Arithmetic Properties

The main arithmetic properties are Associative, Commutative, and Distributive. These properties

are used to manipulate expressions and to create equivalent expressions in a new form.

Associative

The Associative property is related to grouping rules. This rule allows the order of addition or

multiplication operation on numbers to be changed and result the same value.

Commutative

Associative

The Associative property is related to grouping rules. This rule allows the order of addition or

multiplication operation on numbers to be changed and result the same value.

CommutativehShsiaianzjsiajduaifjsJSjdjsiakdndiaisisjsnsiz

The Commutative property is related the order of operations. This rule applies to both addition

and subtraction and allows the operands to change order within the same group.

Distributive
The law of distribution allows operations in some cases to be broken down into parts. The

property is applied when multiplication is applied to a group of division. This law is applied in the

case of factoring.

Arithmetic Operations Examples

The Commutative property is related the order of operations. This rule applies to both addition

and subtraction and allows the operands to change order within the same group.

Distributive

The law of distribution allows operations in some cases to be broken down into parts. The

property is applied when multiplication is applied to a group of division. This law is applied in the

case of factoring.

Arithmetic Operations Examples

Exponent Properties
Properties of Radicals

Properties of Inequalities

Properties of Absolute Value

Complex Numbers

Definition of Complex Numbers

Complex numbers are an extension of the real number system. Complex numbers are defined

as a two dimension vector containing a real number and an imaginary number. The imaginary

unit is defined as:

The complex number format where a is a real number and b is an imaginary number is defined

as:

Unlike the real number system where all numbers are represented on a line, complex numbers

are represented on a complex plane, one axis represents real numbers and the other axis

represents imaginary numbers.

Properites of Complex Numbers

Logarithms

Definition of Logarithms

A logarithm is a function that for a specific number returns the power or exponent required to

raise a given base to equal that number. Some advantages for using logarithms are very large

and very small numbers can be represented with smaller numbers. Another advantage to

logarithms is simple addition and subtraction replace equivalent more complex operations. The

definition of a logarithms is:

Definition of Natural Log

Definition of Common Log

Logarithm Properties

Factoring

Polynomials

A polynomial is an expression made up of variables, constants and uses the operators addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a constant non negative power. Polynomials

follow the form:

The polynomial is made up of coefficients multiplied by the variable raised to some integer

power. The degree of a polynomial is determined by the largest power the variable is raised.
Quadratic Equation

A quadratic equation is a polynomial of the second order.

The solution of a quadratic equation is the quadratic formula. The quadratic formula is:

Common Factoring Examples

Square Root

The square root is a function where the square root of a number (x) results in a number (r) that

when squared is equal to x.

 Also the square root property is:

Absolute Value

Completing the Square

Completing the square is a method used to solve quadratic equations. Algebraic properties are

used to manipulate the quadratic polynomial to change its form. This method is one way to

derive the quadratic formula.

The steps to complete the square are:

1. Divide by the coefficient a.

2. Move the constant to the other side.

3. Take half of the coefficient b/a, square it and add it to both sides.

4. Factor the left side of the equation.

5. Use the square root property.

6. Solve for x.
Functions and Graphs

Expressions evaluated at incremental points then plotted on a Cartesian coordinate system is a

plot or graph.

Constant Function

When a function is equal to a constant, for all values of x, f(x) is equal to the constant. The

graph of this function is a straight line through the point (0,c).

Linear Function

A linear function follows the form:

The graph of this function has a slope of m and the y intercept is b. It passes through the point

(0,b). The slope is defined as:

An addition form for linear functions is the point slope form:

Parabola or Quadratic Function

A parabola is a graphical representation of a quadratic function.

The graph of a parabola in this form opens up if a>0 and opens down if a<0. The vertex of the

parabola is located at:

Other forms of parabolas are:

The graph of a parabola in this form opens right if a>0 or opens left if a<0. The vertex of the

parabola is located

Circle

The function of a circle follows the form:

Where the center of the circle is (h,k) and the radius of the circle is r.

