1.

Project Details

2. Introduction to the Project

3. Brief Overview of Bluetooth Technology

4. Uses of Bluetooth Technology

5. Working Mechanism of a Bluetooth

6. Components in a Bluetooth

7. Future Trends in Bluetooth Development

 Project Name: - BLUETOOTH :: Technology We Live

 Objective Name: - To give a brief description of Bluetooth Technology.

 Sources of Information: -

Internet: -

1. http://www.google.co.in

2. http://www.computing.net

3. http://www.wikipedia.org

4. http://www.qarchieve.org

5. http://www.bluetooth.com

6. http://www.palowireless.com

7. http://www.wikipedia.com

8. http://www.bluetommorrow.com
This project aims at the discussion of this advanced technology named Bluetooth.
Bluetooth is one of an emerging technology now-a-days & most of us are familiar
with its widespread use.

Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances
from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs). It was
originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS232 data cables. It can connect
several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.

The word Bluetooth is an anglicized version of Old Norse Blátönn or Danish

Blåtand. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread
spectrum, which chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to
79 frequencies. Bluetooth is a standard and a communications protocol primarily
designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent:
1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each
device.

Bluetooth exist in many products, such as telephone, Wi-Fi, PlayStation, Lego

Mindstorms NXT and recently in some high definition watches, modems and
headsets.

Apple has supported Bluetooth since Mac OS Xr v10.2 which was released in 2002

For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later releases have
native support for Bluetooth. Previous versions required users to install their
Bluetooth adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft.
Well it isn't some strange form of tooth decay as you might initially imagine.
Bluetooth is the name of a new technology that is now becoming commercially
available. It promises to change significantly the way we use machines.

Look around you at the moment, you have your keyboard connected to the
computer, as well as a printer, mouse, monitor and so on. What (literally) joins all
of these together? They are connected by cables. Cables have become the bane of
many offices, homes etc. Most of us have experienced the 'joys' of trying to figure
out what cable goes where, and getting tangled up in the details. Bluetooth
essentially aims to fix this; it is a cable-replacement technology.

Name and logo

The word Bluetooth is an anglicized version of Old Norse Blátönn or Danish
Blåtand, the name of the tenth-century king Harald I of Denmark, who united
dissonant Danish tribes into a single kingdom. The implication is that Bluetooth
does the same with communications protocols, uniting them into one universal
standard.

The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Germanic runes (Hagall) and
(Berkanan).

Implementation
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum,
which chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79
frequencies. In its basic mode, the modulation is Gaussian frequency-shift keying
(GFSK). It can achieve a gross data rate of 1 Mb/s. Bluetooth provides a way to
connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones,
telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global Positioning System
(GPS) receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles through a secure,
globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range
radio frequency bandwidth. The Bluetooth specifications are developed and
licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth SIG
consists of companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking,
and consumer electronics.
Bluetooth is a standard and a communications protocol primarily designed for low
power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100
meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Bluetooth makes it
possible for these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range.
Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to
be in line of sight of each other.

Range
Class Maximum Permitted Power mW(dBm)
(approximate)

Class 1 100 mW (20 dBm) ~100 meters

Class 2 2.5 mW (4 dBm) ~10 meters

Class 3 1 mW (0 dBm) ~1 meter

In most cases the effective range of class 2 devices is extended if they connect to a class 1
transceiver, compared to a pure class 2 network. This is accomplished by the higher
sensitivity and transmission power of Class 1 devices.

Version Data Rate

Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s

Version 2.0 +
3 Mbit/s
EDR
The technical details of Bluetooth´s function are very complex, and are best studied in
detail in the PDF-format documents that can be found on the Bluetooth website.

But, superficially speaking, Bluetooth uses frequency hopping in timeslots. Bluetooth has
been designed to operate in noisy radio frequency environments, and uses a fast
acknowledgement and a frequency-hopping scheme to make the communications link
robust, communication-wise. Bluetooth radio modules avoid interference from other
signals by hopping to a new frequency after transmitting or receiving a packet.

