JOSE C.

FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

2003. If there is a law that enables smoking, there will also be a law that will obviate

smoking and that is the fully implementation of the Department of Health, also known as

DOH (2017) in the Republic Act 10643, or “An Act to Effectively Instill Health

Consciousness through Graphic Health Warnings on Tobacco Products,” or also known as

“The Graphic Health Warnings Law” (GHW) in order to control tobacco use in the country.

In the Philippines, it was claimed by Rufino Rios (2018) that smoking is such a

widespread drawback, prompting the government to ban it to all public places throughout

the country. Smoking is a major public health concern, motion health risks not just for the

smokers themselves but additionally for others around once the smokers smoke.

It was stated by National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2009) that smoking can affect

a student’s academic performance. It was also concluded that students with higher grades

are less likely to engage in smoking behaviors than their classmates with lower grades, and

students who do not engage in smoking receive higher grades than their classmates who do

engage in tobacco use behaviors.

Moreover, JL Sindelar, N Duchovny, TA Falba, and SH Busch (2019) quoted that

smoking affect absences through increased health problems, especially respiratory,

circulatory, and cancer. These health problems could result in days lost because of sickness

and also more doctors’ visits and hospitalizations.

Smoking, thus, has become a totally negative plan, act or habit. Most of the people, as

well as the smokers themselves, would attest that it's a foul factor. Curiously, whereas

smoking is usually seemed to be a foul factor, many folks still have the habit of smoking.
 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

Statement of the Problem

The primary aim of this study is to determine the effects of smoking among Senior

High School in their Academic Performance for the School Year 2019-2020 at Jose C.

Feliciano College Foundation.

Specifically, the study will seek to answer to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the Senior High School students in terms of:

1.1 Age;
1.2 Gender;
1.3 Year Level;
1.4 Strand; and
1.5 Daily allowance?

2. What are the smoking habits of the respondents when it comes to;

2.1 People around;

2.2 Cost of smoking;
2.3 Frequency of smoking (per week);
2.4 Time to smoke; and
2.5 Reason for smoking?

3. How does smoking affect your academic performance when it comes to;

3.1 Going to school;

3.2 Lates and absences; and
3.3 Doing your requirements?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the academic performance of the respondents and

their smoking habits?

 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

Why do people smoke?

January Nelson (2018) conducted a research study wherein he found out that most

people smoke because it is their way to cope up with their stress. The nicotine calms them

down because it is a mood altering drug that impacts the brain. It triggers the release of

dopamine, which brings pleasure and relaxation. This statement was argued by Farouk

Radwan (2017) when he stated that when someone losses control of his emotions, he will

try to use any external object that he can exert control upon (the cigarettes in this case) in

order to restore the feelings of being on control. However, Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD

(2016) stated that almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and

heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 10 years or more; and that the habit can cost a

smoker thousands of money a year. So how come people are still lighting up? The answer,

in a word, is addiction.

Effects of Smoking

Dennis Thompson Jr. (2009) said that cigarette damages just about every organ of

the body and leads to general deterioration of the smokers health. This statement was

supported by State of Victoria (2018) Inhaling tobacco smoke causes damage to many of

the body’s organs and systems.

In agreement, JA Krosnick (2017) stated that most americans recognize that smoking

causes serious disease yet may americans continue to smoke. The accuracy of americans

perceptions of the absolute risk attributable risk and relative risk of lung cancer and assesses

which of these beliefs drive americans smoking behaviors.

 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION
The statements above were supported by Judith Marcin (2017) Smoking can lead to

a variety of ongoing complications in the body, as well as long-term effects on your body

systems. While smoking can increase your risk of a variety of problems over several years,

some of the bodily effects are immediate. Smokefree (2019) also quoted that smoking can

cause your bones to become weak and brittle. Women need to be especially careful as

they are more likely to suffer from brittle bones (osteoporosis) than non-smokers. To

summarize their declarations, CR Singh (2015) concluded that the chemical in cigarette

smoke are leading cause of death to both smokers and nonsmokers.

Definition of Cigarettes

CDC/National Center for Health Statistics (2017) declared that Cigarettes are a thin

cylinder of ground or shredded tobacco that is wrapped in paper, lit, and smoked. In addition

to that, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2010) agreed to this declaration when he defined

cigarette as a small roll of finely cut tobacco wrapped in thin paper for smoking and usually

having a filter tip. Also, Merriam Webster (2019) had the same definition and it described

cigarettes as a slender roll of cut tobacco enclosed in paper and meant to be smoked also a

similar roll of another substance.

Description of Academic Performance

Cambridge University Reporter (2012) defined Academic Performance in terms of

examination performance. This website also said that academic performance refers to what

the student have learned or what skills the student has learned and is usually measured

through assessments like standardized tests, performance assessments and portfolio

assessments.
 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Lana Kin Kade (2019) proclaimed that academic performance is how well you do in

your classes. It is a measurement of how you do in school. The grades you receive are one

measurement standardized testing in sometimes used. In accordance to that, Melissa Bell

(2018) supported this proclamation when she said that academic performance is the

summation or numerical method of determining how well a student do in performing.

