Name: Jhester Ken A. Goyena Submitted on: September 17, 2019.

Grade & Section: Grade 12 – St. Simon Submitted to: Mr. Michael Bingayan.

Define the following and give examples.

A. Probability Sampling
B. Non – Probability Sampling
C. Mixed Method Sampling

Definition of Probability Sampling:

Probability Sampling is a sampling technique in which sample from a

larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory of probability.

For a participant to be considered as a probability sample, he/she must be

selected using a random selection. The most important requirement of

probability sampling is that everyone in your population has a known and an

equal chance of getting selected. For example, if you have a population of 100

people every person would have odds of 1 in 100 for getting selected. Probability

sampling gives you the best chance to create a sample that is truly

representative of the population. Probability sampling uses statistical theory to

select randomly, a small group of people (sample) from an existing large

population and then predict that all their responses together will match the

overall population. For example: Assume that the population of children in Las

Pinas City ranges between 5-10, that’s why many youngsters, are living in this

wonderful city. Even this side exists, the probability of range of teenager, young

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adult, to elders are too far. On the other hand the population of teenager living

in this City are ranging from 10-20, young adult from 20-30 and 30 and above to

elders. Another example: An auto analyst is conducting a satisfaction survey,

sampling from a list of 10,000 new car buyers. The list includes 2,500 Ford

buyers, 2,500 GM buyers, 2,500 Honda buyers, and 2,500 Toyota buyers. The

analyst selects a sample of 400 car buyers, by randomly sampling 100 buyers of

each brand. Is this an example of a simple random sample?. The answer is,

A simple random sample requires that every sample of size n (in this

problem, n is equal to 400) has an equal chance of being selected. In this

problem, there was a 100 percent chance that the sample would include 100

purchasers of each brand of car. There was zero percent chance that the sample

would include, for example, 99 Ford buyers, 101 Honda buyers, 100 Toyota

buyers, and 100 GM buyers. Thus, all possible samples of size 400 did not have

an equal chance of being selected; so this cannot be a simple random sample.

The fact that each buyer in the sample was randomly sampled is a necessary

condition for a simple random sample, but it is not sufficient. Similarly, the fact

that each buyer in the sample had an equal chance of being selected is

characteristic of a simple random sample, but it is not sufficient. The sampling

method in this problem used random sampling and gave each buyer an equal

chance of being selected; but the sampling method was actually stratified

random sampling. The fact that car buyers of every brand were equally

represented in the sample is irrelevant to whether the sampling method was

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simple random sampling. Similarly, the fact that population consisted of buyers

of different car brands is irrelevant.

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Simple random sampling as the name suggests is a completely random

method of selecting the sample. This sampling method is as easy as

assigning numbers to the individuals (sample) and then randomly

choosing from those numbers through an automated process. Finally, the

numbers that are chosen are the members that are included in the

sample. There are two ways in which the samples are chosen in this

method of sampling: Lottery system and using number generating

software/ random number table. This sampling technique usually works

around large population and has its fair share of advantages and

disadvantages.

2. Stratified Random sampling involves a method where a larger

population can be divided into smaller groups, that usually don’t overlap

but represent the entire population together. While sampling these groups

can be organized and then draw a sample from each group separately. A

common method is to arrange or classify by sex, age, ethnicity and similar

ways. Splitting subjects into mutually exclusive groups and then using

simple random sampling to choose members from groups. Members in

each of these groups should be distinct so that every member of all

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 groups get equal opportunity to be selected using simple probability. This

sampling method is also called “random quota sampling”.

3. Cluster random sampling is a way to randomly select participants

when they are geographically spread out. For example, if you wanted to

choose 100 participants from the entire population of the U.S., it is likely

impossible to get a complete list of everyone. Instead, the researcher

randomly selects areas (i.e. cities or counties) and randomly selects from

within those boundaries. Cluster sampling usually analyzes a particular

population in which the sample consists of more than a few elements, for

example, city, family, university etc. The clusters are then selected by

dividing the greater population into various smaller sections.

