN / 2)) × %Op
Where:
AOP Area of allowable opening
AEX Effective external racking wall area
AIN Effective internal racking wall area
%Op Allowable percentage of openings per storey from charts 1-3 .
1.E.19 Horizontal loads stage 10

The Horizontal ( wind ) loads are derived from the wind speed map and can be read from the table
below using the following information derived from above
• Overall Building height, H from clause 1.E.10
• Distance to the coast , Site Altitude and Wind Speed from clause 1.E. 12
Table of Horizontal Loads
Site altitude (a)
Wind
Building 0m a < 50m 50m< a < 100m 100m< a < 150m
speed
height Distance to the coast(km)
(m/s)
<10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100
<5.5m 23 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1
25 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1
27 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H1 H1 H2 H2 H1
30 H2 H1 H1 H2 H2 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H2 H2
<10m 23 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1
25 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H1 H1 H2 H2 H1
27 H2 H1 H1 H2 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2
30 H2 H2 H2 H3 H2 H2 H3 H3 H2 H4 H3 H3
Site altitude (a)

Wind
Building 150m< a < 200m 200m< a < 300m 300m< a < 400m
speed
height Distance to the coast(km)
(m/s)
<10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100
<5.5m 23 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H1 H2 H2 H1
25 H2 H2 H1 H2 H2 H1 H3 H3 H2
27 H2 H2 H1 H3 H3 H2 H4 H3 H3
30 H3 H3 H2 H4 H4 H3 H5 H4 H3
<10m 23 H2 H2 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H2
25 H3 H3 H2 H3 H3 H2 H3 H3 H3
27 H3 H3 H2 H4 H3 H3 H5 H4 H4
30 H4 H4 H3 H5 H5 H4 H6 H6 H5
1.E.20 Vertical Loads stage 11

The Vertical loads are derived from the snow zone map in clause 1.E.12 using the following
information derived from above
• Roof and Floor Spans and the Number of Storeys from clause 1.E.10
• Snow Zone and Site Altitude from clause 1.E.12
a. The Imposed Loads (Snow ) in kN/m2 is read from the table below
Imposed roof loads ( kN/m2 )

Zone Altitudes below 100m Altitudes between 100m Altitudes between 200m
and 200 m and 260 m
A 0.75 1.00 Refer to BS 6399: Part 3
B 1.00 1.50 1.5
b. Read the Vertical ( Snow) Load Category (V1-V18) from the table below
Table of vertical loads at heads of panels

Imposed loads
1.0 kN/m2 1.5 kN/m2
Roof or 0.75 kN/m2
floor span
(m)
Roof or Roof + Roof or Roof + Roof or Roof +
floor 1 storey floor 1 storey floor 1 storey
1 V1 V3 V1 V3 V2 V3
2 V4 V7 V4 V7 V5 V7
3 V6 V10 V6 V10 V7 V11
4 V8 V12 V8 V12 V9 V13
5 V10 V13 V10 V14 V11 V14
6 V10 V14 V11 V15 V11 V15
7 V11 V16 V11 V16 V12 V17
7.5 V11 V17 V13 V17 V13 V18
1.E.21 Wall Stud Sizing stage 12

The wall studs carry the horizontal and vertical loads imposed on the timber frame panels and the
sizes of studs can be selected using the tables below using the following information derived from
above
• Horizontal (Wind) Load Category (H1-5) from clause 1.E.19
• Vertical(Snow) Load Category (V1-V22) from clause 1.E.20
The most appropriate wall stud sizes , spacing and timber grade for the wall panels should be
selected from the tables below
Note that timber of strength class C16 is generally used for wall studs
Tables of Minimum wall stud sizes in softwood for all snow zones
Table 1 Horizontal load category H1

Timber of strength class grade C16 Timber of strength class grade C24
Vertical load Timber Size Spacing Vertical load Timber Size Spacing (mm)
category mm x mm (mm) category mm x mm
V1-V11 38 x 89 400 V1-V16 38 x 89 400
V1-V7 600 V1-V10 600
V1-V20 38x 114 400 V1-V22 38x 114 400
V1-V14 600 V1-V17 600
V1-V22 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V19 600 V1-V19 600

V1-V11 38 x 89 400 V1-V15 38 x 89 400
V1-V5 600 V1-V9 600
V1-V19 38x 114 400 V1-V22 38x 114 400
V1-V12 600 V1-V16 600
V1-V22 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V18 600 V1-V19 600

V1-V9 38 x 89 400 V1-V13 38 x 89 400
V1-V3 600 V1-V7 600
V1-V17 38x 114 400 V1-V22 38x 114 400
V1-V12 600 V1-V14 600
V1-V21 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V18 600 V1-V19 600

V1-V8 38 x 89 400 V1-V12 38 x 89 400
V1 600 V1-V6 600
V1-V16 38x 114 400 V1-V22 38x 114 400
V1-V10 600 V1-V13 600
V1-V21 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V16 600 V1-V19 600

V1-V7 38 x 89 400 V1-V12 38 x 89 400
None 600 V1-V5 600
V1-V16 38x 114 400 V1-V21 38x 114 400
V1-V19 600 V1-V12 600
V1-V21 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V15 600 V1-V19 600
1.E.22 Cripple Stud Sizing stage 13

Cripple studs are connected to studs either side
of an opening within a panel to provide support
to a lintel above the openings as shown opposite.
The sizes and numbers of cripple studs can be
cripple
selected using the table below using the following studs
information derived from above
• Lintel Span from clause 1.E.10
• Vertical Load Category (V1-V22) from
clause 1.E.20
a. Select the most appropriate cripple stud reproduced by permission of TRADA
sizes, numbers of sections and timber grade
required for the lintel spans from the tables
below
b. The number of cripple studs required from the table is the number of studs in addition to the wall
studs on each side of the opening
c. All cripple studs should be of the same strength class and size
d. Timber of strength class C16 is generally used for posts/cripple studs
e. Where more than 3 sections are required to make up a cripple stud specialist advice should be
obtained.
Minimum Cripple stud sizes and numbers in softwood

Table 1 Timber of Strength class Grade C16
Vertical load Lintel span (mm)
category 1240 1800 2475
Stud size 38x89 38x114 38x140 38x89 38x114 38x140 38x89 38x114 38x140
V1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
V4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
V5 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V6 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V7 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V8 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V9 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
V10 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 1
V11 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
V12 2 1 1 3 2 1 - 2 2
V13 2 1 1 3 2 1 -- 2 2
V14 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V15 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V16 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V17 3 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2
V18 3 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2

Vertical load Lintel span (mm)
category 1240 1800 2475
Stud size 38x89 38x114 38x140 38x89 38x114 38x140 38x89 38x114 38x140
V1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V2 1 1 `1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
V5 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
V6 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V7 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V8 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V9 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V10 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1
V11 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 1
V12 2 1 1 3 2 1 -- 2 2
V13 2 1 1 3 2 1 -- 2 2
V14 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V15 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V16 3 1 1 3 2 2 -- 3 2
V17 3 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2
V18 3 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2
1.E.23 Lintel Sizing

Lintels provide support to openings and are supported by cripple studs at either end as shown on the
diagram to clause 1.E.22 The sizes and numbers of sections for lintels can be selected using the
table below using the following information derived from above
• Lintel Span from clause 1.E.10
• Vertical Load Category (V1-V22) from clause 1.E.20
a. Select the most appropriate lintel sizes, numbers of sections and timber grade required for the
lintel spans from the table below
• The lintel span is the clear distance between support points of the cripple studs
• Timber of strength class C24 is generally used for lintels
• All lintels should be of the same strength class and size.
• 2x38x190 means 2 No lintels 38 mm wide by 190 mm deep are required to satisfy the
loading condition
• Where more than 3 sections are required to make up a lintel, or steel inserts (e.g. flitch
beams) are required then specialist advice should be obtained.
Minimum lintel sizes and numbers in softwood

