TOPIC 4

ILLUMINATIONS
 THE DAYLIGHTING OPPORTUNITY
(a) Importanceof Daylighting Design
placement of windows, and location of rooms
were guided by the availability of daylight as the
primary source of illumination. Daylight was the
only source of abundant light for buildings,
provided through deep, tall windows and thick
walls, and perhaps replaced (although
inadequately) in the evening by the flicker of a
candle flame or an oil lamp.
 THE DAYLIGHTING OPPORTUNITY
(a) Importance of Daylighting Design
improve energy efficiency by minimizing the use of
electricity for lighting as well as reducing
associated heating and cooling loads.
Daylighting is a critical design factor to those
concerned about global warming, carbon
emissions, and sustainable design—in addition to
visual comfort.
 THE DAYLIGHTING OPPORTUNITY
(a) Importance of Daylighting Design
daylight strategies that can be used to increase
occupant satisfaction, control glare, provide
appropriate vertical and horizontal illumination,
and address the potential for energy savings to
enable the designer to create a proper visual
environment.
 THE DAYLIGHTING OPPORTUNITY
(b) Planning for Daylight throughout Design

During occupancy, fine‐tuning and maintenance

of the system would occur, and a
post‐occupancy evaluation would be conducted,
in order to determine satisfaction, visual comfort,
and lighting system performance.
 THE DAYLIGHTING OPPORTUNITY
(b) Planning for Daylight throughout Design

While overall design goals remain generally fixed throughout

each design phase, there are key concerns associated with
each of the phases. For example, in the conceptual design
phase, building form, orientation, layout, and major
apertures might be primary elements. Further into design
development, there would be specification of materials and
interior finishes, as well as zoning for integration with electric
lighting and other services; control systems would be
coordinated with occupancy schedules, and commissioning
test procedures set in place.
 THE DAYLIGHTING OPPORTUNITY
(c) Energy Savings with Daylighting
Six “essential” ingredients for daylighting design are:
1. Plan interior space for access to daylight.
2. Minimize sunlight in the vicinity of critical visual
tasks.
3. Design spaces to minimize glare.
4. Zone electric lighting for daylight‐responsive
control.
5. Provide for daylight‐responsive control of electric
lighting.
6. Provide for commissioning and maintenance of
any automatic controls.
(d) Goals of Daylighting

Key goals in daylighting design are to provide

sufficient illuminance, minimize the perception of
glare, and provide for overall visual comfort.
Sunlight in task areas can be controlled in a
number of ways:
 Provide exterior fixed shades that exclude
sunlight for all sun positions.
 Use systems that diffuse the incident sunlight
sufficiently to eliminate glare potential.
 Provide occupant‐controlled adjustable
shades.
Advantages of using daylighting
 Human performance is improved under
daylighting
 Delivers abundant, high-quality lighting that many
activities require
 Colors are rendered accurately
 Natural light improves morale and productivity
 Lower risks of accidents and errors
 Natural ventilation is facilitated
 Reduced operation and maintenance costs
 Demand savings during daytime peaks
Advantages of using daylighting
 Improved aesthetics, provision of human
biological needs (circadian rhythms and visual
relief), and
 reduction of electric lighting energy usage
Potential problems associated with the
use of day lighting
 Glare - Glare occurs when a bright light source
such as the sun is in the field of view of users. It
can also occur when reflections of the sun are
in the field of view.
 Heat - Daylight is always associated with heat,
and the challenge is to maximize the benefit
from daylight with minimum heat gain.
Minimize Glare
 The window is designed to reduce luminance
ratios through the use of sunshading devices,
light shelves, high‐reflectance interior surfaces,
light‐colored window surrounds and mullions,
and low‐transmittance glazing (though such
glazing will reduce light flux through the
window).
 Furniture should be oriented to work with side
lighting (as opposed to having an occupant
face a window).
Types of passive solar heating system for
houses as follows:
i. Direct gain
ii. Indirect gain
iii. Attached greenhouse
Direct gain
• Large south facing
windows that let in the
sunlight.

• Thermal mass is used to

absorb the radiation.

