Micro power generator 1053 AM Monday, 5 Introduction + Batteries are lousy power source ‘+ Because the limiting factor is we didn't get enough energy for given size and weight from battery + so we develop Micro Power Generators which provides higher energy storage densities to replace these conventional batteries + “it's a miniature form of generator which can develop power less than 30 mille watts” + There are clear advantages in eliminating battery Storage or wired power connections from wearable and implantable electronics, these applications present a particular challenge for energy harvesting It is mainly used to deliver power to electronic devices. Micro power generator consist of two major components 1. Micro Internal combustion engine 2. Piezoelectric generator Micro Internal combustion engine + Research at university of california at Berkeley, micro rotary combustion lab(MRCL) are creating a miniaturized power source that will last 7 to 14 times longer than conventional primary battery (lithium/alkaline) + This new portable power generator system powered by a rotary(wankel) internal combination engine + The motivation for research is liquid hydro carbon fuel that has about 50 times energy density(energy/weight) of a battery. + This means a portable power source using a 20% efficient mini-engine with a liquid fuel tank would weigh the sameas a battery but could last about 10 times longer. + Mini-engine is currently producing up to 4 Watts of power. +The engine uses liquid hydrocarbon fuels (such as butane). + To make mini engine as a distributed power source for electronic devices we should couple it with an electrical generator, or too directly, power miniaturized mechanical devices, such as pumps, compressors, robots, or miné-airplanesConstruction ‘The Micro IC Engine consists of + Peanut shaped chamber. ‘+ Triangular rotor about 1 centimetre in diameter + Shaft with gear arrangement. + Spark plug with electronic ignition system. + Inlet for air & fuel. + Outlet for exhaust. ‘+ Both opens and closes as the rotor spins. Three ends of rotor are always contact with chamber walls and as the rotor spins and presses the point around the rotor moves in circles Three chambers are formed between rotors phases and the inner surfaces of the housing ‘There is a ring gear on the inner part of the rotor A stationary non rotating gear fixed with housing and concentric with the main shaft. # — pare Pai | Mini -Rotary engine fabricated from steel Let's now move on to ‘+ Wankel engine is an internal combustion engine unlike the piston cylinder arrangements + This wankel engine uses the eccentric rotor design which directly converts the pressure energy of gases into rotatory motion while in the piston cylinder arrangements the linear motion of the piston is used to convert into rotatory motion of crank shaft + The rotor partitions the chamber into three sections where combustion occurs. Hot gases produced by the engine push on the rotor that turns a shaft. + This shaft can be coupled to electrical or mechanical components to generate either mechanical or electrical work. + The research work concentrates on the micro Wankel engine powered by liquid CO2 such as butine or propine ‘+ Onetime glass of fuel (a fluid ounce)keep motor running for two hours ‘+ Asynchronization value is mounted on the engine to control the supply of C2Dynemometer J ah a re aon Fuel Ignition Electronice Schematic of Experimental WANKEL ENGINE CYCLE INTAKE + This initiates when the tip of rotor passes the intake port. + The air or fuel mixture draws in the chamber through intake portCOMPRESSION + Asthe rotor rotates the air or fuel mixture becomes compressed because the chamber is decreasingin size IGNITION & POWER + Compressed mixture gets ignited by spark plug and the vast increases in pressure forces the rotor to expand. This is the power stroke, providing useful work. + The exhaust gas expands in to the chamber until the rotor passes the exhaust port EXHAUST ‘+ Once the tip passes this port the high pressure exhaust gases can flow through exhaust port + The rotor continues to spin until the end of its faces passes the exhaust port ‘+ In one revolution of the rotor, each of the three chambers undergoes a complete four-stage cycle + The mini engine produces exhaust that contains carbon dioxide and one and one half person at rest exhale water + Refueling will be required 10 times less often than changing a battery. The motor and fuel together weigh only a fraction of the weight of a standard battery such as the one powering your digital camera. Power output + The engines are 5x15x3mm in size and produce 11. 