DOUBLE-PIPE

02 HEAT EXCHANGER
ChE 133: Heat and Mass Transfer Equipment Design

1
I. EQUIPMENT DESIGN
TUBE ANNULUS

 Simplest type of heat exchanger (1923)

 Single pipe placed concentrically inside the larger pipe
 “hairpin”, “jacketed U-tube”, “concentric pipe”
I. EQUIPMENT DESIGN

 NOZZLE – acts as the inlet or outlet of the fluid

 RETURN BEND – opposite ends are joined by U-bend
 For L > 20 ft (to reduce pipe sag)
 FLANGE – connects the return bend and pipes
 For cleaning and maintenance
 PACKING GLAND – sealing to the annulus
II. APPLICATION

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
1. High pressure 1. Low heat duty requiring
application surface areas less than 50 m2
2. Easy to clean and 1. Flow pattern is strictly
maintain  Good for counterflow or parallel
fouling fluids

3. Flexibility. Hairpin 3. As units are added, there is a

arrangement allows possibility of increased leakage.
modules in series.
III. DESIGN PROCEDURE

A solvent flowing at a rate of 2500 kg/h is

cooled from 45 to 30oC by a water entering
20oC. The water leaves at 24oC. The fouling
resistances for the solvent and water are
3.5x10-4 and 1.75x10-4 m2-K/W respectively.

Design a suitable double-pipe heat exchanger

for this service.
STEP 1: FLUID PROPERTIES
 Evaluate fluid properties at the average
bulk temperature:
45 + 30 20 + 24
𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 ℃ 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 𝟐𝟐 ℃
2 2

PROPERTY UNITS SOLVENT WATER

𝝆 kg/m3 790 997.77
Cp kJ/kg - K 1.922 4.184
K W/m - K 0.187 0.6033
µ cP 0.95 0.958
STEP 2: ENERGY BALANCE

𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0

𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣
+ 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
=0

𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ?
STEP 3: ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

HOT FLUID: SOLVENT

Tin = 45 ℃ Tout = 30 ℃

tout = 24 ℃ tin = 20 ℃
COLD FLUID: WATER

∆𝑇1 = 21 ℃ ∆𝑇2 = 10 ℃

∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 = ∆𝑇2 =?
𝑙𝑛
∆𝑇1
STEP 4: FLUID PLACEMENT
CONDITION TUBE ANNULUS WHY?
1. FOULING FLUID Easy cleaning
You need superior
2. CORROSIVE mettalurgy to
FLUID mitigate corrosion 
FIXED COST!
3. VISCOUS FLUID Increase h

4. COLDER FLUID Insulation

5. FLOW RATE Hydraulic

SAMPLE
PROBLEM? ? ?
STEP 5: TUBE DESIGN
Select an economic or
design velocity for Recommended:
both fluid
v < 3.5 m/s (10 ft/s)
Calculate the flow
area using continuity Non viscous: 1 – 2 m/s
equation Viscous: <1 m/s

Calculate the diameter Q: What will happen if

velocity is too high? Too low?

Select from possible

tube combinations
STEP 5: TUBE DESIGN
Select an economic or
design velocity for Continuity Equation:
both fluid
𝑚
Calculate the flow 𝐴𝑓 =
area using continuity 𝜌𝑣
equation
𝜋𝑑𝑖2
Tube: 𝐴𝑓 =
Calculate the diameter 4
di

Annulus:
do
𝜋(𝐷𝑖2 − 𝑑𝑜2 )
Select from possible Di 𝐴𝑓 =
4
tube combinations Do
STEP 5: TUBE DESIGN
Select an economic or
design velocity for Recommended:
both fluid

Calculate the flow

area using continuity
equation
3

Calculate the diameter

 Determine pipe dimensions.
Table 10 – 22 (Perry’s 7th ed)
App C-6a (Foust, et al)
Select from possible App A.5.1 (Geankoplis)
tube combinations  Recalculate the velocity.
STEP 5: TUBE DESIGN
STEP 6: Nu CALCULATION
A. LAMINAR FLOW