• At night the absorbed

heat is radiated back
into the living space.
Indirect gain
• Collects and stores the solar
energy in one part of the
house and use natural heat
transfer to distribute heat to
the rest of the house.

• Popular method is to use a

Trombe Wall which is a
massive black masonry that
acts as a solar collector and a
heat storage medium.
Attached greenhouse
• Uses a combination of Direct
and Indirect-Gain systems that
use water drums and a
masonry floor as heat storage
in the attached greenhouse.

Thermosiphoning can use direct-

gain from the flow of air created
by the difference in pressure
between the less dense warmer
air of the room and the cooler air
near the ground.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
 The fundamental reasons for providing light in a
space
◦ to make the objects in the space visible and to
conduct activities that must take place in the space.
◦ Good architectural lighting provides the right
quantity of light, with excellent color rendition and
minimal glare.
◦ Quality lighting has been shown to improve
productivity and enhance worker satisfaction.
 LIGHT
 Electromagnetic Radiation

Classifications of electromagnetic radiation spectrum are grouped by wavelength

Behavior of Light
 When light strikes a surface, the surface is
illuminated. Illuminance is the amount of light
incident on (striking) a surface. Although an
object may be illuminated, the eye cannot see
it without visible light leaving (reflecting off) the
object in the direction of the viewer.
Luminance is the amount of light leaving an
object. It is how bright an object appears.
Terminology
 Lumen output – lumen is defined as the quantity
of light given out through a steradian by a
source of one candela of intensity radiating
equally in all directions.
 Luminous flux - the measure of the perceived
power of light expressed in lumens (lm).
Terminology
 Illuminance is the amount of light incident on (striking) a
surface. Although an object may be illuminated, the eye
cannot see it without visible light leaving (reflecting off) the
object in the direction of the viewer.

 Luminance is the amount of light leaving an object. It is how

bright an object appears.

 Reflectance (r) is the ratio of reflected light versus the

light striking the surface (illuminance). For example, the
reflectance of a dull black surface may be about 0.10 (10%
is reflected) while reflectance of a polished, white surface
may be 0.85 (85% is reflected).
 Light Loss factor – the product of all considered factors
that contribute to a lighting installation’s reduced light
output over a period of time. It takes into account dirt
accumulation on luminaires and room surfaces, lamp
depreciation, maintenance procedures, and
atmosphere conditions.

 Coefficient of Utilization – the ratio of the amount of light

(lumens) illuminating the work plane to the output of the
lamp(s) in a fixture. The CU is unique to a type of
luminaire, the geometry of the space (room cavities),
and the reflectance of the surfaces or cavities in the
space.
 A candela (cd) is the SI unit of luminous
intensity—that is, the power emitted by a light
source in a particular direction. One candela is
one lumen per steradian.
 luminaire is a complete lighting unit, which
consists of a lamp (or lamps), lamp socket(s),
any lenses, refractors, or louvers, any ballast (or
ballasts), and the housing.
Standards and Codes
 The National Electrical Code (NEC)
 ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 (American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Engineers, Inc./Illuminating Engineering Society
of North America, Inc., Standard 90.1)
Illumination Level: Illuminance
 Measure of the density of luminous flux
 Illuminance in a uniformly lighted space is directly
proportional to the area of the space.

𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠

 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑓𝑐/𝑙𝑢𝑥) = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑙𝑚/𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝑙𝑚/𝑚2 (1𝑓𝑐 = 10.76 𝑙𝑢𝑥)

 Popular rule of thumb for light levels is the 10-30-50 rule

(10 fc-halls, corridors, 30fc-areas between work stations,
50 fc-at desks)
Recommended light level in different
work spaces
Incandescent Lamps
Incandescent Lamps - Characteristics
 Very inefficient - only less than 10% of the wattage to
produce light; the remainder is heat. Efficiency increases
with larger size. (8% for 25W lamp to 13% for 100W lamp)

 Advantages: low cost, instant starting, ccheap dimming,

high power factor, life hours independent of the number
of times the lamp is lighted, good warm color which is
flattering to the skin and small size.

