INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “CONTROL, AUTOMATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION -2009, 4th-6th June 2009

A 24-Pulse AC-DC Converter For Improving Power

Quality Using Fork Connected Transformer
D.Raja1 N.Muraly2 V.Vijayavelan3 N. Selvaganesan4
1&3
Lecturer, 2Senior Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry – 605107, India.
Email: raj_e2004@yahoo.co.in
4
Assistant Professor , Indian Institute of Space Science Technology, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala

Abstract- The existing AC-DC converter using a transformer
which does not meet the standard requirement at varying loads
and also causes the low power factor which is responsible for a
series of problems caused in electrical system. This resulting in
increased losses in conductor, error introduced in measuring
equipment, malfunction of other equipment connected to mains
due to distortion of line voltage. So, a 24-Pulse AC-DC
Converter is designed and simulated to feed isolated industrial
loads. The proposed configuration consists of an isolation
transformer based fork connection. This improves the power
quality at AC mains and it meet IEEE-519 requirement at
varying loads. The power quality indices such as THDi, THDv,
Distortion Factor (DF), Displacement Factor (DPF), and Power
Factor (PF) in AC main at varying load. The set of power quality
indices on input AC mains for load fed from 6-Pulse, 12-Pulse
and 24-Pulse AC-DC converter performance are compared and
analyzed. It is observed that input current total harmonic
distortion (THD) of less than 5% is possible with proposed
topology of 24-Pulse AC-DC converter for improving power
quality using fork connected transformer.
Key Words: 24 pulse AC-DC Converter, fork connected
transformer and power quality indices.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the Previous years, with the use of static converters in
most diverse application, the harmonic current injected into
the electrical system. This harmonic current injection is
mainly due to the non linear nature of loads connected to
electric utility, (e.g.) industrial electrical equipment [1]-[2].
The low power factor of the electric installation is responsible
for a series of problems caused in electrical system. This
resulting in increased losses in conductor, error introduced in
measuring equipment, malfunction of other equipment
connected to mains due to distortion of line voltage [3].
Beside several passive and active power factor techniques,
applied to three phase AC-DC converters. Many other
techniques of line current harmonics reduction that also raises
the power factor. Some application have stringent power
quality specification, so it is suggested that higher pulse AC-
DC converter must be used to meet standard requirements. It
have been well noticed in recent literature [4]. The harmonics
in input current and output voltage of conventional 12-pulse
controlled rectified fed from delta/star transformer can be
reduced by using filters. But these filters are bulky and loss.
Moreover, some application have stringent power quality
specification and it is advisable to use 24-pulse AC-DC
converter system configuration. Therefore, it is suggested that
higher pulse AC-DC converters [5]- [6].
Events over the last several years have focused attention on
certain types of loads on the electrical system that result in
power quality problems for the user and utility alike.
Equipment which has become common place in most facilities
including computer power supplies, solid state lighting ballast,
and Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs), and un-interruptible
power supplies (UPSs) are examples of non-linear loads .
Non-linear loads are loads in which the current waveform
does not have a linear relationship with the voltage waveform.
In other words, if the input voltage to the load is sinusoidal
and the current is non-sinusoidal then such loads will be
classified as non-linear loads because of the non-linear
relationship between voltage and current. Non-linear loads
generate voltage and current harmonics, which can have
adverse effects on equipment that are used to deliver electrical
energy. Examples of power delivery equipment include power
system transformers, feeders, circuit breakers, etc. Power
delivery equipment is subject to higher heating losses due to
harmonic currents consumed by non-linear loads. Harmonics
can have a detrimental effect on emergency or standby power
generators, telephones and other sensitive electrical equipment
[7], [8].
When reactive power compensation in the form of passive
power factor improving capacitors are used with non-linear
loads, resonance conditions can occur that may result in even
higher levels of harmonic voltage and current distortion
thereby causing equipment failure, disruption of power
service, and fire hazards in extreme conditions. To refine the
above said defects the project incorporate designing a 24-
Pulse AC-DC converter using Fork connected transformer
which is able to reduce the total harmonic distortion for
current in AC mains at varying load is within the limit i.e less
than 5% and also improving the power quality [9]-[11]. The
designed AC-DC converter system is modeled and simulated
in MATLAB to demonstrate its power quality improvement at
AC mains

xxxx-xxxx/0x/$xx.00 © 200x IEEE

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “CONTROL, AUTOMATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION -2009, 4th-6th June 2009

