GD&T

GD&T
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING

ASME Y14.5M-1994
Presented by: Sam Larsen, GDTP (S-0446)
Emerson Process Management

Cluj-Napoca, Romania
May, 2009
Basics Training Course

GD&T COURSE OUTLINE
This course is designed to provide an understanding of the basics of Geometric
Dimensioning and Tolerancing. It is intended as a tool to help “Decode” the
ASME Y14.5M – 1994 Standard.
Introduction – Sect.1
• Brief History ORIENTATION Characteristics – Sect.5
• Plus/Minus Tolerancing ¾ Parallelism (Surface/Axis)
• GD&T Comparison ¾ Perpendicularity (Surface/Axis)
¾ Orientation at 0.0 MMC
¾ Angularity (Surface/Axis)
Symbols & Defenitions – Sect.2
• Standards Comparison
• Symbols
• Features of Size LOCATION Characteristics – Sect.6
• Rule 1 ¾ Concentricity
• Feature Control Frame - FCF ¾ Symmetry
• Material Condition Modifiers ¾ Position RFS/MMC / LMC
• Rule 2 ¾ Position and Datum shifts
¾ Projected Tolerance Zone
¾ Multi-Segment FCF
¾ Composite FCF
DATUMS – Sect.3
¾ Datum Reference Frame - DRF RUNOUT Characteristics – Sect.7
¾ Datum Surfaces/Axis ¾ Circular Runout
¾ Datum Precedence ¾ Total Runout
¾ Origin Symbol
¾ Coplanar / Coaxial Datums
¾ Constructing DRF’s PROFILE Characteristics – Sect.8
¾ Profile of a Surface / Line
¾ Bilateral and Unilateral Tolerance
Form Characteristics - Sect.4
• Flatness
• Circularity
• Cylindricity
• Straightness
Introduction
Total perfection does not exist.
Parts cannot be manufactured with perfect repeatability but rather with statistical exactness.
Because everything must have a tolerance, and because tolerances have a large effect on Function
and cost, the study of this discipline is an absolute necessity to every company producing parts.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

In 4000 B.C. , The cubit was standardized and Drawings were born.
In 1790, Ely Whitney designed jigs and Fixtures to Mass produce muskets for Military.
In 1929, "Manual of Engineering Drawing" tolerances were mentioned in one paragraph.
In 1962, the ABC conference was heavily influenced by the ISO activities, which had been
stepped up with the advent of the European Common Market.
In 1973, The ANSI Y14.5 edition progressed much further by eliminating notes for use in
tolerancing and reverted to all symbology.
Typical Drawing Format
Basics-B; Sect. 1 - 1
Introduction
Plus/Minus Establishes Square or Rectangular Tolerance Zones
Plus/Minus creates an Inconsistent and Incomplete “Interpretation”
SURF A
SURF B
SURF A & B TO BE PARALLEL WITHIN 0.05

M16, 28.45, 20.5 & 4.7 TO BE TOLERANCE ± 0.5 HUB
Plus/Minus produces more communication with even more questions…
CONCENTRIC WITHIN 0.05 ANGLE ± 2°

Introduction
Introduction
Fundamental Keys to
GD&T
(Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing)
A Symbolic and Universal Language

& the BEST part
Driven by “Function and Relationships”
Introduction
GD&T establishes Circular Tolerance Zones for Circular Features,
allows a Dynamic Tolerance Zone based on function and…
Creates en explicit requirement with only one Mathematical Solution.
Introduction
HUB
TOLERANCE ± 0.5
ANGLE ± 2°
Introduction
Do we really need all this extra work?
Murphys Law
“What can go wrong, Will go wrong”
The curse of the “PERFECT” software

Conceptual Designs are assumed perfect, but we must thoroughly
consider and explicitly document the maximum allowable
manufacturing flaws for individual parts based on their function.
Symbols and Definitions
Symbols
Standards Equivalent Comparison
ASME Y14 Series ISO Standards

Y14.2 – Lines & Lettering 128-20, -21, -22, -24
3098-0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5
Y14.3 – Sections & Views 128-30, -34, -40, -44, -50
Y14.5 – Dimensioning & Tolerancing 129, 406, 1101, 1660, 2692, 5455,
5458, 5459, 5460, 6411, 6413,
Y14.5.1 – Mathematical Definition of 7083, 8015, 10578, 10579, 14660-
Dimensioning & Tolerancing 1, 14660-2
Y14.5.2 – Certification of Geometric (17)
Dimensioning & Tolerancing
Professionals
Y14.41 – Digital Product Definition Data
Practices
Y14.6 – Screw Thread Representation 5845-1, 5845-2
6410-1, 6410-2, 6410-3
Y14.8 – Casting & Forgings 10135
Y14.36 – Surface Texture Symbols 1302
Datum Feature Symbols
Y14.5M
Datum Feature Symbol 1982
Datum Target Point