 Have a relatively short useful life and the life is very

voltage sensitive. (At 10% undervoltage, life is increased
250%, at 10% overvoltage, life is reduced about 75%)
Incandescent Lamps – Best used
conditions
 Lamps are lighted for only short periods
 Lamps are turned on and off frequently
 Low purchase cost and/or low cost dimming are important
 Lamps color is important, particularly its flattering rendering
of skin color
 Lamps are used as point sources in focusing luminaires.

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (𝑙𝑝𝑤)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
Incandescent Lamps – Bulb shape and
base types
Halogen (Quartz) lamps
 Also called tungsten-halogen lamp –special
type of incandescent lamp)
Fixture Efficiency and Coefficient of
Utilization
 Efficiency – the ratio of fixture output lumens to
lamp lumens
 Coefficient of utilization – efficiency of the
fixture-room combination (normally in decimal)
 It describes how well a particular fixture lights a
particular room
𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
CU=
𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
Method of Calculation Illumination
 Watts / Sequare meter Methods – Based on
assumption & consist of in making allowance of
watts /square meter of area
 Lumen of Light flux method – Estimate the
illumination pattern from a set of diffuse lighting
sources over a broad area in a space.
 Point to point OR inverse - square law method
Illuminance Calculations by the Lumen
Method
 Average illuminance in a space in footcandles (fc)
 One fc equals one lumen per squarefoot

𝑳𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔 (𝒍𝒎)
𝑭𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆𝒔(𝒇𝒄) =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕 (𝒇𝒕𝟐 )

𝑼𝒔𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒑 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔 ×𝑪𝑼

𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆(𝒇𝒄) = =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝒇𝒕𝟐 ) 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝒇𝒕𝟐 )

 Room illuminance drops as time progresses due to decrease in lamp output,

dirt in the luminaire, dirt on the walls.
 The sum of these loss factors is called light loss factor, LLF.
𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒑 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔 × 𝑪𝑼 × 𝑳𝑳𝑭
𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒄𝒆 =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
Example
 A 34-W, 425-mA 48-in (122-cm) fluorescent tube
produces 3200 lm. What is the illuminance on
the floor of a 3-m2 room, assuming 60% overall
efficiency & uniform illuminations?
Example
 A classroom 22 ft by 25 ft is to be lighted to an
average maintained footcandle level of 50 fc.
Evaluate the number of three-lamp 40 W RS
luminaries required. Assume, coefficient of
utilization, CU=0.45 and light loss factor,
LLF=0.65.
Example 1
 A classroom 22 ft by 25 ft is lighted with ten fluorescent fixtures, each
containing three F40 T12 3500K lamps (40 W, 3500°K, rapid start). Calculate
the initial and maintained illuminance in footcandles using lumen method.
Assume a CU of 0.45 and an LLF of 0.65. Use Table 14.5 for lamp data.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 = 10 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 × 3 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠/𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 3300𝑙𝑚/𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝

𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 = 10 × 3 × 3300 = 99000 𝑙𝑚

99000𝑙𝑚 × 0.45
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐 = 2
= 81 𝑓𝑐
25 × 22𝑓𝑡

𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑐 = 81 𝑓𝑐 × 0.65 = 52.6 𝑓𝑐 ≈ 53 𝑓𝑐

Example 2
 A classroom 22 ft by 25 ft is to be lighted to an average maintained
footcandle level of 50 fc. Find the number of three lamp 40 w RS luminaires
required. Assume CU=0.45 and LLF=0.65.
Example
 A 100 ft by 140 ft conference center lobby area will
have luminaires for ambient lighting hung 48 ft above
the floor. The ceiling cavity reflectance is 0.80 and the
average wall reflectance is about 0.30. The space will
be illuminated with high-bay, intermediate-distribution,
reflector luminaires as shown in Figure 1. 400 W clear
metal halide lamps with an initial output of 36 000 lm
will be used. The target illuminance is 50 fc at the floor
plane. The LLF will be assumed to be 0.60. Justify the
number of luminaires required to provide uniform
illumination in the space.
Coefficient of Utilization Table
From Figure 1,
 For cavity reflectance 0.80 and wall reflectance 0.30,
CU = 0.81.
Example 3
 An entire building floor is to be lighted to an average maintained
illuminance of 50 fc. The floor measures 320 ft x 150 ft and is divided into 1000
ft2 bays, each measuring 40 ft x 25 ft. The space is to be used as an
economy clothing store, and the lighting designer has selected a single
lamp, pendant, parabolic reflector fixture. The space is air-conditioned.
Assume a CU of 0.85 and an LLF of 0.6. (The very high CU is reasonable for
such a large open area and a highly efficient luminaire). Calculate the
number of fixtures required per bay and suggest an arrangement. (Use 3300
lm)
Incandescent Lamps - Characteristics
 Very inefficient - only less than 10% of the wattage to
produce light; the remainder is heat. Efficiency increases
with larger size. (8% for 25W lamp to 13% for 100W lamp)