The rest of the paper is divided into four sections. The 24 The fig 2.3 shows the schematic of the fork secondary
and 12 pulse converter design and simulations are explained in arrangement and its graphical representation depicting angular
Section 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Finally we conclude with position of various phasors. The number of turns for every
Section 5. winding is determined as a function of the secondary phase
voltage, Va. These winding voltages, as marked in Fig. 2.3, are
2. 24-PULSE AC-DC CONVERSION APPROACH expressed by following relationships. Consider that the input
phase voltage is Va (=VAC/√3) and four sets of three-phase
The Fig 2.1 shows a 24-pulse AC-DC converter. This voltages fed to each bridge be Va1, Vb1, Vc1; Va2, Vb2, Vc1; Va3,
topology uses a fork-transformer that feeds four six-pulse Vb3, Vc3; and Va4, Vb4, Vc4 to the bridge converters DB1 to DB4
diode bridge converters which are connected on DC side by respectively.
inter-phase transformers. The delta/fork transformer winding Assume that the following set of three-phase supply voltage
arrangement for 24-pulse AC-DC conversion is shown in applied to the primary of transformer as:
Fig. 2.2 and its connection along with phasor diagram is VA=Vs∟0◦, VB=Vs∟-120◦, VC=Vs∟120◦ (2.1)
shown in Fig. 2.3. The four sets of three phase voltages The secondary phase voltages for the transformer with
produced are displaced at an angle of 15°. The two of these transformation ratio ‘a’ (a= Va/VA) .The four sets of voltage
sets are displaced at an angle of ±7.5° from respective primary that can be obtained across ‘A’ phase will such as
phase voltage while remaining two sets are displaced by Va1,Va2,Va3,Va4
±22.5°. Va1 = Vs ∟22.5 ◦ (2.2)
Va2 = Vs∟7.5◦ (2.3)
Va3 = Vs ∟ -7.5◦ (2.4)
Va4 = Vs ∟-22.5◦ (2.5)
The four sets of voltage that can be obtained across ‘B’
phase will such as Vb1, Vb2, Vb3, and Vb4
Vb1 = Vs ∟-97.5◦ (2.6)
Vb2 = Vs∟-112.5◦ (2.7)
Vb3 = Vs∟-127.5◦ (2.8)
Vb4 = Vs∟-142.5◦ (2.9)
The four sets of voltage that can be obtained across ‘C’
phase will such as Vc1, Vc2, Vc3, and Vc4
Fig 2.1 24-pulse AC-DC converter configuration of Fork Connected Vc1 = Vs∟-217.5◦ (2.10)
transformer.
Vc2 = Vs∟-232.5◦ (2.11)
Vc3 = Vs∟-247.5 ◦ (2.12)
Vc4 = Vs∟-262.5 ◦ (2.13)
The voltages for the converter can be expressed in terms of
these voltages provided the secondary winding voltages are
known. The secondary winding voltages can be expressed as
follows:
Va1 = K1Va −K2Vb −K3Vb (2.14)
Va2 = K1Va −K2Vb + K4Va (2.15)
Va3 = Va2 ∟-15° (2.16)
Va4 = Va1∟ - 45° (2.17)
Fig 2.2 Winding arrangement of fork connected transformer Similarly the secondary voltages provided in the secondary
winding can be expressed as follows:
Vb1 = K1Vb - K2Vc - K3Vc (2.18)
Vb2 = K1Vb - K2Vc + k4Vb (2.19)
Vb3 = Vb2∟ −15° (2.20)
Vb4 = Vb1∟-45° (2.21)
Vc1 = K1Vc –K2 Va – K3Va (2.22)
Vc2 = K1Vc – K2Va – K3Vc (2.23)
Vc3 = Vc2∟ -15° (2.24)
Vc4 = Vc1∟-45° (2.25)
Using the above equations the values of constants such as
k1,k2,k3,k4 are calculated for desired phase shift
K1=0.7029,K2=0.1507, K3=0.29116,K4=0.21315 (2.26)

Fig 2.3 phasor diagram of fork transformer connected in secondary winding.

