Hints And Tricks For Etea

ALKANES:
Physical Properties:
👉 General formula for alkane is CnH2n+2.
👉 Alkane has Carbon-Carbon single bond.
👉 Alkanes are also called paraffins
👉 Hybridization state of carbon in alkane is sp3.
👉 Alkanes are colourless, odourless and tasteless
👉 Alkane show Chain, Position, Confermational
and Optical isomerism.
👉 C1-C4 are gases, C5-C17 are liquids while C18
and above are solids.
👉 Alkanes are lighter than water, so they floats on
water.
👉 Alkanes are soluble in organic compounds like
benzene etc.
👉 Boiling points of the alkane increases by
increasing molecular weight.
👉 Straight chain alkane has higher boiling point
than its isomeric branched chain alkane.
👉 Boiling point decreases by increases the number
of branches.
👉 Melting points of alkane also increases with the
increase in molecular weight but there is no
regularity.
👉 Reactivity of halogens towards alkane are
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Preparation of Alkane: Alkane can be prepared by
the following reactions.
Hints And Tricks For Etea
1) Kolbe electrolysis
2) Wrutz reaction
3) Frankland reaction
4) Corey-House synthesis
5) Clemmensen reduction
6) Wolff Kishner reduction
7) Sabatier-Senderen's reaction
Chemical Reactions of Alkanes: Alkane have the
following chemical reactions
1) Halogenation
2) Nitration
3) Sulphonation
4) Chlorosulphonation ( Reed reaction)
5) Combustion
6) Catalytic oxidation
ALKENES:
Physical Properties:
👉 General formula of alkene is CnH2n
Here n=2, 3, ........
👉 Alkenes are also called Olefins.
👉 Alkanes have at least one double bond between
carbon carbon atoms.
👉 Hybridization state of carbons in alkenes are
sp2 and sp3.
👉 Alkenes show Chain, Position, Functional, Ring
chain, geometrical and Optical isomerism.
👉 Alkenes are colourless and odourless.
👉 Alkenes are lighter than water, so they floats on
water.
Hints And Tricks For Etea

👉 C2-C4 are gases, C5-C15 are liquids while C16

and above are solids.
👉 B.P and M.P of alkenes is directly proportional
to their molecular weight.
👉 B.P and M.P of alkenes is inversely proportional
to number of branches.
👉 Melting points of Tran isomers are greater than
Cis isomers.
👉 Boiling points of Cis isomers are greater than
Trans isomers.
👉 Dipole moments of Cis isomers are greater than
Trans isomers.
Preparation of Alkenes: Alkenes can be prepared
by the following reactions
1) Elimination Reactions
2) Kolbe’s electrolysis
Chemical reactions of Alkenes: Alkenes have the
following reactions
1) Hydrogenation
2) Halogenation
3) Hydrohalogenation
4) Hydration
5) Halohydration
6) Epoxidation
7) Ozonolysis
8) Baeyer Reagent
9) Combustion
Hints:
👉 The order of the reactivity of halogen acids
Hints And Tricks For Etea
towards alkene is
HI > HBr > HCl > HF
👉 The order of the reactivity of halogens towards
the alkene is
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
👉 On hydrogenation, alkenes produced alkanes.
👉 On halogenation, alkene produced Vicinal
dihalides (dihaloalkanes).
👉 On hydrohalogenation, alkenes produced Alkyl
halides.
👉 On hydration, alkenes produced the alcohol.
👉 On halohydration, alkenes produced
halohydrins.
👉 On epoxidation, alkenes produced epoxides
which then produced Glycol on acid hydrolysis.
👉 On ozonolysis, alkenes produced ozonides which
then be converted into aldehydes and ketones on
hydrolysis and Zn.
👉 Baeyer reagent is a test for unsaturation.
👉 On combustion, alkenes produced CO2 and H2O
ALKYNES:
Physical Properties:
👉 General formula of alkyne is CnH2n-2
Here n=2,3,4,......
👉 Alkynes have at least one tripple bond between
carbon carbon atoms.
👉 Hybridization state of carbons in alkynes are sp
and sp3
Hints And Tricks For Etea

👉 Alkyne shows Chain, Position, Functional, Ring

Chain and Optical isomerism.
👉 C2-C4 are gases , C5-C12 are liquids while C13
and above are solids.
👉 Alkynes are colourless, odourless and tasteless
👉 Lower alkynes are partially soluble in water due
to its polarity while higher alkynes are insoluble in
water due to more percentage of covalent
character.
👉 Melting points and Boiling points are increases
with the increase of molecular weight. While
decreases with the number of branches.
👉 Alkynes are more acidic than Alkene and
Alkanes and in the order of
Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes
👉 Acetylene is more acidic than terminal alkynes
and non terminal alkynes and in the order of
Acetylene > Alkyl acetylenes > Dialkyl acetylene
Preparation Of Alkynes: Alkynes can be prepared
by the following methods
1) Kolbe electrolysis
2) Elimination reactions
Chemical Reactions Of Alkynes: Alkynes have the
following reactions
1) Hydrogenation
2) Hydrohalogenation
3) Hydration
4) Halogenation
5) Ozonolysis
Hints And Tricks For Etea
6) Baeyer Reagent.
7) Combustion
Hints:
👉 On hydrogenation, alkynes produced alkenes
and alkanes
👉 On hydrohalogenation, alkynes produced
haloalkenes and haloalkanes.
👉 On hydration, alkynes produced aldehydes OR
ketones
👉 On halogenation, alkynes produced Tetra
haloalkanes.
👉 On Ozonoylsis, alkynes produced 1,2-dicarbonyl
compounds which then converted into Carboxylic
acids by H2O2.
👉 Baeyer reagent is a test for unsaturation.
👉 On combustion, alkynes produced CO2 and
H2O.