Lintel span (mm)
1240 1800 2475
Lintel sections and numbers
44x2200
44x2200
44x2200
38x140
44x140
44x190
44x240
38x140
38x190
44x140
44x190
44x240
38x140
38x190
44x140
44x190
44x240
Vert
38x190
load
V1 2 2 2
V2 2 2 2
V3 2 2 2
V4 2 2 2
V5 2 2 3
V6 2 2 3
V7 2 2 3
V8 2 2 3
V9 2 3 3
V10 2 3 --
V11 2 3 --
V12 2 3 --
V13 2 3 --
V14 3 -- --
V15 3 -- --
V16 3 -- --
V17 3 -- --
V18
Minimum lintel sizes and numbers in softwood

Lintel span (mm)
1240 1800 2475
Lintel sections and numbers
44x2200
44x2200
44x2200
Vertical
38x140
38x190
44x140
44x190
44x240
38x140
38x190
44x140
44x190
44x240
38x140
38x190
44x140
44x190
44x240
load
category
V1 2 2 2
V2 2 2 2
V3 2 2 2
V4 2 2 2
V5 2 2 2
V6 2 2 2
V7 2 2 2
V8 2 2 2
V9 2 2 3
V10 2 2 2
V11 2 2 3
V12 2 2 3
V13 2 3 --
V14 3 3 --
V15 3 3 --
V16 3 -- --
V17 3 -- --
V18 3 -- --
1.E.24 Example
Site Data
B = 7.6m
Distance from sea km 15
Altitude ,a m 150
Snow zone A
D2 = 1.4m
C 1 = 3.3m C 2 = 2.5m
Windspeed m/s 23.5
A = 7.5m
Building Data C3 = 2.5m
Width, A m 7.5
D1 = 2.7m
D3 = 1.9m
Length, B m 7.6
Height to Eaves m 5.5
Storeys No 2
Building Height, H m 7.5
Roof Shape Duo
B = 7.6m
Panel Height, Hp m 2.4
C4 = 2.4m C 5 = 2.4m
2.4m
7.5m
A = 7.5m
5.5m
C6 = 2.4m
2.4m
D4 = 4.1m
D5 = 4.1m
7.5m
Racking
Wall Type: 1
Number of storeys: 2
From Table to clause 1.E.13, Altitude-Distance Category = AD3
For Ground Floor:
Internal racking wall, parallel to building width, C = C1 + C2 + C3 = 8.3m
Internal racking wall, parallel to building length, D = D1 + D2 + D3 = 6.0m
For First Floor:
Internal racking wall, parallel to building width, C = C4 + C5 + C6 = 7.2m
Internal racking wall, parallel to building length, D = D4 + D5 + = 8.2m
Adopt lesser values giving : C = 7.2m. D = 6.0m
Length/width ratio β = B/ (A + 0.5 ×C) = 7.6/ (7.5 + 3.6) = 0.68. < 1.0 . Therefore adopt β = 1.0
From Table 4 for β = 1.0 ,AD3 category and wind speed of 23 m/s , Racking bands are :
For Side A = R4 and for Side B = R5)
From the above parameters the initial wall options are as shown in the table below (before allowing
for the effect of internal racking walls)
Side Racking Wall Options Allowable %
Band opening/ level per
side
Side A R4 From Chart 1 to clause 1.E.17:
1. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres 19
Side B R5 3. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres 15
In accordance with clause 1.E.18 ,% openings in the external walls may be increased:
Width Walls:
Effective area of external racking wall, AEX = 7.5m × 2.4m = 18m2
Effective area of internal racking walls, AIN = 7.2m × 2.4m = 17.28m2
Area of allowable opening per level, AOP = (AEX + (AIN / 2)) × %Op
For example consider Side A, Option 1: single sheathed with 100mm nail centres:
AOP = (18+ (17.28/2)) × 19%
AOP = 5.1m2
Therefore %Op = (5.1 / 18) × 100 = 28%
Length Walls:
Effective area of external racking wall, AEX = 7.6m x 2.4m = 18.24m2
Effective area of internal racking walls, AIN = 6m x 2.4m = 14.4m2
Area of allowable opening, AOP = (AEX + (AIN / 2)) × %Op
For example consider Side B, Option 5: single sheathed with 100mm nail centres:
AOP = (18.24m2 + (14.4m2/2)) × 15%
AOP = 3.82m2
Therefore %Op = (3.82m2 / 18.24 m2) × 100 = 21%
The table can therefore be revised as follows allowing for internal racking walls effect
Side Rackin Wall Options Approximate
g Band allowable %
opening per
level per side
Side A R4 1. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres
21
Side B R5 3. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres 21
Wall studs
From table to 1.E.19 , horizontal load category is H1
From table 1.E.20 , imposed load =1.00 kN/m2 leading to vertical load category = V17
From table 1 to 1.E.21 select 38x 140, grade wall stud at 600mm spacing
Cripple studs
For load V17 and 1200 mm opening ,table 1 to 1.E.22 gives 1 no 38 x 140 cripple studs grade C16
each side of opening
Lintels
For load V17 and 1200 mm opening ,table 2 ,to 1.E.23 gives 3 no 44x220, grade C24 lintels
1.E.25 Overall Stability

To ensure there is an adequate factor of safety against overturning or sliding of a building with timber
frame walls when subjected to the various loads and load combinations all parts of the walls require to
be proportioned and connected as set out in this Annex including connections to floors, roofs and
under building. It is also to be noted that the stability of the building during construction is to be
considered.
1.E.26 Maximum allowable length and height of wall

This Annex does not deal with walls longer than 12 m, measured from centre to centre of buttressing
walls, providing restraint, or of walls exceeding 10 m in height.

1.E.27 General
The construction materials and methods are restricted to those materials, timber strength classes,
specifications, and dimensions which are most commonly used in Scotland for simple platform timber
frame buildings as shown on the diagram below.
Typical timber frame wall panel
Stud depth plus sheathing

th
l eng
l
ne
pa
Panel height
Sheathing
Plastic tape or similar locates stud

positions for wall tie fixing
Breather membrane (may be
site or factory fixed )
Bottom rail
Studs
Dwang (if required may be site
or factory fixed)
reproduced by permission of TRADA
1.E.28 Wall ties

Wall ties should comply with BS EN 845-1 and be material references 1 or 3 in BS EN 845 Table
A1 austenitic stainless steel.
The type of tie should be selected by reference to DD 140-2: type 5(timber frame) or type 6(timber
frame high movement) relevant to the performance levels given in DD140-2.
Ties should permit vertical flexibility to permit vertical downward of timber frame in relation to the
masonry cladding on the basis of differential movement of 6 mm/ storey height.
Reference should also be made to 1.D.16 with respect to the masonry cladding and in particular
to notes 1 and 2.
1.E.29 Masonry Cladding

A typical masonry clad timber frame wall is illustrated below
Cavity barrier or batten Cripple stud to support

for fixing window lintel over ceiling
Vertical dpc Internal wall lining
Dwang to Thermal insulation
Studs
window opening
Sheathing
Breather membrane
Flexible wall tie, nailed to studs
Bottom rail
Sole plate
Vented cavity dpc
Masonry cladding
Finished ground level
Inner leaf of
Floor dpm lapped over wall brickwork or
and dressed under dpc concrete block
1.E.30 Brick and block construction