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “CONTROL, AUTOMATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION -2009, 4th-6th June 2009

phase voltages fed to each bridge be Va1, Vb1, Vc1; Va2,

Vb2, Vc2 to the bridge converters DB1 to DB2 respectively

Fig 2.4 Secondary winding arrangement of 24 pulse fork connected

transformer
Fig 3.2 phasor diagram of 12-Pulse fork transformer in secondary winding
The values of these constant k1 to k4 determine the winding
turns as a fraction of secondary phase voltage. These values Assume that the following set of three-phase supply voltage
are used for simulation and the Fig. 2.4 shows the Secondary applied to the primary of transformer as:
winding arrangement of fork connected transformer. The kVA VA=Vs∟0◦, VB=Vs∟-120◦, VC=Vs∟120◦ (3.1)
rating of the transformers is calculated as [1]: The secondary phase voltages for the transformer with
KVA rating = 0.5 Σ (V winding I winding) (2.27) transformation ratio ‘a’ (a= Va/VA) .The two sets of voltage
Another important parameter related to the AC-DC that can be obtained across ‘A’ phase will such as Va1,Va2
converters is transformer utilization factor (TUF) that Va1 =Vs∟15◦ , Va2 = Vs∟-15◦ (3.2)
indicates the relative size of transformers is defined as: The four sets of voltage that can be obtained across ‘B’
TUF= PDC/Σ (V sec . I sec) (2.28) phase will such as Vb1, Vb2
Where Vsec and Isec is rms voltage and current rating of Such as
Secondary winding. Vb1=Vs∟-105°, Vb2=Vs∟-135° (3.3)
The four sets of voltage that can be obtained across ‘B’
3. 12 PULSE AC- DC CONVERTER WITH FORK phase will such as Vc1, Vc2, Vc3, and Vc4
CONNECTED TRANSFORMER Vc1=Vs∟135°, Vc2=Vs∟105° (3.4)
The voltages for the converter can be expressed in terms of
The figure 3.1 shows the proposed AC-DC converter based
these voltages provided the secondary winding voltages are
on Fork Connected transformer using 12-pulse AC-DC
known. The secondary winding voltages can be expressed as
converter. In which three phase supply is given to Delta/Fork
follows:
transformer which is in the ratio of 1: 0.54.Which is fed into
Va1 = K1Va - K2Vb, Va2 = K1Va – K2Vc (3.5)
two six pulse diode bridge and interphase transformer and
Similarly the secondary voltages provided in the secondary
finally given to the DC load.
winding can be expressed as follows
Vb1 = K1Vb - K2Vc (3.6)
Vb2 = K1Vb - K2 Vc (3.7)
Vc1 = K1Vc – K2Va (3.8)
Vc2 = K1Vc – K2 Vb (3.9)
Using the above equations the values of constants such as
k1,k2, are calculated for desired phase shift
K1=0.8192, K2=0.29996 (3.10)

Fig 3.1 12- pulse AC-DC converter configuration of Fork connected
transformer
The fig 3.2 shows the schematic of the fork secondary
arrangement and its graphical representation depicting angular
position of various phasors. The number of turns for every
winding is determined as a function of the secondary phase
voltage, Va. These winding voltages, as marked in Fig. 3.3,
are expressed by following relationships. Consider that the
input phase voltage is Va (=VAC/√3) and four sets of three-
4. SIMULATION RESULTS OF 6 , 12 AND 24 PULSE
AC-DC CONVERTER
A. SIMULATION OUPUT OF 6-PULSE AC-DC CONVERTER
The matlab model of 6-pulse AC-DC converter is carried
out at 3 phase line voltage of 415V,50Hz,and source
impedance of Zs=0.258j, AC input with an equivalent
resistive and inductive load of 20KW ,300volts,and Ldc=1mH.
The transformer ratio of star/delta transformer is about 1: 0.54.