2watts at 50,000 rpm + The miné-engine is currently producing up to 4 Watts of power. + in-coming months researcher's will be working to improve engine performance for producing 30 to 60 watts required to power the laptops = Conceptual artwork comparing the relative mas between the micro-engine anda batery Fr ‘the sme power and time of operation LATEST DEVELOPMENTS ‘+ Micro-rotary engine fabricated from ceramic materials, be a few millimeters in size, and produce approximately 30 mille-Watts of power. + Fabrication of these micro engines under way + The manufacturing technique used to fabricate the micro engine have been developed in growing field called MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) + MEMS uses processing techniques of the integrated circuit industry to make mechanical devices which combines the advantages of miniaturization with mass production,low cost characteristics of the computerchip industry + The dream is to have an engine on a chip, to get about 30 mille-watts of electrical power using this techniques. + The Berkeley team has managed so far an engine 900 micrometers thick with a rotor 2.4 millimetres in diameter, fashioned using silicon micro fabrication technology(SMF). + The ultimate goal of the present work is to fabricate a micro-rotary engine, which produces “10-100 mw of power. A rotary engine was selected for development as the basis of a MEMS-scale power generation system due to several factors: planar design of the rotor and housing, design simplicity due to its operation, and power from a rotary engine can be extracted mechanically or electrically. Silicon housing of a 1 mm micro-rotary engine showing the spur gear, intake and exhaust ports.SPECIFICATIONS OF MICRO IC ENGINES: Rotor: 1mm Max. RPM (est.): 40,000 Power Output (est.): 26 mille watts Displacement: 0.064 mm3 Advantages: « Bulk manufacturing allows rapid fabrication of multiple designs + On campus micro fabrication facility + Fabrication length scale is within MEMS fabrication tolerance + The exhaust from the mini-rotary engine would be equivalent to the amount of CO2 exhaled by a human. + Incase of micro-engine, more than 100 micro engine would be needed to equal the amount of Coz released by aman zoelectric generator + Piezoelectric materials when mechanicaly loaded induce an electric charge on opposite faces of the PE (piezoelectric material) + That is here mechanical forces appled such as vibrating, compressing flexing on PE material generates electricity + Here flex method is used + PE materials have been used in actuators, transducers, and resonators.Here we ean see. “Gontrtor an motor acs of piezoketri element mo (ya = ‘ss Piezo working + Piezoelectric plate of polarized ceramics driven by surface mechanical loads. + piezoelectricity is obtained. + The plateis properly electrode and connected to a circuit such that an electric output is generated. + The structure analyzed represents a piezoelectric generator for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. PIEZOGENERATOR ASSEMBLY + APiezo plate coated with silver ink is cut into pieces. + The stretching directions of the pieces of the piezo plate are marked. + The electrodes for the piezo elements are connected on opposite sides of the pieces + The piezoelectric plates are fixed on a mica substrate and one of the substrate is fixed on micro IC en| and another is fixed on base. + Each piezoelectric disc are lined by charged barium element in different angle. ENERGY CONVERSTION + When a piezoelectric element is mechanically stressed it generates charge‘+ The charge produced in the material when a pressure is applied is given as: Q=a"D D- electric polarization given by P*d A - area on which the pressure is applied. P - pressure applied. d- charge constant. The induced charge can b Q=aP*d The total electric charge developed for ‘n’ number of stacks is given as: Q=at pt dé n Stacked piezoelectric rings as a parallel plate capacitor the output voltage generated can be expressed as: V=A* d*P* n/ Cstack + wherever C stack is the capacitance of the piezoelectric stack. So the output voltage can then be expressed as: V=A* d*P* n/C stack ‘The selection of the number of stacks depends on: 1) The minimum amount of energy needed to generate a detectable output. 2) Maximum space available for the piezoelectric generator within the subassembly. ADVANTAGES * OUTPUT TO SIZE RATIO Compare any other type of generator; piezo generator is too small with high efficiency. 1. Wankel engines have several major advantages over reciprocating piston designs, in addition to having higher ‘output for similar displacement and physical size * SIMPLER CONSTRUCTION They haveno valves or complex valvetrains sincethe rotor is geared directly to the output shaft. 1m case of piezo generator, there is no need for windings & pole assembly. 1. Wankel engine can havea smaller frontal area than a piston engine of equivalent power © FUEL EFFICIENCY Absence of windings & core assembly in piezo generator, the losses are negligible DISADVANTAGES + More complicated fuel injection technologies are required than for regular four-stroke engines. 1 ‘+ Interms of fuel economy, Wankel engines are generally less efficient than four stroke piston engines.+ The reason Wankel-cycle engines have higher fuel consumption and emissions than Otto-cycle engines. + Chance for damage of micro power generator is very high. APPLICATIONS + Military equipment + Laptops ‘+ Medical equipment (in body arrangements) + GPS devices + Satellites + Marine devices CONCLUSIONS + Researches have been developing micro power generators, tiny standalone electricity generators as possible replacement of batteries + Astechnology advance the scientists predicts that we will get macro scale power from a micro scale device. Thank you all for listening to my seminar questions piezoelectric materials Ceramic mixed crystal of titanate and lead zirconate Polyvinylidene fluoride, Gallium phosphate Sodium bismuth titana.