Brick and block used as masonry cladding should be in accordance with Annex 1.D in particular
1.D17-21 and should be in accordance with BS 5628 parts 1-3 , at least 100 mm thick with a minimum
density of 7.36 kN/m3
1.E.31 Mortar
Mortar used as masonry cladding should be in accordance with Annex 1.D in particular 1.D.22
1.E.32 Lintels for masonry cladding
Proprietary steel or concrete lintels suitable for use with masonry cladding to timber frame
construction should have independent certification and be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Under no circumstances should the weight of masonry walls be transferred to the timber frame.
1.E.33 Timber members
Timber studs, bottom and top rails ,sole plates head binders , cripple studs, lintels etc should be dry
graded and marked timber of species and grade combinations to satisfy strength classes C16 or C24
to BS 5268: Part 2: 2002.
The cross sectional dimensions given in this Annex are :
a. CLS or ALS sizes in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .5 to tolerance class 2; or
b. equivalent timbers with dimensions in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .4 to tolerance
class 2 ( but should not have lesser dimensions to those in a above )
c. Although 38 mm widths are provided in the tables above for studs, cripple studs and lintels 44 mm
width timbers are commonly used to provide an increased width to which plasterboard can be
fixed.
1.E.34 Wall Sheathing
Plywood used as sheathing to timber frame should be 9.5 mm minimum thickness of species and
grade as defined in BS 5268: Part 2: 2002 ,Bonding Class 2 or 3 to BS EN 314-2
Oriented Strand Board used as sheathing to timber frame should be 9.0 mm minimum thickness,
Type OSB 3: Load bearing boards for use in humid conditions to BS EN 300 Oriented Strand Board
Plasterboard used as wall linings and contributing to the structure of timber frame walls should be
12.5 mm minimum thickness for stud centres not more than 600 mm to BS 1230-1 .
1.E.35 Fasteners
All structural fasteners should be corrosion resistant and checked for compatibility with preservative,
treatments used and any other metalwork with which they are in contact.
Nails should be manufactured from mild or stainless steel and be of round head or “D” head
configuration to the diameter and length stated.
1.E.36 Fabrication
Timber frame walls should be fabricated, assembled and erected in accordance with section 6 of BS
5268-6.1.
Timber members in wall panels should be not less than 38 mm × 72 mm rectangular section with
linings fixed to the narrower face, with ends cut square.
Masonry cladding should be constructed on to the building foundation and tied back to the timber
frame structure with a nominal cavity width of 50 mm between the inside face of the masonry cladding
and the outer face of the timber frame wall.
1.E.37 Composite Action

To ensure that timber frame walls act in a composite manner they must be constructed in accordance
with 1.E.36 and 1.E.38 ensuring that sheathings and linings are nailed to all perimeter and
intermediate timber members as on the diagram below.
Sheathing edges should be backed by, and nailed to timber framing at all edges and where sheathing
is nailed to studs; the nails should be not less than 7 mm from the edge of the board or the face of the
stud.
For plasterboard linings nails should be not less than 10 mm from formed board edges and not less
than 13 mm from ends of the board at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm.
Internal walls which are lined with plasterboard should be connected to the wall studs at the same
perimeter nail spacing as the external sheathing material.
Perimeter Nailing Diagram
1.E. 38 Wall Panel Connections

Where wall panels are combined to form the lengths of wall given it is essential that the following
conditions are met to ensure that the coupled panels should be able to resist overturning forces:
1. Tops and bottoms of individual wall panels are linked by a head binder and sole plate respectively
that are continuous across panel joints including at junctions of the same dimensions as the top
and bottom rails by means of 3.75 mm nails of length 75 mm nails at 600 mm centres.
2. The sole plates should be secured to either the concrete floor slab or the header joists in the case
of a timber ground floor or the header joists of the intermediate floor
3. The header plates should be secured to the header joists of the intermediate floor or the roof
trusses.
4. The faces of end studs of contiguous panels are fixed such that any vertical shear is transferred.
In the absence of more specific information, this should be by 3.35mm nails of length 75mm at
300mm centres.
5. All edges including to openings for windows, doors etc other than the bases of door openings and
small openings should be supported by members having a thickness not less than the thickness of
the studs.
6. The wall diaphragm details derived by following this guidance assume that the walls under
consideration are adequately fixed to ensure resistance to sliding and overturning.
7. Where a secondary board is fixed on the same side of a wall as the primary sheathing then the
nail lengths given in the table should be increased to take account of the additional thickness
A means should be provided of transferring horizontal forces in the plane of the panel above and
below openings. Where no such provision is made, the wall lengths on either side of the opening
should be designed as separate parts.
1.E.39 Nailing and fixing schedule

Item Proposed
Foundations
Sole plate to underbuilding 4.7 kN shear resistance fixings at 600 mm centres
Holding Down Straps Stainless steel strap 30 mm x 2.5 mm attached to stud by 6
no 65x3.35 ring shank nails at 2400 centres L shaped end of
strap under masonry cladding
Wall Panels
Top rail of Panels to head binders Tops of individual wall panel members linked by member
continuous across panel joints secured with 90x4.00mm
galvanised wire nails, 2 nails between stud centres
Sole plate to ring beam/ joist 90x4.00mm galvanised wire nails, 2 nails between stud
centres.
Bottom rail to sole plate 90x4.00mm galvanised wire nails, 2 nails between stud
centres..
Wall Panel stud to wall panel stud 90x4.00mm galvanised wire nails, at 600mm centres each
side staggered.
Header plate to Intermediate floor 90x4.00mm Galvanised wire nails at 300mm centres
maximum. Nails skewed externally through rimboard into
headbinder, and internally, skewed through the headbinder
into the joists.
Perimeter Studs to sheathing 3.00mm x 50 mm wire nails 100 or 150 mm c/c as calculated
Intermediate studs to sheathing 3.00mm x 50 mm wire nails 2x perimeter spacing as
calculated
Studs to plasterboard 2.65 mm x 40mm Smooth shanked galvanised flat round
headed nails min , max 150 mm c/c
Top and bottom rails to studs 2 no 90 mm nails end fixed
1. Multi-cripple studs should be secured to each other with 3.1mm dia. ×

64mm long galvanised ringshank nails at 400mm centres staggered mid
distance between edge and centreline with no nail closer than 60mm to
end of studs.
2. Lintels should be secured to each other with 3.1mm dia.