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “CONTROL, AUTOMATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION -2009, 4th-6th June 2009

The waveform of supply current along with its harmonic

spectrum is shown in fig 4.1, 4.2 and 4.5, 4.6 which shows
that the THD of current for light load and full Load is 23.72%
and 21.28%.Power factor of 6-pulse AC-DC converter is
varying from 0.9601 to 0.9644 for light load to full load. The
waveform of output voltage and current is shown in figure 4.3
and 4.7. Output voltage for light load to full load is varies
from 297.1 to 284.2 volts and the output current for light load
to full load is varies from 13.21 to 63.16 amps. The power
quality indices such as total harmonic distortion of current
(THDi), Total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDv),
Distortion factor (DF), Displacement power factor (DPF),
power factor (PF), AC main current (Iac), output voltage and Fig 4.3 Input and output Voltage and Current Waveform at Light Load
output current for 6-Pulse AC-DC converter are shown in the
table 4.1.

Fig
3.2
Seco
ndar
y
wind
ing
arran
geme
nt of
12 -
Pulse Fig 4.4 Input Voltage of 6-Pulse AC-DC Converter at Full Load.
fork
conn
ected
trans
form
er

Fig 4.5 Input Current Of 6-Pulse AC-DC converter at Full Load

Fig 4.1 Input Current of 6-Pulse AC-DC converter at Light Load

Fig 4.2 Harmonic Spectrum of Input current 6-Pulse AC-DC converter at

Light Load.
Fig 4.6 Harmonic Spectrum of Input current 6-Pulse AC-DC converter at
Full Load

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “CONTROL, AUTOMATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION -2009, 4th-6th June 2009

Table 4.1 Power Quality Indices on 6 – Pulse AC – DC Converter

Load Total Harmonic AC Total Harmonic Distortion Displacement Power Output Output
Distortion in Main Distortion in factor (DF) Power factor Factor Voltage Current
voltage THD(V)% current current THD (I) (DPF) (PF) (V dc) (I dc)
I ac %
20% 3.79 11.34 23.72 0.9721 0.9877 0.9601 297.1 13.21
40% 6.12 20.63 23.78 0.9717 0.9877 0.9597 294.1 25.57
60% 8.17 30.46 23.04 0.9731 0.9877 0.9611 290.7 38.77
80% 9.92 39.6 22.18 0.9747 0.9877 0.9627 287.5 51.11
100% 11.45 48.46 21.28 0.9764 0.9877 0.9644 284.2 63.16

Fig 4.7 Input and Output Voltage and Current Waveform of 6-pulse AC-DC
converter at Full Load
Fig 4.8 Input Current Of 12-Pulse AC-DC converter at Light Load

B. SIMULATION OUTPUT OF 12-PULSE AC-DC CONVERTER

The matlab model of 12-pulse AC-DC converter is carried
out at 3 phase line voltage of 415V,50Hz,and source
impedance of Zs=0.258j, AC input with an equivalent
resistive and inductive load of 20KW, 300volts,and
Ldc=1mH. The transformer ratio of star/delta transformer is
about 1:0.54.
The waveform of supply current along with its harmonic
spectrum is shown in fig 4.8, 4.9 and 4.11, 4.12 which shows Fig 4.9 Harmonic Spectrum of Input current 12-Pulse AC-DC converter at
that the THD of current for light load and full load is 7.61% Light Load
and 6.72%.Power factor of 12-pulse AC-DC converter is
varying from 0.9835 to 0.9853 for light load to full load. The
waveform of output voltage and current is shown in figure
4.10 and 4.13. Output voltage for light load to full load is
varies from 298.4 to 284.1 volts and the output current for
light load to full load is varies from 13.26 to 63.13 amps. The
power quality indices such as total harmonic distortion of
current (THDi), Total harmonic distortion of
voltage(THDv),Distortion factor(DF), Displacement power
factor(DPF), power factor (PF),AC main current (Iac) ,output Fig 4.10 Input and Output Waveform of Voltage and Current of 12-pulse AC-
voltage and output current for 12-Pulse AC-DC converter are DC converter at Light Load
shown in the table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Power Quality Indices on 12 – Pulse AC – DC Converter

