NATIONAL TRANSMISSION & DESPATCH

COMPANY (NTDC) LIMITED PAKISTAN

High Voltage AND SHORT CIRCUIT LAB,

RAWAT

Internship Report

Submitted By:
Ahmad Ali

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Contents
Abstract: .......................................................................................................................................... 3
1.0 Introduction: .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.1 Type Test: ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2 Routine Test: ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.3 Special Test: ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Generator: ................................................................................................................................. 4
2.0 Observations: ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Tests: ..................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Differentiation on the Basis of Test Type: ..................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Differentiation on the Basis of Section Type: ................................................................ 6
2.2 Short Circuit Test: ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Short Circuit Testing Facilities: ............................................................................................. 9
2.3 Transformer Turn Ratio Test: ................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Resistance: .............................................................................................................................. 10
2.5 No Load Losses: .................................................................................................................... 11
2.6One Minute Power Frequency Withstand Test: ....................................................................... 12
2.7 Induce Over Voltage Test: ...................................................................................................... 13
2.8 lightning impulse Test: ........................................................................................................... 14
3.0 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................. 15
4.0 References: .............................................................................................................................. 16

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Abstract:
In High Voltage And Short Circuit Lab Rawat, different types of test are performed
to check the devices by applying different field conditions. After the tests, it is
checked that either the device has withstood the test or not. In short Circuit test
all the routine test(Transformer Turn Ratio, Winding Resistance, No Load Losses
etc) are to be performed before and after the short circuit test. Before short
Circuit Routine test confirms that either transformer is fit for short circuit test or
not and After short circuit Routine test confirms that either the device has
withstood short circuit or not.

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1.0 Introduction:
High Voltage and short circuit lab is used to test the different devices by applying
maximum severe condition on the device. If device withstand with the condition
then test is said to be passed otherwise test is said to be failed. Maximum severe
conditions are those conditions that can actually be happened with device in the
field.
There are two sections in the High Voltage and Short Circuit labs.
1. High Power
2. High Voltage
For confirming the specifications and performances of a distribution transformer
it has to go through numbers of testing procedures. There are three types of test
which are done in HV & SC Labs.
1. Type Test
2. Routine Test
3. Special Test
1.1.1 Type Test:
Some transformer tests are carried out for confirming the basic design
expectation of that transformer. These tests are done mainly in a prototype unit
not in all manufactured units in a lot. Type test of transformer confirms main and
basic design criteria of a production lot.
1.1.2 Routine Test:
Routine tests of transformer is mainly for confirming operational performance of
individual unit in a production lot. Routine tests are carried out on every unit
manufactured.
1.1.3 Special Test:
Special tests of transformer is done as per customer requirement to obtain
information useful to the user during operation or maintenance of the
transformer.

1.2 Generator:
Short Circuit Generator in High voltage and short Circuit Lab Can produce
maximum voltages of 16KV(16000V). This means that maximum capability of
Producing voltages of generator is 16000V.Other Characteristics of the generator
are as follows.
1. Speed of Generator is 1500 rpm(Radian Per Minute).

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 2. Frequency of the Generator is 50Hz.
3. Generator has Three Phases and Four Poles.
4. Maximum Current is 3608A.
5. Field Current is 824A.
6. Exciting Voltages of Generator is 500V.
Before the generator there is a induction motor which is used to run generator.
Initially, generator is run on almost rpm of 2 for 90 to 120 minutes. The initially
low rpm is used to maintain the temperature of oil.

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2.0 Observations:
2.1 Tests:
There are different tests which are done in HV & SC Labs. These tests can be
differentiated on the basis of Test type and Section Type.
2.1.1 Differentiation on the Basis of Test Type:
There are three different types of tests.
Routine Tests:
1. TTR Test(Transformer Turn Ratio Test)
2. Short Circuit Test
3. Resistive LV and HV
4. Winding Resistance(Primary and Secondary)
5. No Load Losses(Iron Losses)
6. Load Losses(Copper Losses)
7. Power Frequency Test
8. Induce Over Voltage Test
Type Test:
1. Temperature Rise Test
2. Di-Electric Type Test
3. Lightning Impulse Test
Special Test:
1. Measurement of Acoustic Noise Level
2. Measurement of the power taken by the fans and oil pumps

2.1.2 Differentiation on the Basis of Section Type:

As we know,there are two sections in High Voltage And Short Circuit Lab Rawat i.e
High Power and High Voltage.
High Power:

1. TTR (Transformer Turn Ratio) Test

2. Short Circuit Test.
3. Load Losses Test

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 4. No Load Losses Test
5. Winding Resistance Test(Primary And Secoandary)
High Voltage:
1. Lightning Impulse Voltage Withstand Test
2. Power Frequency Voltage Withstand Test
3. Induce Over Voltage Withstand Test
4. Partial Discharge Test
5. Radio Influence Voltage
6. Humidity Test
7. Salt Fog Test

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2.2 Short Circuit Test:
Sometimes in the field due to some external distortion all the phases are short
circuited. So either it will withstand that short circuit for some time or not?
In HV & SC lab, this type of shot circuit field is made to test the device by applying
short circuit test. Before short circuit test some routine tests are to be done to
check either transformer is fit for the short circuit test or not. First of all
Temperature of the transformer is measured. Then, Transformer turn ratio is
checked and then winding resistance and No Load Losses are measured. After the
routine tests short circuit test is to be done. Short Circuit test is also use to find
load losses which are also called copper losses.
For short circuit test, we need to feed the transformer with rated current to
either HT side of the transformer or to the LT side of the transformer by keeping
the other side short circuited. As it is easy to attain rated current for HV side
because current on HV side is less than the Current on LV side. So, in short circuit
test we will give Rated Current to the HV side of the Transformer.
Total 9 shots of short circuit are taken. Each shot is applied for 500ms.

The connection diagram for short circuit test on

transformer is shown in the figure. A voltmeter,
wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in
HV side of the transformer as shown. The
voltage at rated frequency is applied to that HV
side with the help of a variac of variable ratio
auto transformer.

The LV side of the transformer is short

circuited. Now with the help of variable applied
voltage is slowly increased until the ammeter
gives reading equal to the rated current of the
HV side. After reaching at rated current of HV
side, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter,

Recorded. The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full load current.
As the voltage applied for full load current in short circuit test on transformer is
quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of the transformer, the core
losses in transformer can be taken as negligible here.

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2.2.1 Short Circuit Testing Facilities:
Short Circuit Generator:
16kv, 50Hz, 3 Phases, 4 Poles, 1500rpm
Backup Circuit Breaker:
3Phases, Indoor Type, 16kV, 50Hz
Making Switch:
3*Single Pole, Indoor Type, Air Blast Type, 16KV, 3KA
Current Limiting Reactor:
16KV, 50Hz X=0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64, 1.28, 2.56, 5.12
Disconnecting Switch:
Manual Operation with Auxiliary Switches
Short Circuit Transformer:
Single Phase, Outdoor Type, 50 MVA Basis
Low Voltage High Current Transformer:
I Phase, Indoor Type, 16kv/250V*2
Main Capacitor Bank:
Maximum Dc Voltages 480KV at 2.5micro Farad max capacitance
40micro Farad at 120KV.
Air Core Reactor:
For Adjusting Amplitude and frequency of injection Current from
Main Capacitor Bank

2.3 Transformer Turn Ratio Test:

Transformer Turn ratio test is performed to check the voltage ratio of primary to
secondary windings. In High Voltage And Short Circuit Lab, Transformer Turn
Ratio is measured by using Multi-Amp Transformer Ohmmeter. The performance
of a transformer largely depends upon perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio
of transformer. So transformer ratio test is an essential type test of transformer.
The voltage should be applied only in the high voltage winding in order to avoid
unsafe voltage.
Following is the procedure to perform the test and measure the Transformer turn
Ratio by Voltage Ratio Testing.
1. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV
terminals are kept open

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 2. Then apply 3 phase 415 V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages
applied on each phase (Phase to phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV
terminals simultaneously.
3. After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of
transformer should be raised by one position and repeat test.
4. Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately.

Following is the procedure to perform the test and measure the Transformer turn
Ratio by Turn Ratio Testing
1. Transformer ratio test can be done by Transformer Turns Ratio Meter
(Multi Amp Transformer Ohmmeter). It has in built power supply, with the
voltages commonly used being very low, such as 8, 10 V and 50 Hz.
2. The HV and LV windings of one phase of a transformer (i.e. R-Y & r-n) are
connected to the instrument.
3. Values are recorded at each tap in case of tapped windings and then
compared to calculated ratio at the same tap.