× 75mm long galvanised screws at 300mm centres
staggered mid distance between edge and centreline with
no screw closer than 60mm to end of lintel.
300 mm
3. Holding down straps should be provided at 2.4m centres, at every opening and at the end studs
of a wall attached to the studs in a manner to provide at least 3.5kN of resistance. This is
normally achieved by using 6 no 65x35mm ring shank nails or equivalent attaching the strap to
the stud and placing the L-shaped end of the strap under the masonry cladding creating the
holding down resistance.
Loadings on walls Floor span max 6m

1.E.40 Maximum span of floors Packer
The maximum span for any floor supported by a wall Floor
should be 6.0 m, where the span is measured centre to deck
centre of bearing as opposite.
Head binder
Masonry
Floor member bearing on wall

1.E.41 Other loading conditions
a. Vertical loading on walls such as timber floors and flat roofs designed in accordance with Annex
1.F, timber roof trusses.
b. The combined dead and imposed load should not exceed 70kN/m at base of wall
c. Timber frame walls should commence above ground level and therefore should not be subject to
lateral loads other than from wind .
1.E.42 End restraint

The wind load is resisted primarily by transfer directly to the foundations at the base of the wall and by
the racking resistance of the timber frame supporting walls, the load having been transferred via the
floor and ceiling diaphragms.
The ends of every wall should be securely tied throughout their full height to walls which are providing
racking resistance.
Normally supporting walls are the external walls perpendicular to the wall subject to wind load and are
designed as racking walls.
The use of internal walls to provide additional racking resistance is outwith the scope of this Annex
and specialist advice should be obtained.
Openings, notching and drilling

1.E.43 General
The number, size and position of openings must not impair the stability of a wall or the lateral
support afforded to a supported wall. Construction over openings must be adequately supported.
1.E.44 Framing of openings

a. Lintels supporting masonry cladding over openings should
be structurally independent of the timber frame ensuring no
loads from the masonry cladding are carried by the timber
frame.
cripple
b. Loads over openings in timber frame wall panels are studs
carried independently by timber lintels. Lintels should be
supported by cripple studs as shown opposite and the lintel
loads carried down on to the floor below.
1.E.45 Dimensional criteria for openings and recesses

The dimensional criteria are given in the diagram to 1.F.15
No openings should be provided in walls below ground floor except for small holes for services
and ventilation etc. which should be limited to a maximum area of 0.1 m2 at not less than 2 m
centres .
1.E.46 Small unframed openings
The size and position of small openings should be restricted as follows:
a) not exceed 250mm in diameter or in length of side; and
b) clear distance between openings should be not less than the greatest dimension of the openings;
and
c) clear distance between the edge of sheathing and the edge of any opening should be not less
than the greatest dimension of the opening; and
d) not more than one such opening should occur in any one 600mm width of sheathing or lining.
Smaller unframed openings may occur to a greater extent, but their aggregate opening area should
not exceed the total area of opening given in item a). The rules governing the position of openings
given in items b), c) and d) should also apply.
1.E.47 Notching & drilling

Holes should be within the limits set out 0.25H
D
opposite and as follows :
• holes should be drilled at the neutral axis 0.4H
• holes should be not less than 300mm
apart
holes on centreline
Notching is not permitted in wall studs, cripple only. Hole diameter
studs and lintels. H not greater than 0.25D
and not closer than 300mm
0.4H
0.25H
max 0.25 D
1.E.48 Lateral support by roofs and floors

The wall panels in each storey of a building should extend to the full height of that storey, and be
connected the floors and roofs to provide adequate diaphragm action and transfer lateral forces from
the walls to the racking walls ,be of normal construction and:
a. intermediate floors require the floor deck or sub-deck fixed directly to the top faces of the joists,
or the floor braced by some other means
b. pitched roofs require the plasterboard ceiling to be fixed directly under the roof, together with the
roof bracing recommended in BS5268-3
c. be secured to the supported wall by connections specified in clause 1.E.39
1.E.49 Differential movement

Allowance should be made for differential movement allowance at eaves
particularly vertical movement between timber frame and verge
walls and masonry cladding. The allowances
opposite are based upon:
a. conventional platform frame construction
b. concrete ground floor
c. 200 mm deep intermediate floor joists
d. installed timber moisture content of 20 % drying
to 10%
If timber ground floors are used then add 8 mm to

all allowances shown opposite
For a timber frame extension connected to an
existing traditional masonry wall the roof to the
extension should be supported on a timber bearer
connected to the existing wall to minimise the
differential movement in the supports to the
extension roof .
Annex
1.F Timber floor and roof members
1.F.0 Introduction
1.F.1 The use of this Annex
1.F.2 Common timber species/grade combinations
1.F.3 Notches and holes
1.F.4 Strutting to Joists
Loadings
1.F.5 Dead loads
1.F.6 Imposed roof loads including snow
Spans, sizes and spacings for timber members
1.F.7 General
1.F.8 Floor joist tables
1.F.9 Joists for flat roofs tables for maintenance or repair purposes
1.F.10 Joists for flat roofs tables not limited to maintenance or repair
purposes
1.F.11 Raised tie roofs
1.F.12 Collared roofs
1.F.13 Connections for raised tie and collared roofs
contents
annex Sizes of certain timber floors and roof members
1.F
1.F.0 Introduction
This Section applies only to domestic buildings with the exception of flats and maisonettes of not
more than three storeys.
Where trussed rafters are used reference should be made to BS 5268: Part 3: 1998 for design and
bracing recommendations.
1.F.1 The use of this Annex

This Annex should be used in conjunction with Annex 1.B
The guidance given in this Annex assumes that -
a. the dead and imposed loads to be sustained by the floor, ceiling, or roof of which the member
forms part, do not exceed the values given in the notes to the appropriate diagrams and tables;
b. the species and grade of timber for the strength class to which the table to 1.F.2 relates is
either:
• as in 1.F.2 for more common species, or
• as in the more comprehensive tables of BS 5268: Part 2: 2002; and
c. that floorboarding complying with BS 1297: 1987 or moisture resistant wood chipboard type P5
complying with BS EN 312 is used.
d. the strength classes, species, grades and species combinations are as defined in BS 5268: Part
2: 2002.
e. the cross sectional dimensions are :
• CLS or ALS sizes in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .5, tolerance class 2;
• equivalent timbers to dimensions in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .4 ,tolerance
class 2 but not lesser dimensions to those above
The tables do not apply where these dimensions have been reduced, in the case of tables to 1.F.8 by
planing and in the case of tables to 1.F.9 by planing or regularising. For timber of North American
origin the tables only apply as indicated to surfaced sizes unless the timber has been resawn to BS
EN 336 requirements.
Bearing areas and workmanship should comply with the relevant requirements of BS 5268: Part 2:
2002. Refer also to clauses 1.D.34-36 or clauses 1.E.48 respectively for masonry and timber frame
walls.
1.F.2 Common species/grade combinations satisfying the strength classes to which

1.F.8-12 relates.
Grades to satisfy strength
Species Origin Grading rule C16 C24
All species listed in BS EN 519 machine graded to C16 machine graded to C24
this table
Imported Redwood BS 4978 GS SS
or Whitewood
Douglas Fir UK BS 4978 SS -
Larch SS -
British Pine SS -
British Spruce SS -
Douglas Fir-Larch Canada BS 4978 GS SS
Hem-Fir GS SS
Spruce-Pine-Fir GS SS
Sitka spruce SS -
Douglas Fir-Larch Canada NLGA Joist & plank No 1 & 2 Joist & plank select
Structural L.F. No 1 & 2 Structural L.F select
Hem-Fir Joist & plank No 1 & 2 Joist & plank select
Spruce-Pine-Fir Joist & plank No 1 & 2 Joist & plank select
Sitka spruce Joist & plank select -
Structural L.F
Douglas Fir-Larch Canada MSR 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Hem-Fir 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Spruce-Pine-Fir 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Douglas Fir-Larch USA BS 4978 GS SS
Hem-Fir GS SS
Southern Pine GS SS
Spruce-Pine-Fir GS SS
Western SS -
Whitewoods
Douglas Fir-Larch USA NGRDL Joist & plank No 1 & 2 Joist & plank select
Hem-Fir Joist & plank No 1 & 2 Joist & plank select
Spruce-Pine-Fir Joist & plank No 1 & 2 Joist & plank select
Western Joist & plank select -
Whitewoods Structural L.F
Southern Pine Joist & plank No 3 Joist & plank select
Stud grade
Douglas Fir-Larch USA MSR 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Hem-Fir 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Southern Pine 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Spruce-Pine-Fir 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
1 The species/grade combinations given in this Table are for particular use with the other Tables in
this Annex and for the cross section sizes given in those Tables.
2 The grading rules for American and Canadian Lumber are those approved by the American Lumber
Standards Board of Review and the Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board respectively
(see BS 5268: Part 2: 2002).
1.F.3 Notches and holes