Ellipse

The function of an ellipse follows the form:

Where the center of the ellipse is (h,k)

Hyperbola
The function of a Hyperbola that opens right and left from the center follows the form:

The function of a Hyperbola that opens up and down from the center follows the form:

Where the center of the hyperbola is (h,k), with asymptotes that pass through the center with

slopes of:

To find out if a number is divisible by seven:

Take the last digit, double it, and subtract it from the rest of the
number.
If the answer is more than a 2 digit number perform the above
again.
If the result is 0 or is divisible by 7 the original number is also
divisible by 7.
Example 1 ) 259
9*2= 18.
25-18 = 7 which is divisible by 7 so 259 is also divisible by 7.
Example 2 ) 2793
3*2= 6
279-6= 273
now 3*2=6
27-6= 21 which is divisible by 7 so 2793 is also divisible by 7 .
Now find out if following are divisible by 7
1) 2841
2) 3873
3) 1393
4) 2877

TO FIND SQUARE OF A NUMBER BETWEEN 40 to 50

Sq (44) .
1) Subtract the number from 50 getting result A.
2) Square A getting result X.
3) Subtract A from 25 getting result Y
4) Answer is xy
EXAMPLE 1 : 44
50-44=6
Sq of 6 =36
25-6 = 19
So answer 1936
EXAMPLE 2 : 47
50-47=3
Sq 0f 3 = 09
25-3= 22
So answer = 2209
NOW TRY To Find Sq of 48 ,26 and 49

TO FIND SQUARE OF A 3 DIGIT NUMBER :

LET THE NUMBER BE XYZ
SQ (XYZ) is calculated like this
STEP 1. Last digit = last digit of SQ(Z)
STEP 2. Second Last Digit = 2*Y*Z + any carryover from STEP 1.
STEP 3. Third Last Digit 2*X*Z+ Sq(Y) + any carryover from STEP
2.
STEP 4. Fourth last digit is 2*X*Y + any carryover from STEP 3.
STEP 5 . In the beginning of result will be Sq(X) + any carryover
from Step 4.
EXAMPLE :
SQ (431)
STEP 1. Last digit = last digit of SQ(1) =1
STEP 2. Second Last Digit = 2*3*1 + any carryover from STEP
1.= 6
STEP 3. Third Last Digit 2*4*1+ Sq(3) + any carryover from STEP
2.= 2*4*1 +9= 17. so 7 and 1 carryover
STEP 4. Fourth last digit is 2*4*3 + any carryover (which is 1) . =
24+1=25. So 5 and carry over 2.
STEP 5 . In the beginning of result will be Sq(4) + any carryover
from Step 4. So 16+2 =18.
So the result will be 185761.
If the option provided to you are such that the last two digits are
different, then you need to carry out first two steps only , thus
saving time. You may save up to 30 seconds on each
calculations and if there are 4 such questions you save 2
minutes which may really affect UR Percentile score.

PYTHAGORAS THEROEM :
In any given exam there are about 2 to 3 questions based on pythagoras theorem. Wouldn’t it be nice that you remember
some of the pythagoras triplets thus saving up to 30 seconds in each question. This saved time may be used to attempt other
questions. Remember one more right question may make a lot of difference in UR PERCENTILE score.
The unique set of pythagoras triplets with the Hypotenuse less than 100 or one of the side less than 20 are as follows :
(3,4,5), (5, 12, 13), (8, 15, 17), (7, 24, 25), (20, 21, 29), (12, 35, 37), (9, 40, 41), (28, 45, 53), (11, 60, 61), (33, 56, 65), (16, 63, 65), (48,
55, 73), (36, 77, 85), (13, 84, 85), (39, 80, 89), and (65, 72, 97).
(15,112,113), (17,144,145), (19,180,181), (20,99,101)
If you multiply the digits of the above mentioned sets by any constant you will again get a pythagoras triplet .
Example : Take the set (3,4,5).
Multiply it by 2 you get (6,8,10) which is also a pythagoras triplet.
Multiply it by 3 you get ( 9,12,15) which is also a pythagoras triplet.
Multiply it by 4 you get (12,16,20) which is also a pythagoras triplet.
You may multiply by any constant you will get a pythagoras triplet
Take another example (5,12,13)
Multiply it by 5,6 and 7 and check if you get a pythagoras triplet.
TIPS FOR SMART GUESSING :
You will notice that in any case, whether it is a unique triplet or it is a derived triplet (derived by multiplying a constant to a
unique triplet), all the three numbers cannot be odd.
In case of unique triplet , the hypotenuse is always odd and one of the remaining side is odd the other one is even.
Below are the first few unique triplets with first number as Odd.
3 4 5
5 12 13
7 24 25
9 40 41
11 60 61
You will notice following trend for unique triplets with first side as odd.
Hypotenuse = (Sq(first side) +1) / 2
Other side = Hypotenuse -1
Example : First side = 3 ,
so hypotenuse = (3*3+1)/2= 5 and other side = 5-1=4
Example 2: First side = 11
so hypotenuse = (9*9+1)/2= 41 and other side = 41-1=40
Please note that the above is not true for a derived triplet for example 9,12 and 15, which has been obtained from multiplying
3 to the triplet of 3,4,5. You may check for other derived triplets.
Below are the first few unique triplets with first number as Even .
4 3 5
8 15 17
12 35 37
16 63 65
20 99 101
You will notice following trend for unique triplets with first side as Even.
Hypotenuse = Sq( first side/ 2)+1
Other side = Hypotenuse-2
Example 1. First side =8
So hypotenuse = sq(8/2) +1= 17
Other side = 17-2=15
Example 2. First side = 16
So hypotenuse = Sq(16/2) +1 =65
Other side = 65-2= 63

