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Using
Operational Amplifiers
Agenda
+V
SUPPLY
120
100
Gain IN OUT
80
|Gain|
60 - V SUPPLY
dB
40 0°
Phase
20 -90°
0 -180°
.0001 Hz .01Hz 1Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1MHz
Frequency
Z FB
E IN Z
IN
E DIFF K E OUT
E =-(Z /Z )xE
OUT FB IN IN
(1) EOUT = - K x E DIFF
(2) EDIFF = ZFB
x (E IN - E OUT) + EOUT
Z FB + Z IN
Solve (1) for EDIFF and substitute in (2).
Let (K+1)/K = 1.
stage.
E3 Z3
current.
• Multiple inputs can be
summed:
• Makes an excellent
buffer.
EIN
High Current E OUT
Fc log Freq.
VCVS
Band Pass
Wein Bridge R C R
Quadrature Oscillator
Uses two integrators to solve sine wave equation e(t) = -e(t).
Both sine and cosine terms are generated.
Amplitude control is required here also.
LIMITER
The amplitude falls off as the inverse square of frequency, so an amplitude control loop will be
required.
E ref
Analog Switch
+V in
-15V
C1 C2
+V in
JK
A Low B
Pass
JK
Phase: 0 90 180
VCO N A:
B: 0 2.5 5
Binary EO
Weighted N
2 R 2 N-1
R 2 N-2
R R
(Linear)
LSB MSB
Eo = 2EREF R FB BF
EREF R
N N-1 N-2 0
R FB
EO
RMAX RMIN
Non-Linear
EREF
0 1 2 2 N -1
One of 2N Decoder
N N-1 N-2 0
EO
2R 2R 2R 2R
LSB MSB
E REF
R R R 0
2R 2R 2R R FB
2R R R R
EO
2R 2R 2R 2R
E REF
R FB
EO E REF 2R
R FB R FB
EO E REF 8R EO E REF 4R