A1
Symbol
Ø20
Datum Target Area Ø8
Symbol A1 A1
Datum Target Line A1

Symbol
Dimension Origin
Symbol
(No Name Datum
Symbol)
Characteristic Symbols
Type of Characteristic ASME ISO

Tolerance Symbol For: Y14.5M
Straightness
Flatness
Individual
FORM
Features Circularity
Cylindricity
Related or Profile Of A Line

Individual PROFILE
Profile Of A Surface
Features
Angularity
ORIENTATION Perpendicularity
Parallelism
Position
Related
Feature Concentricity (and
LOCATION
Coaxiality in ISO)
Symmetry
Circular Runout
RUNOUT
Total Runout
Modifying Symbols
Symbol For: ASME Y14.5M ISO
At Maximum Material Condition M M
At Least Material Condition L L
Projected Tolerance Zone P P
Tangent Plane T T
Free State F F
Diameter
Spherical Diameter S S
Square
Number Of Places X X
Arc Length 10 10
Radius R R
Spherical Radius SR SR
Controlled Radius CR NONE
Conical Taper
Slope
Counterbore/Spotface
Countersink
Depth/Deep
All Around
Between NONE
Statistical Tolerance ST NONE
Features of size with MMC, LMC
1.3.17 - Feature of Size:
One Cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of two opposed elements or opposed parallel
surfaces, associated with a size dimension. 25.25
24.75 MMC
25.25 MMC 25.25

24.75 24.75 MMC
A - External B - Internal
Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
25.25 LMC
24.75
25.25 25.25 LMC

24.75 LMC 24.75
C - External D - Internal
Least Material Condition

(LMC)
2.7.3 – Relationship Between Individual Features

The limits of size DO NOT control the orientation or location relationship between individual
features. Features shown perpendicular, coaxial, or symmetrical to each other must be
controlled for location or orientation to avoid incomplete drawing requirements.
Rule-1
2.7.1 - Individual Feature of Size

Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature prescribe the extent
to which variations in its geometric form, as well as size, are allowed.
2.7.1.1 - Variations of Size
The actual local size of an individual feature at each cross section shall be within the specified tolerance
of size
2.7.1.2 - Variations of Form (Envelope Principle)
a.) The surface or surfaces of a feature shall not extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of perfect form
at MMC. This boundary is the true geometric form represented by the drawing. No variation in form is
permitted if the feature is produced at its MMC limit of size. (except para 6.4.1.1.2)
b.) Where the actual local size of a feature has departed from MMC toward LMC, a variation in form is
allowed equal to the amount of such departure.
c.) There is no requirement for a boundary of perfect form at LMC.
Feature Control Frame Anatomy
Grouped into Three Primary Categories
The “QUICK” Read; “(Position) Within (0.5) Relative to (A, B, C)”
To “DECODE”, We Read…….
Material Condition Modifiers and the Tolerance Zone
Rule 2
2.8 – APPLICABILITY OF RFS, MMC, and LMC

Applicability of RFS, MMC, and LMC is limited to features subject to variations in size.
a) All Applicable Geometric Tolerances, RFS applies, with respect to the individual
tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no modifying symbol is specified.
MMC or LMC must be specified on the drawing where it is required.
b) Alternative Practice, For a tolerance of Position, RFS may be specified on the
drawing with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both, as
applicable.
The 1982 standard required the use of a material modifier with RFS
The 1994 Standard allows the symbol when preferred but no longer required.
Review
1. Name each of the following geometric characteristic symbols.
__________________________________ ___________________________________
____________________________________ ___________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
2. Cross out the Dimensions that are NOT features of Size.
3. What is the MMC for the n 153.9 Feature? ___________

4. What is the LMC for the Linear 6.7 Feature? ___________
5. Rule-1 States “Perfect form is required at ___________
6. Rule-2 States “ ___________ is implied unless otherwise specified”
7. What is the MINIMAL wall section allowed between the n 76.6/76.7 and n 6.7 Features ?
___________
Datums
Datums & the Datum Reference Frame
1.3.3 - Datum.
A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of a
specified datum feature. A datum is the origin from which location or geometric
characteristics of features of a part are established
The Datum Reference Frame consists of seven components:

1-Point, 3-Axis and 3-Planes
Datum Axis
90o Direction of
measurements
Datum Point
90o
90o
Datum Axis
Datum Planes
Datum Axis origin of
measurement
Datums
Specifying Datum Features for Planar Surfaces
Simulating a Planar Surface and the “BASIC” Dimension

1.3.17 – True Geometric Counterpart:
The theoretically perfect boundary (Virtual Condition or Actual Mating Envelope) or best-fit
(Tangent) plane of a specified datum feature.
Datums
Specifying Datum Feature for AXIS
A
A
12 A
12
12
12
Ø 0.4 M C B A
1.3.11 – Actual Mating Envelope

(a) For an External Feature, a similar perfect feature counterpart of smallest size that can be
circumscribed about the feature so that it just contacts the surface of the highest points.
(b) For an Internal Feature, a similar perfect feature counterpart of largest size can be
inscribed within the feature so that it just contacts the surface at its highest points.
DATUM FEATURE (PART)
Simulating an Internal
SIMULATED DATUM
SMALLEST CIRCUMSCRIBED
Datum Feature Axis
CYLINDER
Regardless of Feature
DATUM AXIS DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
DATUM FEATURE (PART)
Simulating an External
SIMULATED DATUM
LARGEST INSCRIBED
Datum Feature Axis
CYLINDER
Regardless of Feature Size
DATUM AXIS
DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
Datums
Specifying Datum Features for Mid-Plane
A
12
28
Datum Datum
Center Plane Center Plane
12
12
0.2 M J G
GM
Simulating an External
Datum-Mid-Plane Datum Feature
Datum
Simulator True geometric counterpart
Feature A
Regardless of Feature Size of datum feature A
parallel planes at mimimum
separtation (MMC)
Datum Center
Plane A
Datum Center
Plane B
Datum Feature
Simulator
Simulating an Internal
Datum-Mid-Plane
Regardless of Feature Size Datum
Feature B
True geometric counterpart of

datum feature B parallel planes
at maximum separtation (MMC)
Datums
Building a Datum Reference Frame with three Planar Datum Surfaces
ESTABLISH PRIMARY DATUM

PLANE (MIN 3 POINT) CONTACT
1. Establish the Primary Datum WITH DATUM SURFACE A
ESTABLISH SECONDARY DATUM

WITH DATUM SURFACE B
90O
2. Add the Secondary Datum

ESTABLISH TERTIARY DATUM
WITH DATUM SURFACE C
90O
90O
90O
MEASURING DIRECTION
3. Complete with the Tertiary Datum FOR RELATED DIMENSIONS
The Part and Tolerance Zones have become immobile.
Datums
Building a Datum Reference Frame combining Datum Axis and Surfaces
Established by the Feature Control Frame, Datum-A is Primary and Datum-B is Secondary
30 30
30
80
30
X
AXIS
DATUM
AXIS
Y X
TERTIARY DATUM SECONDARY
DATUM
PART PRIMARY
DATUM PLANE
Datums
Datum Precedence Comparison
4.5.3 – Specifying Datum Features RFS
The simulated Datum is the axis of the True Geometric Counterpart of the Datum feature.
This on the Drawing
Means this
Datums
Specifying Datum Features with Size
4.5.4.2 – Size of a Secondary or Tertiary Datum Feature
If a Datum Feature of Size is controlled by a specified tolerance of Location or Orientation
with respect to each other, the size of the True Geometric Counterpart used to establish the
simulated datum is the Virtual Condition of the datum Feature.
Two examples of what could be specified on the Drawing
Means two different scenarios
Datums
Dimension Origin Symbol
(No Name Datum Feature)
THIS Symbol
28
26
MEANS THIS
28
26
INDICATES ORIGIN PLANE
NOT THIS
28
26
A good usage of the Origin Symbol
This on the Drawing Means This
Datums
Coplanar Datum Features
3X Ø 8
Ø 0.6 D-E A 16 A
40 40
± 0.3 8.5
D E
Coaxial Datum Features

