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Programmes in the School of Mathematics First Examination

Programmes involving Mathematics First Examination

1VGLA 06 25664 Level C

Vectors, Geometry and Linear Algebra

Summer examinations 2017-18

Three Hours

Full marks may be obtained with complete answers to ALL questions in Section A (worth a total
of 50 marks) and THREE (out of FOUR) questions from Section B worth 17 marks each. Only
the best THREE answers from Section B will be credited.

An indication of the number of marks allocated to parts of questions is shown in square brackets.

No calculator is permitted in this examination.

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SECTION A

1. (a) Study the Venn Diagram below.

(i) Write the set A ∩ (B\C) explicitly, i.e. as {α, β , γ}.

(ii) Determine (A ∪ B)0 and write the resulting set explicitly. [2]

(b) Draw the following combination of real intervals on a number line.

((−5, −1) ∪ (3, 4]) \{−3}. [1]

2. The principle of Mathematical Induction (PMI) to prove a statement P(n) for all n ∈ N consists
of two steps:

(1) Prove that P(1) is true;

(2) Prove that . . ..

Give the correct second step. [2]

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3. The extended matrix associated with a system of equations A • x = b has been reduced using
elementary row operations to the matrix C. For each of the different matrices C given below,
state whether or not C is in echelon form, and if not, reduce it further to echelon form. Hence,
determine whether or not the system of equations is consistent or not and, when it is consistent,
specify the solution set.

(a)  
3 0 0 6
 
C=
 0 1 0 2 

0 0 1 0

(b)  
1 0 3 5
 
C= 0 1 0 2 


0 0 0 1

(c)  
1 0 −1 2
 
C=
 0 0 1 3 

[5]
0 0 2 6
4. (a) Calculate the following matrix. Show your workings in detail.
! ! !
1 −4 1 2
2 + · . [1]
−1 7 −2 1
(b) Find the inverse of the following matrices.
   
2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
   
 0 3 0 0   0 1 0 0 
D= 
 0 0 4 0  and E = 
 0 3 1 0 .

[2]
   
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1

5. (a) For the vectors u = (1, −2, 0) and v = (4, −1, 5) determine u · v, proju (v) and u × v. [3]

(b) Determine the equation of the plane through the point P1 (1, 2, −1) and with the vector
w 1 = (−1, 3, 2) as normal. [1]

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6. (a) Consider the conic with equation

9x2 − 4y2 − 18x − 24y − 63 = 0.

Determine the type of conic, and, where applicable, the coordinates of the center, focus
(foci), vertex (vertices) and asymptotes for this conic. Hence sketch the conic. [6]

(b) Determine the equation in standard form of the conic depicted below, where ‘V1’, ‘V2’,
‘V3’ and ‘V4’ denote the vertices. Determine its eccentricity. [2]

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√
7. (a) Given the complex number α = −3 3 + 3 i :

(i) write α in modulus-argument form and in exponential form, using the Principal Value
for the argument;

(ii) sketch α and α ∗ on the Argand diagram;

3
(iii) calculate (α ∗ ) and write it in the form p + q i where p, q ∈ R. [3]

(b) Find graphically the solutions to the inequalities

(i) |z + 3 i| < 3.

(ii) Re(z) ≥ 1.

Hence, solve the combined inequality |z + 3 i| < 3 AND Re(z) ≥ 1. [3]

8. (a) Given a 4 by 4 matrix F with

 
2 0 0 0
 
 0 3 0 0 
F=
 3 5 −1
,
 0 

0 7 0 −1

find the determinant of each of the following matrices:

F−1 ; F2 ; −F; FT . [2]

(b) Use Cramer’s rule to determine the solutions of the system of linear equations
(
2x + 3y = −1,
[2]
−x + 2y = 0.
(c) Find the cofactor matrix, C(G), the adjoint matrix, adj(G), and hence the inverse matrix
G−1 , when  
2 2 0
 
G=
 0 2 −1  .

[3]
0 1 0

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9. (a) A student produced a definition of a real vector space which is given below. This definition
contains a number of errors and misconceptions. List all you can find and explain clearly
why they are errors or misconceptions.

A set V with a binary operation + and a scalar multiplication · with elements

from a field R, +, · is called a vector space over R when the following properties
are satisfied.

(i) V, + is an abelian group, with identity 0,

(ii) V − {0}, · is an abelian group, with identity 1,
(iii) V is closed under the scalar multiplication · :

∀ a ∈ V, ∀ λ ∈ R : λ · a ∈ R,

(iv) Scalar multiplication is distributive with respect to + in V :

∀ a, b ∈ V, ∀ λ ∈ R : λ · (a + b) = (λ · a) + (λ · b),

(v) Scalar multiplication is distributive with respect to + in R:

∀ a ∈ V, ∀ λ , µ ∈ R : (λ + µ) · a = (λ · a) + (µ · a),

(vi) Scalar multiplication is mixed associative:

∀ a, b ∈ V, ∀ λ ∈ R : λ · (a · b) = (λ · a) · b,

(vii) The identity of R − {0}, · is also the identity for scalar multiplication:

∀ a ∈ V : 1 · a = a.

(viii) The identity of R, + is also the inverse for scalar multiplication:

∀ a ∈ V : 0 · a = 0.

