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It’s connected to the shape and number of noun, plural or singular form (Book, Fish, Police, Jury,
Furniture) – countable or uncountable (Sugar, Time, Ice, etc.)
Be careful of a prepositional phrase in determining singular or plural ( one of, either of, much of,
etc.)-singular (both of, several of)-plural. (some of, all of, most of, a lot of, ) – depend on noun form.
* A lot of work was too easy
* A lot of the people were angry
Verb
Is a word, phrase or clause that expresses an action or occupation performed by subject/actor
Verb forms are connected to the times of action (tenses) which revealed root, Past, Past participle
and Present participle. Be careful of regular and irregular verb form in English!
• Rudi is in his room completing his assignment.
• I am surprised of his coming
ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word which describes a noun or pronoun either by pointing out one of its qualities
or by limiting its reference.
Two main types :
Descriptive adjectives
An expensive commodity (what kind of commodity? Expensive commodity)
A silly argument (what kind of argument? Silly argument)
Limiting adjectives (also known as determiners)
This person (which person? This person)
Two handles (how many handles? Two handles)
The first argument (which argument? The first argument)
Be careful of verbs that need adj. for their complement:
• He considered that all effort done as useless (considered as)
• The invention of rockets has made moon-landing possible (make something)
ADVERB
An adverb is a word that may be used to give more information about: a verb ( e.g. runs quickly), an
adjective (e.g. very interesting), another adverb (e.g. very beautifully), a conjunction (e.g. only
because), a preposition (e.g. only after), an entire sentence (e.g. Surprisingly, she recovered.)
Most adverb are formed from adjectives + ly e.g. badly, slowly, truly, happily, etc
Sentence has a subject and a verb
(A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb)
Therefore, we should be able to do following:
1. Be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb
2. Be careful of objects of preposition and appositives
3. Be careful of present and past participles when you’re looking for the verb
: ……….was backed up for miles on the freeway
(Yesterday; In the morning; Traffic; Cars)
Engineers………..for work on the new space programs
(necessary; are needed; hopefully; next month)
The boy……….going to the movies with a friend
(he is; he always was; is relaxing; will be)
Be Careful of objects of Preposition –
If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject.
(An object of a preposition is a noun or pronoun that comes after a preposition, such as in, at, of, to,
by, behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase)
* The only entrance to the building, ……… was kept locked at all times.
(at last; the door; orderly; it)
Present Participles (-ing form) – it can be either a part of the verb or an adjective .
* The companies offering the lowest price will have the most customers. (the underlined is
adjective)
Past Participles (verb that appears with have or be-third form) – it can be either a part of the verb or
an adjective .
* The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled. (the underlined is adjective)
Although it was not really difficult, the exam took a lot of time
(Reduced adverb clause)
REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
To reduce an Adjective clause, omit the Adj. clause connector/subject and the be-verb.
The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide
The letter which was written last week arrived today
If there is no be-verb, omit the connector / subject and change the main verb into the -ing
form.
I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s paper
I don’t understand the article appearing in today’s paper
Only reduce an Adj. clause if the connector/subject is directly followed by the verb. In other
words, if the connector is also a subject.
The woman that I just met is the tour guide (does not reduce)
The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday.(does not reduce)
If an adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced clause can be moved to the front
of the sentence.
The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the president.
The White House, located in Washington, is the home of the president.
Located in Washington, The White House is the home of the president.
USE REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES CORRECTLY
Adverb Clause can also appear in a reduced form. The adverb connector remains, but subject and
be-verb are omitted.
Although he is rather unwell, the lecturer will take part in the meeting.
When you are ready, you can begin your speech.
If There is no be-verb in the adverb clause, the subject is omitted and the main verb is
changed into the -ing form.
Although he feels/feeling rather sick, the lecturer will take part in the meeting.
When you give/giving your speech, you should speak loudly
UNREDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
It should be noted that not all Adverb Clause can appear in a reduced form. A number of The adverb
clauses can only be reduced if the verb is in passive form.
Once you submit your thesis, you will graduate.
(active-does not reduce)
Once it is submitted, your thesis will be reviewed.
(passive - does reduce)
When you are finished with the report, you are free to leave.