0.2 A-B
A B
THE DRAWING
SIMULATED PAIR OF COAXIAL

CIRCUMSCRIBED CYLINDERS
THE MEANING
Understanding Datum Reference Degrees of Freedom Matrix
Frame Application (DRF) Rx Ry Rz Tx Ty Tz
Example 2 Datum
Features
152
C
128 Ø 38.5 - 40.0
120 Ø 0.4 M C B A
28
74 A
24
20
96
64
Y 50
Y
24
X Z
B Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 12
Datums – Basics-A
Review Quiz
1. List the 3 items that are considered Datum features on an object or part.
____________________ , ____________________ , _____________________
2. The primary datum requires a minimum of points.
3. The secondary datum requires a minimum of points.
4. The tertiary datum requires a minimum of points.
5. On the sketch below and right, draw how the Datum Reference Frame would look and show
how the Basic dimensions for the Thru-Hole would be verified from those Datums.
6. Discuss Datum Reference Frame construction for the two FCF…..
3 - 14
FORM
Form Characteristics
1. Datums are not Allowed

2. Material Modifiers Allowed only on Straightness when applied to a
Feature of Size
3. Functional Gages allowed only on Straightness when applied to
features of Size at Maximum Material Condition.
Flatness Circularity
Cylindricity Straightness (Surface/Axis)
Basics-B; Sect. 4 – 1
FORM
Flatness
“Flatness requires every point on the Considered Features Surface to lie
within a Slab-like tolerance zone 0.25 thick which is free to float
unconstrained within the Limits of Size of the said feature”
This on the Drawing

0.25
MEANING 0.25 wide tolerance zone
FORM
Circularity
Every circular element of the surface in a plane perpendicular to The axis
must lie between two concentric circles, one having a radius 0.25 larger
than the other.
Cylindricity
“Cylindricity requires every point on the Considered Features Surface to
lie within two concentric Cylinders (common axis) of wall thickness 0.25,
whose Diameter, Orientation and Location are free to adapt itself
unconstrained within the Limits of Size of the Said Feature.”
This on the Drawing…
Means This….
FORM
Straightness Cylindrical Linear Element

“Straightness of a Linear Element on a Cylindrical Surface requires every
point on the Considered Features Surface (associated with the Axis) to lie
within a Ribbon-like tolerance zone 0.02 thick which is free to float
unconstrained within the Limits of Size of the said feature.”
(a)
0.02 16.00 MMC
0.02 wide tolerance zone
16.00 (b)
15.89
16.00 MMC
ON THE DRAWING
(c)
16.00 MMC
MEANING
FORM
Straightness Axis at MMC
“Straightness of the Axis of a Cylindrical Surface at MMC requires every
point of the Considered Features Derived Median Line to lie within a
Cylindrical tolerance zone of Daimeter 0.04 at its Maximum Material
Condition, Bonus Tolerance can be gained which is equal to the
departure from its MMC local size.
This on the Drawing
16.00
15.89
0.04 M
MEANING 16.04 Virtual Condition
Feature Diameter tolerance

Size zone allowed
16.00 0.04
15.99 0.05
15.98 0.06
15.90 0.14
15.89 0.15
FORM
Acceptance Boundary (Virtual Condition) – For Previous Example
16.00 16.04
(a) The maximum diameter of the pin

with perfect form is shown in a gage
with a 16.04 diameter hole. 16.00
0.04
16.04
(b) With the pin at maximum diameter

16.00, the gage will accept the pin
with up to 0.04 variation in
straightness. 15.89
0.15
16.04
(c) With the pin at minimum diameter
15.89, the gage will accept the pin
with up to 0.15 variation in
straightness.
FORM
Review
1. What is the maximum surface deformation for surface-1? __________

2. What is the maximum surface deformation for surface-2? __________
3. For the n 72.8/70.8 Feature, If we measured a two-point cross sectional check of
n72.8, what would be the smallest value the part could measure every where else
and still meet the specified requirement? ______________
4. For the n72.8/70.8 Feature, If we measured a two-point cross sectional check of
n70.7, what would be the largest value the part could measure every where else
and still meet the specified requirement? ______________
5. What is the Orientation requirement between the two flat surfaces and the
cylindrical feature? ______________
Orientation
Orientation Characteristics
1. Datums are Required
2. Material Modifiers Allowed when applied to a Feature of Size
3. Functional Gages allowed when applied to features of Size at Maximum
Material Condition.
Parallelism Perpendicularity Angularity
Orientation
Parallelism of a Planar Surface
Parallelism of a Planar Surface requires every point on the Considered Features
Surface to lie within a Slab-like tolerance zone 0.12 thick which is Orientation
Constrained to the Datum Reference Frame.
Multi Segment Control