Load Total Harmonic AC Total Harmonic Distortion Displacement Power Output Output
Distortion in Main Distortion in factor (DF) Power factor Factor Voltage Current
voltage THD(V)% current current THD (I) (DPF) (PF) (V dc) (I dc)
I ac %
20% 1.57 10.04 7.61 0.9958 0.9876 0.9835 298.4 13.26
40% 2.94 19.52 7.54 0.9964 0.9876 0.9840 294.4 26.17
60% 4.08 28.71 7.40 0.9967 0.9876 0.9843 290.5 38.73
80% 4.78 37.64 7.10 0.9972 0.9876 0.9848 287.0 51.03
100% 5.10 46.38 6.72 0.9977 0.9876 0.9853 284.1 63.13

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “CONTROL, AUTOMATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION -2009, 4th-6th June 2009

shown in figure 4.16 and 4.19. Output voltage for light load to
full load is varies from 297.7 to 288.4 volts and the output
current for light load to full load is varies from 13.23 to 64.1
amps. The power quality indices such as total harmonic
distortion of current (THDi), Total harmonic distortion of
voltage(THDv),Distortion factor(DF), Displacement power
factor(DPF), power factor (PF),AC main current (Iac) ,output
voltage and output current for 24-Pulse AC-DC converter are
shown in the table 4.3.
Fig 4.11 Input Current Of 12-Pulse AC-DC converter at Full Load

Fig 4.12 Harmonic Spectrum of Input current 12-Pulse AC-DC converter at

Full Load
Fig 4.14 Input Current Of 24-Pulse AC-DC converter at Light Load

Fig 4.15 Harmonic Spectrum of Input current 24-Pulse AC-DC converter at

Light Load

Fig 4.13 Input and Output Waveform of Voltage and Current of 12-pulse AC-
DC converter at Full Load

C. SIMULATION OUTPUT OF 24-PULSE AC-DC CONVERTER

The matlab model of 24-pulse AC-DC converter is carried

out at 3 phase line voltage of 415V,50Hz,and source
impedance of Zs=0.258j,AC input with an equivalent
resistive and inductive load of 20KW, 300volts,and
Ldc=1mH. The transformer ratio of star/delta transformer is
about 1: 0.54.
The waveform of supply current along with its harmonic
spectrum is shown in fig 4.14, 4.15 and 4.17, 4.18 which
shows that the THD of current for light load and full load are
Fig 4.16 Input and Output Waveform of Voltage and Current of 24-pulse AC-
2.75% and 4.16%. Power factor for 24-pulse AC-DC DC converter at Light Load
converter is improved to 0.9882 and 0.9917 for light load to
full load. The waveform of output voltage and current is

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “CONTROL, AUTOMATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION -2009, 4th-6th June 2009

Table 4.3. Power Quality Indices On 24 – Pulse AC – DC Converter

Load Total Harmonic AC Total Harmonic Distortion Displacement Power Output Output
Distortion in Main Distortion in factor (DF) Power factor Factor Voltage Current
voltage THD(V)% current current THD (I) (DPF) (PF) (V dc) (I dc)
I ac %
20% 0.35 11.42 2.75 0.9996 0.9886 0.9882 297.7 13.23
40% 1.22 2.77 4.20 0.9989 0.9896 0.9885 294.5 26.18
60% 1.79 30.05 4.12 0.9990 0.9905 0.9895 292.8 39.04
80% 2.29 39.19 4.12 0.9991 0.9915 0.9906 290.8 51.7
100% 2.74 48.16 4.16 0.9991 0.9925 0.9917 288.4 64.1