PROFIT AND LOSS : In every exam there are from one to three
questions on profit and loss, stating that the cost was first
increased by certain % and then decreased by certain %. How
nice it would be if there was an easy way to calculate the final
change in % of the cost with just one formula. It would really help
you in saving time and improving UR Percentile. Here is the
formula for the same :
Suppose the price is first increase by X% and then decreased
by Y% , the final change % in the price is given by the following
formula
Final Difference % = X- Y – XY/100.
EXAMPLE 1. : The price of T.V set is increased by 40 % of the
cost price and then decreased by 25% of the new price . On
selling, the profit for the dealer was Rs.1,000 . At what price was
the T.V sold.
From the above mentioned formula you get :
Final difference % = 40-25-(40*25/100)= 5 %.
So if 5 % = 1,000
then 100 % = 20,000.
C.P = 20,000
S.P = 20,000+ 1000= 21,000.
EXAMPLE 2 : The price of T.V set is increased by 25 % of cost
price and then decreased by 40% of the new price . On selling,
the loss for the dealer was Rs.5,000 . At what price was the T.V
sold.
From the above mentioned formula you get :
Final difference % = 25-40-(25*45/100)= -25 %.
So if 25 % = 5,000
then 100 % = 20,000.
C.P = 20,000
S.P = 20,000 – 5,000= 15,000.
Now find out the difference in % of a product which was :
First increased by 20 % and then decreased by 10 %.
First Increased by 25 % and then decrease by 20 %.
First Increased by 20 % and then decrease by 25 %.
First Increased by 10 % and then decrease by 10 %.
First Increased by 20 % and then decrease by 15 %.

TIPS TO IMPROVE UR PERCENTILE :

HOW ABOUT SOLVING THE FOLLOWING QUESTION IN JUST
10 SECONDS
Ajay can finish work in 21 days and Blake in 42 days. If Ajay,
Blake and Chandana work together they finish the work in 12
days. In how many days Blake and Chandana can finish the
work together ?
(21*12 )/(24-12) = (21*12)/9= 7*4= 28 days.
NOW CAREFULLY READ THE FOLLOWING TO SOLVE THE
TIME AND WORK PROBLEMS IN FEW SECONDS.
TIME AND WORK :
1. If A can finish work in X time and B can finish work in Y time
then both together can finish work in (X*Y)/ (X+Y) time.
2. If A can finish work in X time and A and B together can finish
work in S time then B can finish work in (XS)/(X-S) time.
3. If A can finish work in X time and B in Y time and C in Z time
then they all working together will finish the work in
(XYZ)/ (XY +YZ +XZ) time
4. If A can finish work in X time and B in Y time and A,B and C
together in S time then :
C can finish work alone in (XYS)/ (XY-SX-SY)
B+C can finish in (SX)/(X-S)
and A+ C can finish in (SY)/(Y-S)

Here is another shortcut

TYPE 1 : Price of a commodity is increased by 60 %. By how
much % should the consumption be reduced so that the
expense remain the same.
TYPE 2 : Price of a commodity is decreased by 60 %. By how
much % can the consumption be increased so that the expense
remain the same.
Solution :
TYPE1 : (100* 60 ) / (100+60) = 37.5 %
TYPE 2 : (100* 60 ) / (100-60) = 150 %

Many of u must b aware of this formula, but the ppl who don't know it must b useful for
them.
a+b+(ab/100)

this is used for succesive discounts types of sums.

like 1999 population increses by 10% and then in 2000 by 5%
so the population in 2000 now is 10+5+(50/100)=+15.5% more that was in 1999

and if there is a decrease then it will be preceeded by a -ve sign and likeiwse