4. Systematic Sampling is when you choose every “nth” individual to be a

part of the sample. For example, you can choose every 5th person to be

in the sample. Systematic sampling is an extended implementation of the

same old probability technique in which each member of the group is

selected at regular periods to form a sample. There’s an equal opportunity

for every member of a population to be selected using this sampling

technique.

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Definition of Non – Probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are

gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal

chances of being selected. In any form of research, true random sampling is always

difficult to achieve. Most researchers are bounded by time, money and workforce and

because of these limitations, it is almost impossible to randomly sample the entire

population and it is often necessary to employ another sampling technique, the non-

probability sampling technique. In contrast with probability sampling, non-probability

sample is not a product of a randomized selection processes. Subjects in a non-

probability sample are usually selected on the basis of their accessibility or by the

purposive personal judgment of the researcher. The downside of the non-probablity

sampling method is that an unknown proportion of the entire population was not

sampled. This entails that the sample may or may not represent the entire population

accurately. Therefore, the results of the research cannot be used

in generalizations pertaining to the entire population. For example: Many humans

around the world are believing in different cultures, and different belief systems.

This includes the people of Indonesia, believes in the system syncretism, in

which it is also a belief system in India and which is Hinduism and other Buddhist

religions in the South East countries. Now this people and culture are highly

sensitive when it comes to these talk, which is religion. If me as a researcher

could interview and get a sample of highly indigenous people there, my

conducted study would be simply accurate. It is highly recommended that

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knowledge of people there and you are appropriate, meaning you learned about

them before you will get a sample.

TYPES OF NON – PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Convenience Sampling/Availability Sampling

Convenience sampling is probably the most common of all sampling

techniques. With convenience sampling, the samples are selected because they

are accessible to the researcher. Subjects are chosen simply because they are

easy to recruit. This technique is considered easiest, cheapest and least time

consuming.

2. Purposive Sampling

A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected based on

characteristics of a population and the objective of the study. Purposive sampling

is different from convenience sampling and is also known as judgmental,

selective, or subjective sampling.

TYPES OF PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

Maximum Variation/Heterogeneous

A maximum variation/heterogeneous purposive sample is one which is

selected to provide a diverse range of cases relevant to a particular phenomenon

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or event. The purpose of this kind of sample design is to provide as much insight

as possible into the event or phenomenon under examination. For example,

when conducting a street poll about an issue, a researcher would want to ensure

that he or she speaks with as many different kinds of people as possible in order

to construct a robust view of the issue from the public's perspective.

Homogeneous

A homogeneous purposive sample is one that is selected for having a

shared characteristic or set of characteristics. For example, a team of researchers

wanted to understand what the significance of white skin—whiteness—means to

white people, so they asked white people about this. This is a homogenous

sample created on the basis of race.

Typical Case Sampling

Typical case sampling is a type of purposive sampling useful when a

researcher wants to study a phenomenon or trend as it relates to what are

considered "typical" or "average" members of the effected population. If a

researcher wants to study how a type of educational curriculum affects the

average student, then he or she choose to focus on average members of a

student population.

Extreme/Deviant Case Sampling

Conversely, extreme/deviant case sampling is used when a researcher

wants to study the outliers that diverge from the norm as regards a particular

phenomenon, issue, or trend. By studying the deviant cases, researchers can

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often gain a better understanding of the more regular patterns of behavior. If a

researcher wanted to understand the relationship between study habits and high

academic achievement, he or she should purposively sample students considered

high achievers.

Critical Case Sampling

Critical case sampling is a type of purposive sampling in which just one

case is chosen for study because the researcher expects that studying it will

reveal insights that can be applied to other like cases. When sociologist C.J.

Pascoe wanted to study sexuality and gender identity develop among high school

students, she selected what was considered to be an average high school in

terms of population and family income, so that her findings from this case could

be more generally applicable.

Total Population Sampling

With total population sampling a researcher chooses to examine the entire

population that has one or more shared characteristics. This kind of purposive

sampling technique is commonly used to generate reviews of events or

experiences, which is to say, it is common to studies of particular groups within

larger populations.