Transformer turn ratio is calculated by the following formula:

AB
𝑇𝑇𝑅 = an
The allowable tolerance in the value is +-0.5%.

2.4 Resistance:

Winding resistance measurements in transformers are of fundamental

importance for the following purposes:
1. Calculations of the I2R component of conductor losses.
2. Calculation of winding temperature at the end of a temperature test cycle.
3. As a base for assessing possible damage in the field.

Transformers are subject to vibration. Problems or faults occur due to poor

design, assembly, handing, poor environments, overloading or poor maintenance.
Measuring the resistance of the windings assures that the connections are correct
and the resistance measurements indicate that there are no severe mismatches
or opens. Many transformers have taps built into them. These taps allow ratio to
be increased or decreased by fractions of a percent. Any of the ratio changes

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involve a mechanical movement of a contact from one position to another. These
tap changes will also be checked during a winding resistance test.
The resistance of the transformer is measured to check the DC resistance of the
windings of the transformer. The DC voltage given for this purpose having such
magnitude that should not affect the inter turn insulation of the windings. The
resistance is measured from both HT side of the transformer and also from the LT
side of the transformer. In HV and SC Lab, the output values of resistance is then
converted into @ 20°C after the values taken at ambient temperature in order to
compare these values with Post Short Circuit resistance values.

Before measurement the transformer should be kept in OFF condition without

excitation at least for 3 to 4 hours. During this time the winding temperature will
become equal to its oil temperature. Measurement is done with DC. To minimize
observation errors, polarity of the core magnetization shall be kept constant
during all resistance readings. Voltmeter leads shall be independent of the current
leads to protect it from high voltages which may occur during switching on and off
the current circuit. The readings shall be taken after the current and voltage have
reached steady state values. In some cases this may take several minutes
depending upon the winding impedance. The test current shall not exceed 15% of
the rated current of the winding. Large values may cause inaccuracy by heating
the winding and thereby changing its resistance.

2.5 No Load Losses:

These are also called iron losses or core losses. The test method which is used to
calculate these losses is called open circuit test. And to calculate these losses we
need to apply rated voltage either to HT(11000) side or LT(415) side. AS it is easy
to attain 415 volts instead of 1100 volts so we will apply rated voltage to LT side
of the transformer. Core is made up of “Colled Rollen Grain Oriented Silicon Steel”
sheet material. These are fixed losses irrespective of load.
Iron losses is further classified into losses.
1)HysteresisLosses
To reduce this losses ,silicon steel is used.
2) Eddy Current Losses:
It is directly Propotional to thickness of core. To reduce this loss laminated
core is used.
The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the
figure. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the

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transformer as shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side
with the help of a variac of variable ratio auto transformer.

The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with the help of variac, applied
voltage gets slowly increased until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated
voltage of the LV side. After reaching at rated LV side voltage, all three
instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings) are recorded.

2.6One Minute Power Frequency Withstand Test:

Electrical equipment must be capable of withstanding overvoltage’s during
operation. Thus by suitable testing procedure we must ensure that this is done.
High voltage testing can be broadly classified into testing of insulating materials
(samples of dielectrics) and tests on completed equipment.
The test is basically used to check the insulation level of HV to LV, HV to
body, even oil itself and bushing of transformer.
1)On HV side:
It is required to give 34kV(1phase) for one minute to HV side by keeping LV side
and body grounded. It should withstand 34kV for one minute. In case the oil is
contaminated, or clearances, i.e HV to LV, HV to body, and HV to core, are less
sufficient, then the voltage will get path towards that weaker point and is
detected in the form of leakage current,and failing the transformer to withstand
the given voltage.
2)On LV Side:

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It is required to give 2kV(1phase) for one minute to HV side by keeping LV side
and body grounded. It should withstand 2kV for one minute. In case the oil is
contaminated, or clearances, i.e HV to LV, HV to body, and HV to core, are less
sufficient, then the voltage will get path towards that weaker point and is
detected in the form of leakage current,and failing the transformer to withstand
the given voltage.
It is assumed that over voltage conditions, at power frequency cannot be
sustained beyond one minute time moreover it is actually sustained for much less
time than one minute duration. This test is carried out to verify whether the
insulation provided in the main circuit of breaker is capable of withstanding
power frequency over voltages for long one minute duration or not. The test is
performed in dry conditions of the breaker. The power frequency voltages,
applied to the breaker during the test, are specified in the standard as per the
nominal voltage level of the system.