Along with the Size Control and the use of an Origin Symbol, the Considered
Feature must remain Parallel to Datum-A within 0.12 and must also be Flat with
0.05
This on the Drawing… Means this…
Orientation
Perpendicularity of a Planar Surface
Perpendicularity of a Planar Surface requires every point on the Considered
Features Surface to lie within a Slab-like tolerance zone 0.12 thick which is
Orientation Constrained to the Datum Reference Frame.
ON THE DRAWING MEANING Possible orientation

of the surface
0.12 A
Datum Plane A
Perpendicularity of a Feature Axis at RFS

1.3.13 – Feature Axis.
A straight Line that coincides with the axis of the True Geometric Counterpart of the specified
feature.
Perpendicularity of a Feature Axis requires the Considered Features Axis to lie

within a Cylindrical tolerance zone of 0.4 which is Orientation Constrained to the
Datum Reference Frame.
ON THE DRAWING MEANING
0.4 A Ø 0.4 diameter

tolerance zone
Feature
Height
25 + 0.5
Datum Plane A
A
Possible orientation
of feature axis
Orientation
Perpendicularity of a Feature Axis at MMC
Perpendicularity of a Feature Axis requires the Considered Features Axis to lie
within a Cylindrical tolerance zone 0.05 at its MMC which is Orientation
Constrained to the Datum Reference Frame. Bonus Tolerance can be gained which
is equal to the departure from its MMC local size.
15.984
15.966
Ø 0.05 M A
Feature Diameter tolerance
Feature
25 + 0.5
Size zone allowed
Height
Datum Plane A 15.984 0.050
A 15.983 0.051
15.982 0.052
15.976 0.067
15.966 0.068
Possible orientation of
feature axis
Acceptance Boundary or Functional Gage (Virtual Condition)
0.05 0.068
15.984 15.984 15.966
16.034 16.034 16.034
Datum
Plane A
(a) (b) (c)
Orientation
Use of Zero Tolerance at MMC
of feature axis
50.16 Feature Diameter tolerance

A 50.00 Datum
Size zone allowed
Ø 0 M A Plane A 50.00 0.00

50.01 0.01
50.02 0.02
50.15 0.15
50.16 0.16
Angularity of a Planar Surface

Angularity of a Planar Surface requires every point on the Considered Features
Surface to lie within a Slab-like tolerance zone 0.4 thick which is Orientation
Constrained by the Basic Angular Dimension Relative to the DRF.
0.4 A
of actual surface
30o 30o
A Datum Plane A
Orientation
Review
1. What is the size of the Tolerance Zone if the feature measures n 51.2 ? __________
2. What is the size of the tolerance zone if the feature measures n 20.5 ? __________
3a. What is the maximum deformation Form error for this surface ? ___________
3b. What is the minimum location value for this surface from Datum-A ? ___________
4. What does this Feature Control Frame provide for the specified surface ? __________
5. This feature helps control the location to Datum-Axis-B. True or False
6. This Feature Control Frame is a logical choice in controlling its orientation ? ___________
7. On figure Below , Specify an orientation tolerance to control the relationship between the 39
Degree angle and the upper Surface within 0.05mm.
Location
LOCATION Characteristics

2. Material Modifiers Allowed only with Position and only when
applied to a Feature of Size
3. Functional Gages allowed only with Position and only when
applied to features of Size at Maximum Material Condition.
Concentricity Symmetry Position
Location
Concentricity
The median points must be within the cylindrical concentricity tolerance zone.
Ø 20.2 - 19.8
A Ø 10.2 - 9.8
Ø 0.2 A
ON THE DRAWING
All median points of diametrically opposed elements of
the feature must lie within the 0.2 tolerance zone, RFS.
The tolerance zone being established equally disposed
about datum axis A, RFS.
Datum Axis A
Ø 0.2
MEANING
Tolerance Zone (RFS)
Symmetry
The median points must be within the slab-like tolerance zone.
ON THE DRAWING
30.2
29.8
10.2 - 9.8
A
Ø 0.2 A
MEANING 0.2 Wide Tolerance Zone (RFS)