 Advantages: low cost, instant starting, ccheap dimming,

high power factor, life hours independent of the number
of times the lamp is lighted, good warm color which is
flattering to the skin and small size.

 Have a relatively short useful life and the life is very

voltage sensitive. (At 10% undervoltage, life is increased
250%, at 10% overvoltage, life is reduced about 75%)
Incandescent Lamps – Best used
conditions
 Lamps are lighted for only short periods
 Lamps are turned on and off frequently
 Low purchase cost and/or low cost dimming are important
 Lamps color is important, particularly its flattering rendering of skin color
 Lamps are used as point sources in focusing luminaires.

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (𝑙𝑝𝑤)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
Parts
1. GLASS BULB
2. VACUUM OR GAS
FILLED
3. WIRE/FILAMENT
4. 5. LEAD-IN WIRES
6. SUPPORT WIRES
7. NECK
8. 11. ELECTRIC FUSE
9. BASE
Incandescent Lamps – Bulb
shape and base types
Halogen (Quartz) lamps
 Also called tungsten-halogen lamp –special
type of incandescent lamp)
Pros and Cons
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

1. LESS EXPENSIVE 1. ENERGY INEFFICIENT

2. EASIER TO DIM WITH 2. SHORT LAMP LIFE TIME
RHEOSTATS 3. WARM SOURCE
3. WARMER COLOR THAN
FLUORESCENT AND
THUNGSTEN-HALOGEN
LAMPS
4. LIGHT OUTPUT IS
RELATIVELY HIGH
5. CAN BE DIMMED
Discharge lamps
 Light is produced by
passage of an electric
current through a vapor
or gas, rather than
through a tungsten wire
as in incandescent
lamp.
FLUORESCENT LAMP
FLUORESCENT LAMP
 Inside bulb is coated with florescent powder
 Oxide coated tungsten filament is used as
electrodes
 Light output is 70 lumen/watt
 Average life is 7500 hours
 ADVANTAGES:  DISADVANTAGE:

•Heat is relatively low •Color temperature

•Energy efficient
•Range from low grade to
high grade
•Long lamp life
•Usually Cool source
•Require ballast: preheat,
instant-start, rapid-start
•Requires controlling
elements for glare control
Sodium Lamp
 gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an
excited state to produce light
 Efficency is 75 lumens/watt
 Average life 60000 hours
Cont..
 Discharge will not start at low
voltage
 Leak transformer produce
starting voltage of about
400V
 First neon gas will discharge
after sodium vaporises and
discharge continues
 Pf is too low(0.3) to correct
capacitor is used
High pressure mercury vapour lamp
 Inner gas used is
Argon and mercury
 Efficiency 40
lumen/watt
 Inner tube have two
main electrodes and
an auxiliary electrode
Artificial Light Sources
 Incandescent Lamps
 Fluorescent Lamps
 High – Intensity Discharge Lamps
 Mercury Lamps
 Metal Halide Lamps
 High Pressure Sodium Lamps
 Low Pressure Sodium Lamps
 Electrodeless Lamps
 Compact arc xenon &Mercury Lamps
 Electroluminescent Lamps
 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
 Carbon arc Lamps
 Gaslights
Lamp efficiency & efficacy
 Efficacy for a light source is how well it turns
input power into the desired output, which is
lumens
 Efficiency is the actual percentage of power in
which comes out as photons.
TYPES OF LAMPS
Illumination Level: Illuminance
 Measure of the density of luminous flux
 Illuminance in a uniformly lighted space is directly
proportional to the area of the space.

𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠

 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑓𝑐/𝑙𝑢𝑥) = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑙𝑚/𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝑙𝑚/𝑚2 (1𝑓𝑐 = 10.76 𝑙𝑢𝑥)

 Popular rule of thumb for light levels is the 10-30-50 rule

(10 fc-halls, corridors, 30fc-areas between work stations,
50 fc-at desks)
Recommended light level in different
work spaces
Light sources
 Incandescent lamp
 Discharge lamp
◦ Florescent lamp
◦ Sodium lamp
◦ High pressure mercury vapour lamp
OLD TYPES OF KEROSEN LAMPS
Incandescent Lamps - Characteristics
 Very inefficient - only less than 10% of the wattage to
produce light; the remainder is heat. Efficiency increases
with larger size. (8% for 25W lamp to 13% for 100W lamp)

 Advantages: low cost, instant starting, ccheap dimming,

high power factor, life hours independent of the number
of times the lamp is lighted, good warm color which is
flattering to the skin and small size.

 Have a relatively short useful life and the life is very

voltage sensitive. (At 10% undervoltage, life is increased
250%, at 10% overvoltage, life is reduced about 75%)
Incandescent Lamps – Best used
conditions
 Lamps are lighted for only short periods
 Lamps are turned on and off frequently
 Low purchase cost and/or low cost dimming are important
 Lamps color is important, particularly its flattering rendering of skin color
 Lamps are used as point sources in focusing luminaires.

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (𝑙𝑝𝑤)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
Parts
1. GLASS BULB
2. VACUUM OR GAS
FILLED
3. WIRE/FILAMENT
4. 5. LEAD-IN WIRES
6. SUPPORT WIRES
7. NECK
8. 11. ELECTRIC FUSE
9. BASE
Incandescent Lamps – Bulb
shape and base types
Halogen (Quartz) lamps
 Also called tungsten-halogen lamp –special
type of incandescent lamp)
Pros and Cons
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

1. LESS EXPENSIVE 1. ENERGY INEFFICIENT

2. EASIER TO DIM WITH 2. SHORT LAMP LIFE TIME
RHEOSTATS 3. WARM SOURCE
3. WARMER COLOR THAN
FLUORESCENT AND
THUNGSTEN-HALOGEN
LAMPS
4. LIGHT OUTPUT IS
RELATIVELY HIGH
5. CAN BE DIMMED
Discharge lamps
 Light is produced by
passage of an electric
current through a vapor
or gas, rather than
through a tungsten wire
as in incandescent
lamp.
FLUORESCENT LAMP
FLUORESCENT LAMP
 Inside bulb is coated with florescent powder
 Oxide coated tungsten filament is used as
electrodes
 Light output is 70 lumen/watt
 Average life is 7500 hours
 ADVANTAGES:  DISADVANTAGE:

•Heat is relatively low •Color temperature

•Energy efficient
•Range from low grade to
high grade
•Long lamp life
•Usually Cool source
•Require ballast: preheat,
instant-start, rapid-start
•Requires controlling
elements for glare control
Sodium Lamp
 gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an
excited state to produce light
 Efficency is 75 lumens/watt
 Average life 60000 hours
Cont..
 Discharge will not start at low
voltage
 Leak transformer produce
starting voltage of about
400V
 First neon gas will discharge
after sodium vaporises and
discharge continues
 Pf is too low(0.3) to correct
capacitor is used
High pressure mercury vapour lamp
 Inner gas used is
Argon and mercury
 Efficiency 40
lumen/watt
 Inner tube have two
main electrodes and
an auxiliary electrode
Artificial Light Sources
 Incandescent Lamps
 Fluorescent Lamps
 High – Intensity Discharge Lamps
 Mercury Lamps
 Metal Halide Lamps
 High Pressure Sodium Lamps
 Low Pressure Sodium Lamps
 Electrodeless Lamps
 Compact arc xenon &Mercury Lamps
 Electroluminescent Lamps
 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
 Carbon arc Lamps
 Gaslights
Lamp efficiency & efficacy
 Efficacy for a light source is how well it turns
input power into the desired output, which is
lumens
 Efficiency is the actual percentage of power in
which comes out as photons.
Summary