[4]

(b) Determine whether the subset of the real vector space R3 given below is a subspace of
R3 . Justify your answer.
X = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | y = 0}. [2]

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(c) Determine the coordinates of the vector a = (−1, 4, −3, 2) with respect to the basis
{(1, 2, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1, 0)} of a subspace of R4 . [1]

(d) For the matrix H given below, determine the row space and write it as
row(H) = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | . . .}.  
1 −1
 
H= 0

.
1  [2]
3 5
(e) Given the matrix J,  
1 0 0 1 2 −1
 
J =  0 1 0 1 1 −2 

,
0 0 2 2 2 −4

determine the dimension of col(J). Hence, find a basis for col(J). [2]

(f) Determine T (b) for b = (1, 0, 1) under the linear transformation

T : R3 → R4 , T ((x, y, z)) = (x − z, x − 3z, 2 − y, y + z). [1]

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SECTION B

10. (a) Prove by mathematical induction that 23n − 1 is divisible by 7 for all n ∈ N. [5]

(b) The matrix K is given by  

1 0 0
 
K= 0 1 1 

.
0 2 α
Determine for which values of α the matrix K is invertible and determine its inverse for
these values. [4]

(c) Determine the intersection between the plane Π1 : x − y − 3z = −2 and the line L1
through the point P(1, 4, 3) and parallel to the vector q = (1, −1, −1). [2]

(d) Specify the relative position of the line L2 with each of the lines L3 and L4 , i.e. do they
intersect, are they parallel, do they lie in parallel planes but are not parallel themselves
(skew) or are they identical? Explain your answer and find any points of intersection.
           
x 1 2 x 1 0
           
=
L2 :  y  1  + λ  −1  L3 :  y  =  1  + ν  1 
        
 
z −1 −1 z −1 2
     
x 2 4
     
 y = −1  +
L4 :    δ  −1 
   [4]
z −1 0
(e) Find the parametric equation of a line L5 which is different from, yet parallel to, the line L2
given in part (d) above. [2]

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11. (a) The matrix L is given by

     
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
     
 0 0 0 1   3 1 0 0   0 1 0 0 
 0 0 1 0 · 0 0 1 0 · 0 0 5 0 .
L=     
     
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Determine the inverse of the matrix L. [3]

(b) Write the vector c = (4, −2, 2) as the sum of two vectors, d and e, such that

e k p, with p = (1, 0, 1), and, d ⊥ e. [2]

(c) Determine the equation of a plane Π2 which is parallel to the plane Π3 with equation
√
x + 3z = 2 such that the distance between the two planes is 1. [2]

(d) The quadratic equation

√ √ √
3x2 + y2 − 2 3 xy − 8(2 + 3)x + 8(1 − 2 3) y − 16 = 0

becomes
h √ i
3 cos (α) + sin (α) − 2 3 cos(α) sin(α) x̃2
2 2
h √ i
+ 3 sin2 (α) + cos2 (α) + 2 3 cos(α) sin(α) ỹ2
h √ i
2 3 cos2 (α) − sin2 α + 4 cos(α) sin(α) x̃ỹ


−
h √   √  i
− 8 2 + 3 cos(α) + −1 + 2 3 sin(α) x̃
h √   √  i
+ 8 1 − 2 3 cos(α) + 2 + 3 sin(α) ỹ − 16 = 0,

after applying the rotation characterised by the formulae

(
x = x̃ cos(α) − ỹ sin(α),
y = x̃ sin(α) + ỹ cos(α).

Show that, with an appropriate choice of α ∈ (− π2 , 0), the quadratic equation can be
written in the x̃, ỹ-coordinate system as

x̃2 − 4x̃ − 8ỹ − 4 = 0. [4]

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Determine the type of the conic defined by the equation above. Hence, determine, with
respect to the x̃, ỹ-coordinate system and where applicable, the coordinates of the center,
focus (foci), vertex (vertices), directrix (directrices) and asymptotes. Hence determine the
coordinates of the focus (foci) and the equation of the focal axis in the x, y-coordinate
system. [6]

12. (a) Find all fourth roots of the complex number

π
β = 4 e 4 i.

Hence solve the equation

√ √
z5 − (2 2 + 2 2 i)z = 0. [5]

(b) Let  
1 0 0
 
M=
 2 0 2 .

1 2 3

Determine all values of λ for which |M − λ I3 | = 0. [3]

(c) For the subset Y of R5 given below, find a spanning set and a basis, and hence determine
its dimension.

Y = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) ∈ R5 |x1 + x3 = 0 and x1 − x2 + x5 = 0}. [4]

(d) Let V and W be two (not necessarily distinct) real vector spaces and let T : V → W be a
linear transformation. Define the kernel of T , ker(T ), and prove that it is a subspace of V . [3]

(e) S is a map from the real vector space of second order polynomials with real coefficients
to the real vector space of linear polynomials with real coefficients, defined as

S ax2 + bx + c = 2ax + b.

Prove that S is a linear transformation. [2]

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13. (a) It is known that z = −i is a root of multiplicity 2 of the polynomial equation

z6 + 3z5 + 2z4 + 6z3 + z2 + 3z = 0.

Find all other roots of the above polynomial equation. Hence factorise the polynomial
using real factors only. [5]

(b) Prove the following Theorem:

For any matrix A = [ai j ] ∈ Mnn , with n ≥ 2, if the matrix R is obtained from A
by adding λ times column j of A to column i of A, where λ ∈ R, then

det(R) = det(A).

[5]

(c) Let T : R3 → R2 be the linear transformation given by the rule

T ((x, y, z)) = (x − y, y − z).

(i) Find the matrix A that represents T relative to the standard ordered basis
B = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} of the domain of T , R3 , and the ordered basis
B0 = {(1, 0), (1, 1)} of the codomain of T , i.e. R2 .
(ii) Determine the rank of T .

(iii) Determine the kernel, ker(T ), and the image, im(T ).

(iv) Find a basis of im(T ) and determine the nullity of T . [7]

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LC Vectors, Geometry and Linear Algebra

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