Expert Sampling

Expert sampling is a form of purposive sampling used when research requires

one to capture knowledge rooted in a particular form of expertise. It is common

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to use this form of purposive sampling technique in the early stages of a

research process, when the researcher is seeking to become better informed

about the topic at hand before embarking on a study. Doing this kind of early-

stage expert-based research can shape research questions and research design

in important ways.

3. Quota Sampling

Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the

researcher ensures equal or proportionate representation of subjects depending

on which trait is considered as basis of the quota. For example, if basis of the

quota is college year level and the researcher needs equal representation, with a

sample size of 100, he must select 25 1st year students, another 25 2nd year

students, 25 3rd year and 25 4th year students. The bases of the quota are

usually age, gender, education, race, religion and socioeconomic status.

4. Judgmental Sampling

Judgmental sampling is more commonly known as purposive sampling. In

this type of sampling, subjects are chosen to be part of the sample with a

specific purpose in mind. With judgmental sampling, the researcher believes that

some subjects are more fit for the research compared to other individuals. This is

the reason why they are purposively chosen as subjects.

5. Snowball Sampling

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 Snowball sampling is usually done when there is a very small population

size. In this type of sampling, the researcher asks the initial subject to identify

another potential subject who also meets the criteria of the research. The

downside of using a snowball sample is that it is hardly representative of the

population.

Mixed Method Sampling Definition

Mixed methods research is a methodology for conducting research that

involves collecting, analysing and integrating quantitative (e.g., experiments,

surveys) and qualitative (e.g., focus groups, interviews) research. This approach

to research is used when this integration provides a better understanding of the

research problem than either of each alone. For example: Teachers are now in –

demand, and many people are trying or pursuing to become a teacher, as a

teachers they need teaching strategies that students will cope – up with. Here, in

this institute we interview, 5 teachers from Senior High, 5 from High

school/Junior High, and 5 from elementary. As we’ve interview them they cited

that, Teachers and students are having a good communication, interconnected to

each other, vice – versa, that both will learn.

 Quantitative data includes close-ended information such as that

found to measure attitudes (e.g., rating scales), behaviours (e.g.,

observation checklists), and performance instruments. The analysis

of this type of data consists of statistically analysing scores collected

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 on instruments (e.g., questionnaires) or checklists to answer

research questions or to test hypotheses.

 Qualitative data consists of open-ended information that the

researcher usually gathers through interviews, focus groups and

observations. The analysis of the qualitative data (words, text or

behaviours) typically follows the path of aggregating it into

categories of information and presenting the diversity of ideas

gathered during data collection.

By mixing both quantitative and qualitative research and data, the

researcher gains in breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration, while

offsetting the weaknesses inherent to using each approach by itself. One of the

most advantageous characteristics of conducting mixed methods research is the

possibility of triangulation, i.e., the use of several means (methods, data sources

and researchers) to examine the same phenomenon. Triangulation allows one to

identify aspects of a phenomenon more accurately by approaching it from

different vantage points using different methods and techniques. Successful

triangulation requires careful analysis of the type of information provided by each

method, including its strengths and weaknesses.

TYPES OF MIXED METHOD SAMPLING

1. Sequential explanatory design

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 This design involves the collection and analysis of quantitative data

followed by the collection and analysis of qualitative data. The priority is

given to the quantitative data, and the findings are integrated during the

interpretation phase of the study.

2. Concurrent triangulation

In this design only one data collection phase is used, during which

quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis are conducted

separately yet concurrently. The findings are integrated during the

interpretation phase of the study. Usually, equal priority is given to both

types of research.

3. Concurrent nested

In this design only one data collection phase is used, during which a

predominant method (quantitative or qualitative) nests or embeds the other

less priority method (qualitative or quantitative, respectively). This nesting

may mean that the embedded method addresses a different question than

the dominant method or seeks information from different levels. The data

collected from the two methods are mixed during the analysis phase of the

project.

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