Notches and holes in simply
supported floor and flat roof
joists should be within the limits 0.25L min 0.4L min
Max D/8
set out below and as follows : 0.07L min 0.07L min
holes should be drilled at the
neutral axis
notches and holes should be
not less than 100mm apart
horizontally; notches may be
at the top or bottom of a joist
but not coinciding. notches
should not be cut in rafters,
purlins or binders unless
approved by the building
designer
1.F.4 Strutting to Joists

Floor joists spanning more than 2.5m should be strutted by one or more rows of solid as shown
in the following table.
Solid timber strutting should be at least 38mm thick extending at least 3/4 depth of joist.
Position
Joist span Number of rows
m of strutting
Less than 2.5 none
at mid span
2.5 to 4.5 1
at one third span
more than 4.5 2
Loading
1.F.5 Dead floor and roof loads
Construction Dead load
( kN/m2 )
Floors
Floor boards , 13 mm plasterboard 0.22
Floor boards , 19 mm plasterboard 0.27
Floor boards , ash deadening, lath &plaster 1.18
Flat roofs
3 layer felt , 16 mm decking , 100mm mineral wool , vapour layer , 13 mm 0.32
plasterboard
13 mm chippings ,50 mm rigid insulation , vapour layer, 19 mm decking , 13 0.6
mm plasterboard
13 mm chippings , 19 mm mastic asphalt , decking , 100 mm mineral wool 0.90
,vapour layer, 13 mm plasterboard
Note that the above is based on 600 mm joist spacing and excludes the weight of the joists and any
partitioning
1.F.6 Imposed roof loads including snow

The map opposite indicates the zones within
Scotland where the snow loading on flat roofs is not
expected to exceed the values set out in the table Zone
below of 0.75, 1.00 or 1.5 kN/m2, depending on A
geographical location and altitude.
B
This guidance applies only to pitched and free-
standing flat roofed structures with the roof on one
level only within the limits set out on the tables to
clauses 1.F.8-12, provided that there are no other
buildings within 1.5m of its perimeter but does not
apply to trussed rafter roofs.
For all other circumstances, reference should be
made to BS 6399: Part 3: 1988: Code of Practice for
Imposed Roof Loads.
Inverness
Zone Imposed roof loads ( kN/m2 )

Altitudes below 100m Altitudes between Altitudes between
100m and 200 m 200m and 260 m
A 0.75 1.00 Refer to BS 6399: Part
3
B 1.00 1.50 1.5
Spans, sizes and spacings for timber members

1.F.7 General
The following Table refers to further tables and diagrams with accompanying notes that give
spans, sizes and spacings for certain timber floor and flat roof and pitched roof members .In clauses
1.F.8-12 all spans, except those for floorboards, are measured as the clear dimensions between
supports, and all spacings are the dimensions between longitudinal centres of members.
Key to Tables relating to timber members

Timber Table numbers for strength classes
Construction
members
C16 C24
Floors joists 1.F.8 1.F.8

Flat roofs
access for maintenance only joists 1.F.9 1.F.9
full access allowed joists 1.F.10 1.F.10
Raised tie roofs All 1.F.11 1.F.11
Collared roofs All 1.F.12 1.F.12
1.F.8 Floor joists

The tables below give sizes, spacings and spans for floor
joists which will support the dead loads given in the
Tables and an imposed load not exceeding 1.5kN/m2.
Partition loads have not been allowed for
Softwood tongued and grooved floorboards if supported at
a joist spacing of up to 450mm shall be at least 16mm
thick; and if supported at wider spacings up to 600mm
should be 19mm thick.
Wood chipboard, type P5, if supported at a joist spacing of
up to 450mm shall be at least 18mm thick and if supported
at wider spacing up to 600mm shall be 22mm thick.
Floor joists selected from these tables may be used for
intermediate floors in timber frame construction but will
require header joists around the perimeter.
T & G Chipboard flooring should be fixed by 3.35 mm 65
mm angular ring shank nails at 200 mm c/c perimeter and
300 mm intermediate and recommended to be glued by
PVA adhesive between boards and joists to boards to
prevent creaking ( per BS 8103-3)
Permissible clear spans of joists supporting floors with no partitions.

Timber of strength class C16
Size of joist Dead load
kN/m2
Not more than 0.25 More than 0.25 but not More than 0.50 but not
more than 0.50 more than 1.25
Spacing of joists
mm
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
mm× mm Maximum clear span of joist
m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 × 97 1.828 1.692 1.303 1.717 1.556 1.214 1.423 1.301 1.037
38 × 122 2.482 2.385 1.925 2.368 2.215 1.755 1.947 1.791 1.448
38 × 147 2.983 2.868 2.510 2.853 2.707 2.331 2.453 2.290 1.872
38 × 170 3.442 3.306 2.873 3.281 3.098 2.690 2.808 2.649 2.267
38 × 195 3.939 3.752 3.263 3.724 3.518 3.056 3.189 3.010 2.609
38 × 220 4.434 4.193 3.648 4.161 3.932 3.418 3.567 3.367 2.920
47 × 72 1.324 1.233 0.942 1.272 1.154 0.891 1.091 0.993 0.783
47 × 97 2.024 1.914 1.583 1.920 1.818 1.460 1.665 1.527 1.228
47 × 122 2.663 2.561 2.302 2.548 2.450 2.087 2.255 2.081 1.696
47 × 147 3.200 3.078 2.786 3.062 2.945 2.609 2.723 2.570 2.174
47 × 170 3.691 3.551 3.188 3.533 3.398 2.987 3.116 2.942 2.552
47 × 195 4.221 4.063 3.619 4.042 3.889 3.391 3.538 3.341 2.900
47 × 220 4.723 4.572 4.044 4.549 4.354 3.791 3.954 3.735 3.244
63 × 97 2.319 2.197 1.919 2.191 2.079 1.822 1.934 1.839 1.533
63 × 122 2.931 2.821 2.566 2.807 2.700 2.454 2.527 2.429 2.088
63 × 147 3.518 3.388 3.084 3.370 3.244 2.950 3.037 2.920 2.577
63 × 170 4.055 3.905 3.558 3.886 3.741 3.404 3.504 3.370 2.950
63 × 195 4.633 4.465 4.070 4.442 4.278 3.896 4.009 3.850 3.350
63 × 220 5.061 4.923 4.580 4.905 4.770 4.365 4.512 4.301 3.745
75 × 122 3.100 2.985 2.718 2.970 2.859 2.601 2.677 2.575 2.327
75 × 147 3.719 3.582 3.265 3.564 3.432 3.125 3.216 3.094 2.807
75 × 170 4.283 4.128 3.765 4.107 3.957 3.605 3.709 3.569 3.212
75 × 195 4.830 4.700 4.306 4.683 4.523 4.125 4.242 4.084 3.646
75 × 220 5.268 5.128 4.793 5.109 4.971 4.641 4.740 4.595 4.074
CLS/ALS sizes
38 × 89 1.617 1.463 1.121 1.499 1.356 1.052 1.259 1.149 0.910
38 × 140 2.843 2.733 2.398 2.719 2.587 2.167 2.330 2.149 1.752
38 × 184 3.721 3.557 3.092 3.530 3.334 2.895 3.022 2.852 2.471
38 × 235 4.710 4.460 3.890 4.430 4.180 3.640 3.800 3.590 3.110
Permissible clear spans of joists supporting floors with no partitions.