Datum Feature A (RFS) 0.1
Datum Centerplane A
All median points of opposed elements of the slot must lie within the 0.2
wide tolerance zone, RFS. The tolerance zone being established by two
parallel planes equally disposed about datum centerplane A, RFS.
Location
Position Tolerance at RFS
Locates Features to a Datum Reference Frame using BASIC Dimensions.
Additionally Position will help control Orientation to the Datums as well.
This on the Drawing,
Means This…..
Location
Position Tolerance at MMC/LMC
Each hole has its own positional tolerance zone. The zone size is dependent on the Material
Condition specified and the size of the produced hole.
For MMC, When the hole is produced at its MMC size, the tolerance zone is the tolerance
stated in the FCF. As the Hole departs from MMC, a 1:1 increase in the size of the Tolerance
Zone is gained.
Hole #1 = ∅ 16.7 tolerance zone = __________ VC Boundary = ___________

Hole #2 = ∅ 16.9 tolerance zone = __________
For LMC, When the hole is produced at its LMC size, the tolerance zone is the tolerance
stated in the FCF. As the Hole departs from LMC, a 1:1 increase in the size of the Tolerance
Zone is gained.
Hole #1 = ∅ 17.3 tolerance zone = __________ VC Boundary = ___________

Location
Projected Tolerance Zone
Position Tolerance Without Use of

Projected Tolerance Zone Indication
True position axis
Ø 0.5 M A B C
Positional
tolerance zone Clearance hole axis
Tolerance zone height

is equal to depth of
threaded feature
Threaded hole axis
True position axis
Positional
Tolerance zone height

is equal to depth of
threaded feature
Threaded hole axis

Location
Projected Tolerance Zone Cont’d
Position Tolerance With

Projected Tolerance Zone Applied
True position axis Ø 0.5 M P 56 A B C
Positional
Projected zone extends

56 above surface where
the thread feature starts.
Threaded hole axis
True position axis
Positional
Min tolerance
Projected zone56
zone extends
heightsurface
above is equal to max
where the
thread feature starts.
thickness of mating part.
OR for stud bolts it is

the height of stud
extension.
Threaded hole axis
Location
Multi-Segment Feature Control Frame
When the Position symbol is repeated in both lines of the FCF, the second line applies to both
Location and Orientation.
Ø 1.5 M A B C Location and Orientation to the Datums
Ø 0.7 M A B Location and Orientation to the Datums
When applying this requirement where the pattern is

This second principle is new located to features without size, it is important that
no more than a secondary Datum be brought down
in the 1994 version of the standard to the second line. A tertiary Datum in this instance
(4 hole part) would be redundant to the first line.
See ASME Y14.5, page 107, Figure 5-21 and
following.
When applied to a group of features related to a
secondary Datum which is a feature of size, then
including the tertiary Datum would be acceptable.
See ASME Y14.5, page 122 and following.
Current Specification: The drawing below and left has very tight tolerances for the Shaft, Hole
Size and Location to the lower surface requiring careful control when producing these features.
The Hole is delineated “Perfectly” on the axis of the shaft and the assumption must be that the
Hole will always be produced “perfect’ when actually, the hole location relative to the axis, has
no requirement at all.
Result: The picture above and right shows parts being produced that meet the current drawing
specification but will not function in the assembly without the additional cost of rework.
Location
Solution: Based on the Function of the hole, GD&T is added to the drawing which maintains the
same location requirement from the lower surface but now includes the maximum allowable shift
from the axis of the shaft.
Explanation: The upper segment controls the location of the tolerance zone which is basically
located from Datum Surface-A and Datum Axis B. The lower segment controls the location to
Datum Surface-A but because Datum-B was removed, the tolerance zone is allowed to shift back
and forth inside the tolerance zone of the upper segment.
BONUS: An increase of up to 62.5% may become available for the location of the Hole from
Datum Surface-A after applying GD&T with this method.
Location
Composite Position Control
(PLTZF) “phlatz” Pattern Locating Tolerance Zone Framework

(FRTZF) “fritz” Feature Relating Tolerance Zone Framework
When the Position symbol covers both lines of the Feature Control Frame (FCF), the second line
applies only in an Orientation control mode.
Ø 1.5 M A B C Location and Orientation to the Datums
Ø 0.7 M A B Feature to Feature Location but