Table 4.4 comparison of power quality indices of different AC-DC converters

S.No Topology % THD AC Mains current % THD of Iac at Distortion Factor Displacement Power factor PF DC voltage Vdc
of Vac Iac at DF power factor DPF
Light Full Light Full Light Full Light Full Light Full Light Full
Load Load Load load Load Load Load Load Load Load load Load

1 6- Pulse 11.45 11.34 48.46 23.72 21.2 0.9721 0.9764 0.9877 0.9877 0.9601 0.9644 297.1 284.2
8
2 12-Pulse 5.10 10.04 46.38 7.61 6.72 0.9958 0.9977 0.9876 0.9876 0.9835 0.9853 298.4 284.1

3 24-Pulse 2.74 11.42 48.16 2.75 4.16 0.9996 0.9991 0.9886 0.9925 0.9882 0.9917 297.7 288.4

Fig 4.17 Input Current Of 24-Pulse AC-DC converter at Full Load

Fig 4.19 Input and Output Waveform of Voltage and Current of 24-pulse
AC-DC converter at Full Load

5. CONCLUSION

Based on design and simulated results it has been

observed that power quality can be improved significantly
by employing of the proposed fork-connected isolation
transformer based 24-pulse AC-DC converter. The resulting
24-pulse converter has exhibited high level of performance
Fig 4.18 .Harmonic Spectrum of Input current 24-Pulse AC-DC converter
with clean power characteristics required for diode based
t Full Load front end rectifiers. The power quality indices THDi, THDv,
distortion factor (DF), displacement factor (DPF) and power
factor (PF) are also obtained at varying loads in 12-pulse
and 24-pulse AC-DC converters. The comparison of power

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “CONTROL, AUTOMATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION -2009, 4th-6th June 2009

quality indices obtained for proposed 12-pulse and 24-pulse
AC-DC converter topologies is also made with delta/star
isolation transformer based 6-pulse AC-DC converter and
these are given in Table 4.4. The waveforms and harmonic
spectrum of AC mains current can also be compared and
proposed 24- Pulse AC-DC converter have total harmonic
distortion is less than 5% .It can be observed that the
proposed 24-pulse AC- DC converter has improvement in
power quality at varying loads and meets the requirements
of IEEE-519 standard for loads.
APPENDIX
Converter specification:
AC Supply: 415v,50Hz
Source impedance: ZS = j0.258 ohms(=3%)
DC Load: 300Vdc , 20Kw,Ldc=1mH.
Transformer ratio, KVA rating of transformers in:
6-pulse AC-DC converter : 1:0.54 , 25.68KVA.
12-pulse AC-DC converter : 1:0.54 , 27.175KVA.
24-pulse AC-DC converter : 1:0.54 , 26.65KVA.
Biographical notes:
D. Raja received his B. Tech from the Pondicherry
Engineering College, Puducherry in 2004 and an M.Tech in
Electrical Drives and control from the same institute in
2006. He has 3 years of experience in the teaching
profession. Currently, he is working as a Lecturer at the Sri
Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry. His
area of interest include f a u l t d i a g n o s i s , power
electronics and drives, E l e c t r i c a l M a c h i n e s .
N. Muraly received his B. Tech from the Manakula vinayagar
Engineering College, Puducherry in 2003 and an M.Tech in
Electrical Drives and control from the Pondicherry
Engineering College, Puducherry in 2005. He has 4 years of
experience in the teaching profession. Currently, he is working
as a Lecturer at the Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering
College, Puducherry.
V. Vijayavelan received his B. Tech from the Pondicherry
university, Puducherry in 2004 and an M.Tech in Electrical
Drives and control from the Pondicherry Engineering
College, Puducherry in 2006. He has 3 years of experience in
the teaching profession. Currently, he is working as a Lecturer at
the Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Puducherry.

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