kN/m2
Not more than 0.25 More than 0.25 but not More than 0.50 but
more than 0.50 not more than 1.25
Spacing of joists
mm
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
mm× mm Maximum clear span of joist
m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 × 97 1.936 1.829 1.586 1.838 1.739 1.514 1.635 1.551 1.358
38 × 122 2.582 2.482 2.200 2.469 2.369 2.076 2.180 2.073 1.826
38 × 147 3.103 2.984 2.709 2.969 2.854 2.588 2.667 2.561 2.305
38 × 170 3.580 3.444 3.128 3.426 3.294 2.989 3.079 2.958 2.678
38 × 195 4.096 3.941 3.581 3.921 3.771 3.423 3.526 3.388 3.068
38 × 220 4.609 4.436 4.034 4.413 4.246 3.856 3.971 3.816 3.458
47 × 72 1.404 1.324 1.144 1.347 1.273 1.103 1.223 1.159 1.010
47 × 97 2.141 2.025 1.763 2.026 1.920 1.678 1.795 1.705 1.499
47 × 122 2.770 2.664 2.421 2.651 2.549 2.290 2.382 2.268 2.006
47 × 147 3.327 3.201 2.910 3.185 3.064 2.783 2.865 2.754 2.496
47 × 170 3.836 3.693 3.359 3.674 3.535 3.212 3.307 3.179 2.883
47 × 195 4.387 4.224 3.845 4.202 4.045 3.678 3.786 3.640 3.302
47 × 220 4.860 4.725 4.328 4.707 4.552 4.141 4.262 4.099 3.720
63 × 97 2.432 2.321 2.030 2.308 2.192 1.925 2.032 1.934 1.709
63 × 122 3.046 2.933 2.669 2.918 2.808 2.553 2.628 2.527 2.273
63 × 147 3.665 3.521 3.207 3.503 3.372 3.069 3.158 3.038 2.759
63 × 170 4.211 4.058 3.699 4.037 3.888 3.541 3.643 3.505 3.185
63 × 195 4.770 4.637 4.231 4.614 4.445 4.052 4.168 4.011 3.646
63 × 220 5.204 5.064 4.731 5.046 4.908 4.560 4.678 4.514 4.106
75 × 122 3.220 3.102 2.827 3.086 2.972 2.705 2.784 2.678 2.433
75 × 147 3.862 3.721 3.394 3.703 3.567 3.250 3.344 3.218 2.925
75 × 170 4.446 4.286 3.913 4.265 4.110 3.748 3.855 3.711 3.376
75 × 195 4.966 4.833 4.474 4.816 4.686 4.287 4.408 4.245 3.864
75 × 220 5.415 5.272 4.932 5.253 5.113 4.778 4.878 4.743 4.350
CLS/ALS sizes
38 × 89 1.713 1.617 1.399 1.633 1.544 1.341 1.464 1.388 1.201
38 × 140 2.957 2.844 2.581 2.829 2.719 2.466 2.541 2.440 2.170
38 × 184 3.869 3.723 3.382 3.703 3.561 3.232 3.329 3.199 2.897
38 × 235 4.850 4.710 4.310 4.700 4.540 4.120 4.240 4.080 3.700
1.F.9 Joists for flat roofs with access only for the purposes of maintenance or repair
The tables below give sizes, spacings and spans for flat
roof joists designed for access only for maintenance Roof joist
spacing
which will support the dead loads given in the Tables and sts
an imposed load not exceeding 0.75 kN/m2 or an f joi
oo
imposed concentrated load of 0.9KN. o fr
an
Sp
Roof The tables are for

joist a slope of up to
support 10 from the
horizontal
Joists for flat roofs with access only for the purposes of maintenance or repair
Timber of strength class C16.
Size of joist Dead load kN/m2
mm× mm Not more than 0.5 More than 0.5 but not More than 0.75 but not
Spacing of joists (mm)
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
Maximum clear span of joist
m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 × 97 1.738 1.719 1.666 1.666 1.642 1.578 1.605 1.578 1.507
38 × 122 2.368 2.336 2.250 2.250 2.212 2.113 2.155 2.113 2.005
38 × 147 3.020 2.974 2.851 2.851 2.797 2.659 2.717 2.659 2.511
38 × 170 3.631 3.571 3.368 3.412 3.342 3.166 3.239 3.166 2.980
38 × 195 4.303 4.226 3.855 4.025 3.939 3.629 3.810 3.719 3.446
38 × 220 4.943 4.762 4.340 4.641 4.491 4.087 4.383 4.274 3.881
47 × 72 1.272 1.260 1.229 1.229 1.214 1.175 1.192 1.175 1.130
47 × 97 1.919 1.896 1.835 1.835 1.808 1.735 1.765 1.735 1.654
47 × 122 2.602 2.565 2.468 2.468 2.425 2.313 2.360 2.313 2.192
47 × 147 3.304 3.252 3.115 3.115 3.055 2.900 2.964 2.900 2.736
47 × 170 3.960 3.892 3.612 3.716 3.639 3.402 3.525 3.444 3.232
47 × 195 4.677 4.530 4.132 4.372 4.277 3.893 4.136 4.037 3.700
47 × 220 5.282 5.093 4.649 4.991 4.808 4.383 4.747 4.577 4.166
63 × 97 2.190 2.162 2.088 2.088 2.055 1.968 2.005 1.968 1.873
63 × 122 2.948 2.905 2.790 2.790 2.740 2.609 2.664 2.609 2.469
63 × 147 3.722 3.662 3.444 3.503 3.434 3.246 3.330 3.256 3.069
63 × 170 4.439 4.345 3.969 4.161 4.074 3.744 3.945 3.853 3.561
63 × 195 5.141 4.961 4.537 4.864 4.689 4.282 4.612 4.468 4.074
63 × 220 5.771 5.572 5.101 5.464 5.270 4.816 5.212 5.024 4.585
75 × 122 3.168 3.121 2.995 2.995 2.940 2.797 2.857 2.797 2.645
75 × 147 3.984 3.919 3.640 3.747 3.672 3.435 3.561 3.481 3.268
75 × 170 4.736 4.583 4.194 4.439 4.334 3.959 4.208 4.110 3.768
75 × 195 5.415 5.229 4.791 5.129 4.949 4.526 4.894 4.719 4.310
75 × 220 6.000 5.869 5.383 5.758 5.558 5.088 5.497 5.303 4.847
CLS/ALS sizes
38 × 89 1.543 1.528 1.484 1.484 1.464 1.410 1.433 1.410 1.350
38 × 140 2.836 2.794 2.682 2.682 2.633 2.505 2.559 2.505 2.369
38 × 184 4.007 3.937 3.641 3.755 3.676 3.427 3.559 3.476 3.254
38 × 235 5.271 5.078 4.630 4.975 4.790 4.360 4.726 4.556 4.142
Joists for flat roofs with access only for the purposes of maintenance or repair
mm× mm kN/m2
more more than 1.00
than 0.75
Spacing of joists
mm
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 × 97 1.837 1.816 1.759 1.759 1.733 1.664 1.693 1.664 1.588
38 × 122 2.496 2.462 2.370 2.370 2.329 2.223 2.267 2.223 2.108
38 × 147 3.177 3.128 2.997 2.997 2.939 2.792 2.853 2.792 2.635
38 × 170 3.814 3.750 3.503 3.580 3.507 3.298 3.398 3.320 3.123
38 × 195 4.512 4.399 4.009 4.218 4.127 3.775 3.991 3.895 3.586
38 × 220 5.134 4.947 4.512 4.847 4.668 4.251 4.586 4.441 4.039
47 × 72 1.347 1.334 1.300 1.300 1.284 1.241 1.259 1.241 1.192
47 × 97 2.025 2.001 1.935 1.935 1.905 1.826 1.860 1.826 1.740
47 × 122 2.739 2.700 2.596 2.596 2.549 2.430 2.480 2.430 2.301
47 × 147 3.472 3.416 3.256 3.269 3.205 3.041 3.110 3.041 2.868
47 × 170 4.153 4.081 3.755 3.894 3.813 3.538 3.693 3.607 3.363
47 × 195 4.879 4.704 4.294 4.575 4.441 4.048 4.327 4.223 3.849
47 × 220 5.482 5.287 4.831 5.182 4.995 4.556 4.938 4.756 4.333
63 × 97 2.307 2.277 2.198 2.198 2.162 2.069 2.108 2.069 1.968
63 × 122 3.098 3.052 2.929 2.929 2.876 2.736 2.795 2.736 2.588
63 × 147 3.903 3.838 3.578 3.670 3.597 3.375 3.487 3.409 3.212
63 × 170 4.645 4.509 4.123 4.353 4.261 3.891 4.125 4.029 3.702
63 × 195 5.332 5.147 4.712 5.047 4.868 4.449 4.816 4.640 4.235
63 × 220 5.983 5.779 5.296 5.668 5.470 5.003 5.409 5.216 4.764
75 × 122 3.325 3.274 3.141 3.141 3.082 2.931 2.994 2.931 2.770
75 × 147 4.172 4.103 3.781 3.921 3.842 3.569 3.725 3.641 3.397
75 × 170 4.924 4.754 4.354 4.638 4.498 4.113 4.396 4.289 3.916
75 × 195 5.612 5.422 4.973 5.319 5.135 4.700 5.078 4.899 4.477
75 × 220 6.000 6.000 5.585 5.969 5.765 5.283 5.703 5.503 5.035
CLS/ALS sizes
38 × 89 1.633 1.615 1.568 1.568 1.546 1.488 1.513 1.488 1.424
38 × 140 2.985 2.940 2.820 2.820 2.768 2.632 2.689 2.632 2.487
38 × 184 4.205 4.131 3.787 3.937 3.854 3.566 3.730 3.642 3.387
38 × 235 5.473 5.275 4.813 5.169 4.979 4.535 4.921 4.737 4.310
1.F.10 Joists for flat roofs access not limited to maintenance or repair purposes
The tables below give sizes, spacings and spans for flat Roof joist
roof joists designed for access not limited to maintenance or spacing
ts
repair purposes which will support the dead loads given in jois
f
oo
the Tables and an imposed load not exceeding 1.5 kN/m2 o fr
an
or an imposed concentrated load of 1.8 kN. Sp
Roof The tables are for