Orientation Only to the Datums
Example:
Fasten the Name Plate to the
face of the main part with
Press-In fasteners
Notice the additional room for
placement of the name plate
on to the much larger face
area provided
Name Plate Drawing
Location
Composite Position Example
Means This...
Location
Composite Position Example Cont’d
Adding a secondary Datum to the FRTZF
What if we added a Tertiary Datum to the FRTZF ?
What if there were NO Datum Features for the FRTZF ?
Location
FCF Recognition and Review
150
C 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
134
Ø 1.5 M A B C
30 96
96 Ø 0.7 M A B
52
100
24
24
B
Tolerance ± 0.5
150
C 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
134
Ø 1.5 M A B C
30 96
Ø 0.7 M A B
52
100
24
24
B
Tolerance ± 0.5
Location
Review
1. If the Feature is produced at its MMC, what will be the size of the Tolerance Zone? __________
2. If the Feature is produced at n4.882, what will be the size of the Tolerance Zone? __________
3a. What is the Worst Case Location error allowed for this feature from the DRF? __________
3b. What is the Worst Case Orientation error allowed for this feature from the DRF? __________
4. What is the Worst Case Orientation error allowed for this feature? __________
5. Based on the FCF, what must be true if the feature is produced at 4.874? ____________________
6. What is this configuration of Feature Control Frames called? _________________________
7. What is this configuration of Feature Control Frames called? _________________________
Runout
Runout
“Dynamic Control”

2. Material Modifiers are NOT Allowed. Always Regardless of
Feature of Size.
3. Functional Gages are NOT Allowed. Always Regardless of Feature
of Size.
Circular Runout Total Runout
Runout is the designation for a unique combination of feature controls that are achieved by
evaluating a circular surface in a rotational consideration as it relates to another feature axis. It
will always control some measure of coaxial relationship and at the same time control feature
conditions such as circularity, straightness or cylindricity.
Runout
Circular Runout ~ Controls each individual circular element of the specified feature.
Total Runout~ Controls the total surface of the specified feature.
Runout
Total Runout Demonstration
Means this…
The Considered Feature must Always fall Within the Limits of Size (50.5/49.5).
The tolerance zone is Orientation Constrained By the Datum Reference Frame.
Runout
Total Runout Demonstration Cont’d

Total Runout Controls both the Considered Features Form and the Coaxial
relationship to a Datum Reference Frame simultaneously
Considered Feature with Perfect From and Considered Feature Axis shifted (0.2) Maximum
distance from Datum Axis. (Animation Example)
Considered Feature with Max Form error (0.4) and Considered Feature axis perfectly coaxial with
Datum Axis. (Animation Example)
Total Runout is dependant on BOTH extreme Characteristics simultaneously

falling within the same Tolerance Zone. These two extreme characteristics
together would cause non-conformance of this part.
Runout
Additional Runout Examples

Total Runout may be used to control perpendicularity when applied to a surface that is oriented
90° in relation to the Datum axis.
Total Runout may be applied to a conical feature, however, the dial indicator must now be
mounted so that it’s travel be established to track normal to an element of the indicated surface.
ON THE DRAWING
30°
5
A 30°
0.0
Ø 40 ±0.5
Ø 20 ±0.5 Rotate Part
0.05 A
MEANING
Runout
Additional Runout Examples
150
90 20
50 C 14
20
Ø 60
Ø 25 Ø 25
Ø 80
A Ø 10 D
0.05 C B
Ø 20 0.08 A-D
B
0.08 A-D
Coaxial Datum Simulated
Datum C Simulator
(Plane)
Planar-Axis Datum Simulated

Datum B Axis Simulator
Runout
Review
1. What is the coaxial requirement between the Larger and Smaller diameters as expressed on
the following drawing? ________________________________
Ø 6 ±0.02
Ø 20 ±0.05
2. On the sketch above, specify a 0.12 mm circular runout requirement on the large diameter in
relationship to the smaller diameter.
3. On the part drawing below, specify a 0.12 mm total runout relating the large diameter to both
of the two small diameters simultaneously.
Ø 28 ±0.5
Ø 20 ±0.5
Ø 40 ±0.5
4. On the figure below, Specify a 0.5 Dynamic Characteristic that best controls the coaxial
relationship of the 9.2R to the 8.5 Dia. shaft.
5. Can runout be used without a datum feature? _____________

6. Can the MMC or LMC modifiers be used with runout? ______________
Profile
PROFILE Characteristics
1. Datums ARE allowed but NOT Required.