Compared with other systems operating in the same frequency band, the Bluetooth radio
typically hops faster and uses shorter packets. This is because short packages and fast
hopping limit the impact of microwave ovens and other sources of disturbances. Use of
Forward Error Correction (FEC) limits the impact of random noise on long-distance
links.

2 transmission power levels

The Bluetooth radio is built into a small microchip and operates in a globally available
frequency band ensuring communication compatibility worldwide. The Bluetooth
specification has two power levels defined;

• a lower power level that covers the shorter personal area within a room, and
• a higher power level that can cover a medium range, such as within a home.

Software controls and identity coding built into each microchip ensure that only
those units preset by their owners can communicate.
Communication routes

One thing that can be noted from the figure above is that, although Bluetooth
works in an ad-hoc fashion (and not server-based) all communication is done
visavi the Master unit. There is no direct communication between slave units. Nor
is it intended for the Master to route messages between slave units. Rather, if
slave units find that they want to talk directly to each other, they would form a
new piconet, with one of them acting as Master. This does not mean that they have
to leave the previous piconet. More likely, they will be parked in the "old" net
unless they decide to quit the "old" net altogether. This is not a big decision for
the slave units; reconfiguration in Bluetooth is dynamic and very fast.

Technical prestanda
The Bluetooth baseband protocol is a combination of circuit and packet switching. Time
slots can be reserved for synchronous packets. A frequency hop is done for each packet
that is transmitted. A packet nominally covers a single time slot, but can be extended to
cover up to five slots.

Bluetooth can support;

• An asynchronous data channel

• Up to 3 simultaneous synchronous voice channels
• A channel which simultaneously supports asynchronous data and synchronous
voice.
 Any Bluetooth solution consists of four major components: antenna/RF
component, Bluetooth hardware and firmware (baseband and Link Controller),
Bluetooth software protocol stack, and the application itself. Each of these
components is a product in itself, and companies exist that have entire business
models based around solving only one of these four areas.

Antenna/RF

The antenna and RF design portion is interesting in that it requires a unique

solution for each device. When purchasing a Bluetooth module for Ericsson, for
instance, the antenna is not provided. Bluetooth silicon manufacturers cannot
effectively provide an antenna with the hardware. Even single chip solutions
require specialized antenna design, depending on the device. Antenna design
requires specialized skills to ensure that the Bluetooth radio will operate within its
specification.

Bluetooth Software Protocol Stack

The Bluetooth software protocol stack can be thought of as driver code. This code
allows the application software to send and receive information from the
Bluetooth module. Several implementations of this currently exist, and vary from
GNU licensed code to commercial products targeted at various operating
systems.

Major components of the protocol stack are the Link Manager (LM), the Logical
Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP), the Host Control Interface
(HCI), the Service Discovery Protocol (SDP), Audio/Telephony Control,
RFCOMM, Human Interface Device (HID), TCP/IP, and other high level
protocols.
 Baseband and Link Controller

The Bluetooth baseband consists mainly of a Link Controller (LC) that carries out
baseband protocols and low-layer link routines. Protocols defined within the
scope of the baseband specification include (among others) physical channels and
links, data packet definitions, error correction and detection, logical channels,
channel control, and hop selection. For more information about the Bluetooth
baseband specification, see the Bluetooth core specification document.

An example implementation of the Bluetooth radio and baseband is the Ericsson

Bluetooth Module. In addition to the hardware, this module contains the firmware
that implements the baseband specifications.
The Bluetooth SIG has aimed from the start to ensure that developers and users
do not concern themselves with updated version of the Bluetooth specification, but
rather concern themselves on implementation of the existing Bluetooth 1.1 spec
and the use/development of profiles. This is to ensure that developers do not wait
for later spec versions and that confusion and interoperability problems do not
enter the marketplace. However, the recent release of cores based on preliminary
Bluetooth 1.2 and speculation on the abilities of Bluetooth 2.0 means that far-
sighted developers should not stand still in approaching Bluetooth optimizations.