joist a slope of up to
support 10 from the
horizontal
Joists for flat roofs access not limited to maintenance or repair purposes
Dead load kN/m2
Spacing of joists (mm)
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
Size of joist Maximum clear span of joist
mm× mm m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 × 97 1.211 1.202 1.176 1.176 1.164 1.130 1.145 1.130 1.090
38 × 122 1.798 1.785 1.736 1.736 1.712 1.647 1.675 1.647 1.573
38 × 147 2.347 2.327 2.272 2.272 2.246 2.177 2.207 2.177 2.088
38 × 170 2.876 2.848 2.771 2.771 2.736 2.641 2.681 2.641 2.533
38 × 195 3.470 3.432 3.293 3.329 3.282 3.156 3.210 3.156 3.017
38 × 220 4.078 4.030 3.710 3.897 3.838 3.564 3.747 3.680 3.430
47 × 72 0.869 0.864 0.850 0.850 0.844 0.825 0.833 0.825 0.802
47 × 97 1.436 1.428 1.404 1.404 1.363 1.362 1.375 1.362 1.210
47 × 122 2.000 1.986 1.944 1.944 1.925 1.871 1.894 1.871 1.809
47 × 147 2.601 2.578 2.513 2.513 2.484 2.403 2.438 2.403 2.311
47 × 170 3.176 3.144 3.056 3.056 3.015 2.907 2.953 2.907 2.784
47 × 195 3.820 3.777 3.539 3.659 3.605 3.401 3.524 3.463 3.282
47 × 220 4.477 4.383 3.986 4.271 4.204 3.831 4.102 4.027 3.697
63 × 97 1.666 1.655 1.625 1.625 1.611 1.572 1.589 1.572 1.526
63 × 122 2.306 2.287 2.236 2.236 2.212 2.146 2.174 2.146 2.070
63 × 147 2.981 2.953 2.874 2.874 2.838 2.741 2.783 2.741 2.631
63 × 170 3.624 3.585 3.408 3.478 3.430 3.277 3.356 3.301 3.157
63 × 195 4.338 4.286 3.900 4.146 4.084 3.752 3.987 3.917 3.623
63 × 220 4.999 4.816 4.390 4.821 4.639 4.224 4.624 4.483 4.079
75 × 122 2.503 2.482 2.423 2.423 2.396 2.322 2.354 2.322 2.237
75 × 147 3.225 3.193 3.105 3.105 3.065 2.957 3.003 2.957 2.835
75 × 170 3.908 3.865 3.609 3.747 3.694 3.472 3.611 3.551 3.353
75 × 195 4.663 4.526 4.128 4.454 4.360 3.973 4.280 4.203 3.838
75 × 220 5.278 5.088 4.645 5.088 4.904 4.472 4.923 4.742 4.321
CLS/ALS sizes
38 × 89 1.038 1.032 1.012 1.012 1.003 0.977 0.988 0.977 0.946
38 × 140 2.190 2.173 2.123 2.123 2.101 2.038 2.065 2.038 1.942
38 × 184 3.206 3.173 3.082 3.082 3.040 2.929 2.976 2.929 2.803
38 × 235 4.449 4.360 3.960 4.242 4.175 3.804 4.072 3.996 3.647
Joists for flat roofs access not limited to maintenance or repair purposes
mm× mm kN/m2
Spacing of joists
mm
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
m
BS EN 336 size
38 × 97 1.367 1.359 1.337 1.337 1.327 1.298 1.311 1.298 1.263
38 × 122 1.908 1.895 1.856 1.856 1.838 1.788 1.809 1.788 1.729
38 × 147 2.486 2.464 2.404 2.404 2.377 2.301 2.333 2.301 2.214
38 × 170 3.041 3.011 2.928 2.928 2.889 2.787 2.831 2.787 2.671
38 × 195 3.663 3.622 3.429 3.511 3.460 3.294 3.383 3.326 3.176
38 × 220 4.299 4.247 3.862 4.104 4.041 3.711 3.943 3.872 3.580
47 × 72 0.982 0.978 0.966 0.966 0.960 0.944 0.951 0.944 0.924
47 × 97 1.526 1.517 1.490 1.490 1.478 1.444 1.459 1.444 1.403
47 × 122 2.120 2.104 2.058 2.058 2.037 1.979 2.004 1.979 1.911
47 × 147 2.751 2.725 2.656 2.656 2.623 2.536 2.573 2.536 2.437
47 × 170 3.354 3.319 3.216 3.223 3.179 3.062 3.112 3.062 2.931
47 × 195 4.026 3.980 3.682 3.853 3.795 3.540 3.708 3.643 3.417
47 × 220 4.711 4.556 4.147 4.491 4.385 3.987 4.310 4.230 3.849
63 × 97 1.766 1.754 1.722 1.722 1.706 1.663 1.682 1.663 1.613
63 × 122 2.439 2.418 2.362 2.362 2.336 2.265 2.295 2.265 2.183
63 × 147 3.146 3.116 3.030 3.030 2.992 2.887 2.931 2.887 2.769
63 × 170 3.818 3.776 3.544 3.661 3.609 3.409 3.529 3.471 3.292
63 × 195 4.561 4.449 4.055 4.357 4.289 3.902 4.187 4.112 3.769
63 × 220 5.191 5.003 4.564 5.003 4.820 4.393 4.839 4.660 4.243
75 × 122 2.644 2.261 2.557 2.557 2.528 2.448 2.482 2.448 2.356
75 × 147 3.399 3.364 3.253 3.269 3.226 3.110 3.160 3.110 2.980
75 × 170 4.111 4.065 3.751 3.938 3.881 3.611 3.794 3.729 3.488
75 × 195 4.785 4.700 4.291 4.673 4.529 4.131 4.489 4.380 3.991
75 × 220 5.477 5.283 4.827 5.283 5.093 4.648 5.113 4.927 4.493
CLS/ALS sizes
38 × 89 1.203 1.197 1.180 1.180 1.171 1.148 1.158 1.148 1.119
38 × 140 2.321 2.302 2.248 2.248 2.223 2.155 2.185 2.155 2.077
38 × 184 3.387 3.351 3.238 3.253 3.208 3.088 3.139 3.088 2.953
38 × 235 4.686 4.535 4.122 4.464 4.362 3.961 4.282 4.202 3.822
1.F.11 Raised tie roof