2. Material Modifiers do NOT apply
a. (Except with Position/Boundry)
3. Functional Gages do NOT apply
a. (Except with Position/Boundry)
Profile of a Line Profile of a Surface
Profile
Profile of a Surface
This on the drawing...
C
0.25 A B C
49 ±0.12
8 ±0.05 D E
A
7X 7
D
E
B 17.5 17.5
2X 8 ±0.12
21.4 19.8
23 21.7 8 ±0.12
23.4 23
65 ±0.25
Means this...
Simulated True profile relative

Datum to Datums A, B, C
Plane C 0.25 wide tolerance zone 90°
E
Simulated D
Datum Simulated
Plane B Datum
Plane A
The surface between points D and E must lie between two profile boundaries 0.25 apart, equally
disposed about the true profile and positioned wit respect to datum planes A, B, and C.
The zone elements must be at 90° orientation to datum plane A.
Profile
Profile of a Surface
This on the drawing...
0.12 E F
0.1 E F
A B
B C
R82 0.05 E F
8 ±0.1
C D
75°
B
R80
R12 C R8
10 A 7
E
D
78.8
Means this...
Simulated Datums
Plane E 0.1
Plane F 0.12
0.05
Profile
Bilateral and Unilateral Tolerancing
There are four ways of applying profile tolerances: a) Bilateral tolerance; b) Unilateral tolerance,
inside; c) Unilateral tolerance, outside; and d) Bilateral tolerance, unequal distribution. See
following figures.
Profile
Bilateral and Unilateral Tolerancing Cont’d
Profile
Back to our name plate
This on the Dwg… Means anything is possible…
The holes are controlled very well but the remaining geometry is not.
We could add multiple Perpendicularity and Parallelism Controls OR just use Profile and the
“ALL AROUND” Symbol.
Profile
REVIEW
1. On the drawing above, what is the minimum and maximum value for each of the following
distances specified?
(a) Distance X: minimum _____________________
maximum _____________________
(b) Distance Y: minimum _____________________
maximum _____________________
(c) Distance Z: minimum _____________________
maximum _____________________
2. On the same drawing, what is the maximum perpendicularity error of the following surfaces
in relation to Datum A?
(a) Surface V: _____________________
(b) Surface W: _____________________
Explicit Part
Requirement Captured!!

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GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING

Emerson Process Management

Basics Training Course

A BRIEF HISTORY OF DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

In 1929, "Manual of Engineering Drawing" tolerances were mentioned in one paragraph.

Typical Drawing Format

Plus/Minus creates an Inconsistent and Incomplete “Interpretation”

SURF A & B TO BE PARALLEL WITHIN 0.05

CONCENTRIC WITHIN 0.05 ANGLE ± 2°

A Symbolic and Universal Language

Creates en explicit requirement with only one Mathematical Solution.

The curse of the “PERFECT” software

Standards Equivalent Comparison

ASME Y14 Series ISO Standards

Datum Target Point

Datum Target Line A1

Type of Characteristic ASME ISO

Related or Profile Of A Line

At Least Material Condition L L

Projected Tolerance Zone P P

Controlled Radius CR NONE

Statistical Tolerance ST NONE

25.25 MMC 25.25

Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

25.25 25.25 LMC

Least Material Condition

2.7.3 – Relationship Between Individual Features

2.7.1 - Individual Feature of Size

Grouped into Three Primary Categories

The “QUICK” Read; “(Position) Within (0.5) Relative to (A, B, C)”

2.8 – APPLICABILITY OF RFS, MMC, and LMC

2. Cross out the Dimensions that are NOT features of Size.

3. What is the MMC for the n 153.9 Feature? ___________

Datums & the Datum Reference Frame

The Datum Reference Frame consists of seven components:

Simulating a Planar Surface and the “BASIC” Dimension

1.3.11 – Actual Mating Envelope

DATUM AXIS DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR

DATUM FEATURE (PART)

Regardless of Feature Size

True geometric counterpart of

ESTABLISH PRIMARY DATUM

ESTABLISH SECONDARY DATUM

2. Add the Secondary Datum

The Part and Tolerance Zones have become immobile.

Building a Datum Reference Frame combining Datum Axis and Surfaces

This on the Drawing

Two examples of what could be specified on the Drawing

Means two different scenarios

INDICATES ORIGIN PLANE

A good usage of the Origin Symbol

This on the Drawing Means This

Coaxial Datum Features

SIMULATED PAIR OF COAXIAL

6. Discuss Datum Reference Frame construction for the two FCF…..

1. Datums are not Allowed

Cylindricity Straightness (Surface/Axis)

This on the Drawing

MEANING 0.25 wide tolerance zone

This on the Drawing…

Straightness Cylindrical Linear Element

0.02 16.00 MMC

0.02 wide tolerance zone

GD&T

GD&T

Hole #1 = ∅ 16.7 tolerance zone = VC Boundary = _

Hole #1 = ∅ 17.3 tolerance zone = VC Boundary = _