The affirmations above were argued by Maslim Masrom and Selisa Usat (2015)

when they said that the Academic performance is defined by students reporting of past

semester CGPA/GPA and their expected GPA for the current semester. The grade point

average or GPA is now used by moste tertiary institutions as a convenient summary measure

of academic performance of their students. The GPA is a better measurement because it

provides a greater insight into the relative level of performance of individuals and different

group of students.

As claimed by M.J Layug (2019), in educational institutions, success is measured by

academic performance, or how well a student meets standards set out by local government

and the institution itself. As career competition grows ever fiercer in the working world, the

importance of students doing well in school has caught the attention of parents, legislators

and government education departments alike.

How to measure Academic Performance?

Wendy Mays Elmore, J. Kenneth, Sandra Harris and Diane Mason (2017) revealed

that academic performance is measured by the final grade earned in the course. However,

this revelation was supported by Wikipedia (2019) who said that Academic Performance is
 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

commonly measured through examinations or continuous assessments but there is no

general agreement on how it is best evaluated or which aspects are most important –

procedural knowledge such as skill or declarative knowledge such as facts. In agreement,

Melissa Bell (2018) also supported this statement when she quoted that Academic

Performance in school is evaluated in a number of ways. For regular grading, students

demonstrate their knowledge by taking written and oral test, performing presentations,

turning in homework and participating in class activities and discussions.

Lates and Absences

JL Sindelar, N Duchovny, TA Falba, and SH Busch (2019) pointed out the

information that smoking may affect absences through increased health problems, especially

respiratory, circulatory, and cancer. These health problems could result in days lost because

of sickness and also more doctors’ visits and hospitalizations.

Nevertheless, Tia Henderson, Caitlin Hill, and Kerry Norton (2014) agreed to this

information when they said that chronic absenteeism is often caused by community, family,

and child health factors and chronic absenteeism can contribute to a lifetime of health

problem. Many health conditions such as hunger, respiratory illness, depression, fear of

bullying, and dental pain are barriers to children attending school. Additionally, the less

education an adult has, the more likely they are to smoke, be overweight, have diabetes, and

die prematurely of certain chronic conditions.

 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

References

Alson, Chevette (2018) “Cigarette Smoking: History, Causes and Effects”, Retrieved

from: study.com

Adi Bhat (2019) “Correlational Research: Definition with Examples”, Retrieved

from: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/correlational-research/amp/

Ben Foley (2018) “What is Stratified Sampling and when it is used?” Retrieved from:

https://www.surveygizmo.com/resources/blog/what-is-stratified-sampling-when-is-it-used/

Cambridge University Reporter (2012) “Concept of Academic Achievement”,

Retrieved from: http://edu725nurule.blogspot.com/2012/11/22-concept-of-academic-

achievement.html

CDC/National Center for Health Statistics (2017) “Tobacco”, Retrieved from:

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/tobacco/tobacco_glossary.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2018) “Health effects of

Cigarette Smoking” Retrieved from:

https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smokin

g/index.htm?fbclid=IwAR3ndp4eAulZCtFzBeIes52ZKQxiWll7ZineqSwdf_P_fubonySj2I

bNQZU

Chelo Banal-Formoso (2016) “Primer: What you should know about the K to 12

senior high school”, Retrieved from: Philippine Daily Inquirer

Chua, Philip (2011) “History of Smoking”, Retrieved from:

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/69599/history-of-smoking
 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

CR Singh (2015) “Effects of smoking”, Retrieved from:

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/smoking-effects-on-your-body

Dr. Madden (2019) “The Solution to Smoking: Just don’t do it” Retrieved from:

https://fordhamobserver.com/31400/sh/the-solution-to-smoking-just-dont-do-it/

DOH (2017) “Graphic Health Warnings in the Philippines” Retrieved from:

https://www.doh.gov.ph/Graphic-Health-Warnings-in-the-Philippines

Edukasyon (2018) “Jose C. Feliciano College Foundation”, Retrieved from:

https://www.edukasyon.ph/schools/jose-c-feliciano-college

Edukasyon (2018) “What does Jose C. Feliciano College stand for?” Retrieved from:

https://www.edukasyon.ph/schools/jose-c-feliciano-college

Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD (2016) “Kids Health” Retrieved from:

https://kidshealth.org/?fbclid=IwAR2DLnEaH8ecXEP9gz_ofxtHSS78QwpZiTgCXbyfohn

dbskzdR-eCmiENBU

Encyclopedia Britannica (2019) “Cigarette”, Retrieved from: Britannica.com

Enderun (2019) “A Brief Overview of Senior High Strands in the Philippines”