The tables below give member sizes for raised tie roofs designed for access limited to maintenance
or repair purposes which will support dead load not exceeding 0.75 kN/m2 and an imposed load not
exceeding 1.5 kN/m2 for truss centres of 400 , 450 and 600 mm
Ridge
Sarking
Rafters
Tie Joist
h
30 - 55
Maximum span 5000 mm

Rafter Size Tie Joist Size h (max) Span (max)
mm×mm mm×mm mm mm
47×220 47×220 575 5,000
47×195 47×195 450 5,000
47×195 47×195 325 5,000
Timber of strength class C24( TR26)

Rafter Size Tie Joist Size h (max) Span (max)
mm×mm mm×mm mm mm
47×170 or 38×195 47×170 or 38×195 575 5,000
38×195 38×195 450 5,000
38×195 38×195 325 5,000
Roof bracing to comply with BS 5268: part 3

Masonry walls to comply with Annex 1.D and be cavity walls comprising 100 mm thick 3.5 N/mm2
blockwork inner leaf and 102 mm thick brickwork outer leaf
Connection details should be as in 1.F.13
Trusses to be tied down to walls in accordance with 1.E.39
1.F.12 Collared roof

The tables below give member sizes for collared roofs designed for access limited to maintenance or
repair purposes which will support dead load not exceeding 0.75 kN/m2 and an imposed load not
exceeding 1.5 kN/m2 for truss centres of 400, 450 and 600 mm and spans of 6.0m and 7.5 m.
Roof space is for ceilings for access only for an imposed load of 0.25 kN/m2 together with a
concentrated load of 0.9kN and does not include for water tanks.
Ridge
Sarking
Rafters
H
Collars
H/2
Hangers
Ceiling tie
Maximum span 7500 mm
Span not exceeding 7.5 m

Centres Rafter Size Ceiling Tie Collar Size Hanger Size
mm mm×mm mm×mm mm×mm mm×mm
400 47×147 47×147 47×97 47×97
450 47×195 47×195 47×122 47×122
600 47×220 47×220 47×147 47×147
Span not exceeding 7.5 m

Timber of strength class C24( TR26)
Centres Rafter Size Ceiling Tie Collar Size Hanger Size
mm mm×mm mm×mm mm×mm mm×mm
400 47×147 47×147 47×97 47×97
450 47×147 47×147 47×122 47×122
600 47×195 47×195 47×147 47×147
Roof bracing to comply with BS 5268: part 3

Masonry walls to comply with Annex 1.D and be cavity walls comprising 100 mm thick 3.5 N/mm2
blockwork inner leaf and 102 mm thick brickwork outer leaf
Connection details should be as in 1.F.12
Trusses to be tied down to walls in accordance with 1.E.39
1.F.13 Connection details for raised tied and collared roofs

Connections for raised and collared roofs should be as shown below
Ceiling tie to rafter connection
Double sided
toothed connector
Grade 4.6 bolt
a. Up to 450mm rafter centres: 38mm diameter double sided toothed connector and M10, grade 4.6
bolts should be used.
b. Up to 600mm rafter centres: 51mm diameter double sided toothed connector and M12, grade 4.6
bolts should be used.

Small Buildings Structural Guidance

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Small Buildings Structural Guidance

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domestic structure SBSG 2007

Small buildings structural guidance

line of top of gable

head binder thickness

annex Basic requirements for stability

1.B.1 Stability recommendations

1.C.1 Conditions related to the subsoil

1.C.2 Design recommendations

1.C.3 Eccentric foundations

1.C.4 Extensions to existing buildings

• extensions with masonry cavity or timber frame walls with

pressure on the soil, recognising that foundations on soil

1.C.5 Minimum width of strip foundations

annex Masonry walls

1.D.1 Wall types

This annex should be used in conjunction with Annexes 1.B ;and

Maximum height Minimum width

b. Size of extensions to domestic buildings

c. Size of single storey , single skin buildings

1.D.3 Maximum floor area

1.D.4 Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings

Roof distributed load: 1.00 kN/m2 for spans up to 12 metres

Floors distributed load: 2.00kN/m2 together with a concentrated

Ceilings distributed load: 0.25 kN/m2 together with concentrated

1.D.8 Cavity walls in coursed brickwork and blockwork

1.D.9 Walls providing vertical support to other walls

1.D.10 Internal loadbearing walls in brickwork or blockwork

1.D.11 Parapet walls

860 t1+t2 more than 200

1.D.12 Single leaf external walls

1.D.14 Maximum height of buildings based on wind loadings

Flow chart for deriving maximum allowable building height

Read Topographic Read Factor Factor Max

Hills and ridges

Cliffs and escarpments

Table 1 Factor T Table 2 Factor A

Table 3 Maximum allowable building height (m)

1.D.15 Maximum allowable length and height of the wall

Construction materials and workmanship

Cavity wall ties

1.D.17 Brick and block construction

1.D.18 Compressive strength of masonry units

1.D.19 Declared Compressive Strength of Masonry Units complying with BS EN 771 - 1 to 5

771-5 will be acceptable for

1.D.21 Compressive strengths of masonry units in walls

1.D.23 Lintels for openings

Floor member bearing on Floor member bearing on

floor span floor span

centre line centre line

a. Examples of ground level differences

Suspended To be level for

1.D.27 Criteria for buttressing walls

Notes Openings in a buttressed wall

1.D.28 Criteria for piers and chimney centre line of

Openings , recesses , chases and overhangs

1.D.30 Dimensional criteria for openings and recesses

1.D.31 Sizes of openings and recesses

Opening Opening Recess Opening

Value of factor 'X' (see diagram above)

timber roof 100 6 6 5 4 3

1.D.34 Lateral support by roofs and floors

any length roof lateral support by every roof forming

internal load-bearing wall