2.7 Induce Over Voltage Test:

The test is basically used to check inter turn insulation of the windings. We need
to apply double the voltage and double the frequency to LV side by keeping HV
side open Circuited. Here at HV&SC Lab, there is 1 phase generator with 200 Hz
frequency. Test voltage applied to LV side can be calculated as follows.

Voltage = 415/√3 =240*2 =480V

Now 480 test voltage will be applied by keeping frequency 4 times of the rated
frequency as shown in figure i.e 50Hz*4 = 200Hz.

The time required for this test is calculated by using following formula.

Rated Frequency∗120
𝑇= sec
Test Frequency

i.e for 100Hz the time required will be 60 sec or 1 minute and i.e for 200Hz the
time will be 30 sec 0r 0.5min.

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2.8 lightning impulse Test:
Lighting is a common phenomenon in transmission lines because of their tall
height. This lightning stroke on the line conductor causes impulse voltage. The
terminal equipment of transmission line such as power transformer then
experiences this lightning impulse voltages. Again during all kind of online
switching operation in the system, there will be switching impulses occur in the
network. The magnitude of the switching impulses may be about 3.5 times the
system voltage.
Insulation is one of the most important constituents of a transformer. Any
weakness in the insulation may cause failure of transformer. To ensure the
effectiveness of the insulation system of a transformer, it must confirms the
dielectric test. But the power frequency withstand test alone can not be adequate
to demonstrate the dielectric strength of a transformer. That is why impulse test
of transformer performed on it. Both lightning impulse test and switching impulse
test are included in this category of testing.
Lightning Impulse:
The lightning impulse is a pure natural phenomenon. So it is very difficult to
predict the actual wave shape of an lightning disturbance. From the data
compiled about natural lightning, it may be concluded that the system
disturbance due to natural lightning stroke, can be represented by three basic
wave shapes.
1) Full wave
2) Chopped wave and
3) Front of wave
Although the actual lightning impulse disturbance may not have exactly these
three shapes but by defining these waves one can establish a minimum impulse
dielectric strength of a transformer.
If lighting disturbance travels some distance along the transmission line before it
reaches the transformer, its wave shape may approach to full wave.
If during traveling, if flash-over occurs at any insulator of the transmission line,
after the peak of the wave has been reached, the wave may become in form of
chopped wave.
If the lightning stroke directly hits the transformer terminals, the impulse voltage
rises rapidly until it is relieved by a flash over. At the instant of flash - over the
voltage suddenly collapses and may form the front of wave shape.

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The effect of these wave forms on the transformer insulation may be different
from each other. We are not going here in detail discussion of what type of
impulse voltage wave forms causes what type of failure in transformer. But
whatever may be the shape of lightning disturbance voltage wave, all of them can
cause insulation failure in transformer. So lighting impulse test of transformer is
one of the most important type test of transformer.This test is applied for 1.2
micro sec front time with 30% tolerance and 50 micro second retail time with 20%
tolerance.
Switching Impluse:
Through studies and observations reveal that the switching over voltage or
switching impulse may have front time of several hundred microseconds and this
voltage may be periodically damped out. The IEC - 600060 has adopted for their
switching impulse test, a long wave having front time 250 μs and time to half
value 2500 μs with tolerances.
The purpose of the impulse voltage test is to secure that the transformer
insulation withstand the lightning overvoltage which may occur in service.

3.0 Conclusion:
In High Voltage And Short Circuit Lab Rawat, different types of test are performed
to check the devices by applying different field conditions. After the tests, it is
checked that either the device has withstood the test or not. In short Circuit test
all the routine test(Transformer Turn Ratio, Winding Resistance, No Load Losses
etc) are to be performed before and after the short circuit test. Before short
Circuit Routine test confirms that either transformer is fit for short circuit test or
not and After short circuit Routine test confirms that either the device has
withstood short circuit or not.

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4.0 References:
http://www.electrical4u.com/transformer-winding-resistance-measurement/
WINDING RESISTANCE TEST SET, MODEL WRT-100 Manual
http://www.electrical4u.com/open-and-short-circuit-test-on-transformer/
http://www.electrical4u.com/routine-test-of-circuit-breakers/
http://www.electrical4u.com/insulation-dielectric-test-of-transformer/
http://www.electrical4u.com/basic-insulation-level-definition-table-and-
calculation/

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