 SIEDER-TATE (1936)
0.14
D   
1/3

Nu  1.86  Re Pr   
 L   w 
13  Re  2030 0.48  Pr  16700

0.0044  w  9.75

Note: All properties are evaluated at fluid mean

temp except for the µw at wall temp  ITERATIVE!
STEP 6: Nu CALCULATION
 BAEHR AND STEPHAN (2006)
STEP 6: Nu CALCULATION
B. TURBULENT FLOW

 SIEDER-TATE (1936)
0.14
  
Nu  0.023Re Pr  
0.8 1/3

 w 
6000  Re  107 0.7  Pr  105
10  DL  60

Note: All properties are evaluated at fluid mean

temp except for the µw at wall temp  ITERATIVE!
STEP 6: Nu CALCULATION

 DITTUS - BOELTER (1930)

0.4 heating
Nu  0.023Re Pr
0.8 n
n
0.3 cooling
6000  Re 0.5  Pr  120
10  DL  60

Note: Do not use for air and gases. Error is 15 – 30%

STEP 6: Nu CALCULATION
 PETUKHOV – POPOV (1972)
( f / 8) Re Pr
Nu  K1  1  3.4 f
K1  K 2  f / 8 
0.5
 Pr 2/3
 1
1.8
f  1.82 log Re 1.64 
2
K 2  11.7 
Pr1/3
10  Re  107 0.5  Pr  2000

Modified:

Nu = 0.023Ren ∙ Pr 0.4
STEP 6: Nu CALCULATION

 GNIELINSKI (1976)

All these h correlations are not applicable to

the annular space. WHY?
STEP 6: Nu CALCULATION
 What diameter to use?
A. TUBE SIDE

Dh = De = di

B. ANNULUS SIDE
STEP 7: U CALCULATION

𝐷𝑜
1 𝐴𝑜 𝑨𝒐 𝐴𝑜 ln 𝐷𝑖 1
= + 𝑹𝒊 + + + 𝑹𝒐
𝑈𝑜 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑨𝒊 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 ℎ𝑜
STEP 7: U CALCULATION

VISOSITY CORRECTION IN SIEDER-TATE(1936) EQ.

1. Assume 𝜇𝑤 = 𝜇.
2. Get the h
3. Get the 𝑈𝑜.
4. Check for the wall temperature Tw
by proportioning resistances and
temperature drop.
STEP 7: U CALCULATION
Since the thermal resistances are in series:

𝑄𝑇𝑂𝑇 = 𝑄𝐼𝑁𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐸 = 𝑄𝑊𝐴𝐿𝐿 = 𝑄𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐸

𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 ∆𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑖

1 = 1 = 1
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖

5. Get the 𝜇𝑤 at the calculated Tw.

6. Repeat Step 2 to 6 until the Tw,i converges.
STEP 8: A CALCULATION

FORMULA ASSESMENT
𝐴 < 50 𝑚2
AREA 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴Δ𝑇𝑙𝑚 𝐴 < 540 𝑓𝑡 2

TOTAL
LENGTH A = 𝜋𝑑𝑜 𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝐿 <6𝑚

NUMBER
𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝐿 < 20 𝑓𝑡

OF PASSES
𝑁𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
𝐿
STEP 9: 𝛥P CALCULATION
FRICTION FACTOR c/o ChE 134
 PIPE FRICTION:
a
L v    2
pt  4 f  
Dh 2  w 
𝑎 = −0.14 for 𝑅𝑒 > 2100 and −0.25 for 𝑅𝑒 < 2100

 RETURN BEND:
𝜌𝑣 2 K= 0.2 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑
∆𝑝𝑟 = 𝐾 K = 1.5 (threaded)
2

∆𝑝𝑎 = ∆𝑝𝑡 + ∆𝑝𝑟 ∆𝑷 < 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 (𝒑𝒔𝒊)

STEP 9: 𝛥P CALCULATION
STEP 9: 𝛥P CALCULATION
 HAGEN-POISEUILLE EQN.

 CHURCHILL EQN. (1977)

h
QUESTIONS?