Retrieved from: enderun.com

Explorable (2019) “Convenience Sampling” Retrieved from:

https://explorable.com/convenience-sampling

Find University (2010) “Jose C. Feliciano College Foundation”, Retrieved from:

https://www.finduniversity.ph/universities/jose-c-feliciano-college-dau-mabalacat-

pampanga/
 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

Harcourt, Houghton Mifflin (2010) “How Cigarettes Are Made and How You Can

Make a Plan to Quit”, Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-

ingredients-components/how-cigarettes-are-made-and-how-you-can-make-plan-quit

HAWS Online (2019) “The Philippine K-12 Education”, Homeschool of Asia World

System, LLC. Global Gateway Management and Portal

JA Krosnick (2017) “Perceptions of health risks of cigarette smoking: A new

measure reveals widespread misunderstanding”, Retrieved from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5555635/

JCFC (2011) “About” Retrieved from:

https://www.josecfelicianocollege.com/about.html

JL Sindelar, N Duchovny, TA Falba, and SH Busch (2019) “If smoking increases

absences, does quitting reduce them?”, Retrieved from:

https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/14/2/99

Jose C. Feliciano College Foundation (2011) “Jose C. Feliciano College

Foundation”, Retrieved from: https://www.josecfelicianocollege.com/admission.html

Jose C. Feliciano College Foundation (2011) “General Policy Statement”, Retrieved

from: https://www.josecfelicianocollege.com/studentservices.html

Jose C. Feliciano College Foundation (2011) “Jose C. Feliciano College

Foundation”, Retrieved from: https://www.josecfelicianocollege.com/index.html

Judith Marcin (2017) “The effects of smoking on the body”, Retrieved from:

https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/effects-on-body?
 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

Julian Perelman, Teresa Leao, and Anton Kunst (2019) “Smoking and school

absenteeism among 15- to 16-year-old adolescents: a cross-section analysis on 36 European

countries”, Oxford University Press

Layug, Mark Jhanfer (2011) “Define Academic Performance”, Retrieved from:

https://www.scribd.com/document/62218299/Define-Academic-Performance

Masrom, Maslim and Usat, Selisa (2015) “Use of Online Social Networking and

Academic Performance of Students”, Retrieved from: IGI Global

Mayo Clinic (2019) “Quitting smoking; 10 Way to resist tobacco cravings”

Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/quit-smoking/in-

depth/nicotine-craving/art-

Medical Dictionary (2019) “Smoking”, Retrieved from: https://medical-

dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/smoking

Melissa J. Bell (2018) “Define Academic Performance”, Leaf Group Ltd., Leaf

Group Education

Merriam Webster (2019) “Cigarette”, Retrieved from: https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/cigarette

Merriam Webster (2019) “Smoke”, Retrieved from: https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/smoke

Mia Folliard (2015) “You are a fool if you think smoking is cool.” Retrieved from:

https://prezi.com/i5fb7nenu7yc/youre-a-fool-if-you-think-smoking-is-cool/

Nelson, January (2018) “Why do people smoke?”, Retrieved from: Thought Catalog
 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

Philippine Statistics Authority (2010) “17.3 Million Filipino Adults are Current

Tobacco Smokers (Final Results from the 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey)” Retrieved

from: https://psa.gov.ph/tags/gats?/

Radwan, Farouk (2017) “Why do people smoke cigarettes?” Retrieved from:

2KnowMyself.com

Rufino Rios (2018) “The Smoking Problem” Retrieved from:

https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu lifestyle/

Saul Mcleod (2018) “Questionnaire” Retrieved from

https://www.simplypsychology.org/questionnaires.html

Smokefree (2019) “How smoking affects your body”, Retrieved from:

https://www.nhs.uk/smokefree/why-quit/smoking-health-problems

State of Victoria (2018) “Smoking – Effects on your body”, Retrieved from:

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/smoking-effects-on-your-body?

Sweanor, David (2019) “Smoking”, Retrieved from:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/smoking-tobacco

Tia Henderson, Caitlin Hill, Kerry Norton (2014) “The Connection between Missing

School and Health: A Review of Chronic Absenteeism and Student Health in Oregon”,

Retrieved from: Upstream Public Health

Thompson, Dennis Jr. (2009) “Health Effects of Smoking”, Retrieved from:

https://www.everydayhealth.com/smoking-cessation/understanding/medical-

consequences.aspx
 JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

Tobacco Control Law (2019) “Legislation by Country Philippines” Retrieved from:

https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/legislation/country/philippines/summary

Tobacco free life (2016) “History of Tobacco”, Retrieved from:

https://tobaccofreelife.org/tobacco/tobacco-history/

Wikipedia (2019) “Academic Achievement” Retrieved from:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_achievement

Wendy Mays Elmore, J. Kenneth, Sandra Harris and Diane Mason (2017) “The

Relationship between Individual Student Attributes and Online Course Completion”, IGI

Global

Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2009) “Tobacco Use and Academic Achievement”

Retrieved from:

https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/health_and_academics/pdf/tobacco_use.pdf

Zalewska, M. (2009) “History of cigarette smoking. The effect of tobacco smoking

on women’s health” Retrieved from: PMC.com.