Magnetostatic Fields

Dr. Talal Skaik

Islamic University of Gaza – Palestine

2012

2
 Introduction
 In chapters 4 to 6, static electric fields characterized by E or D
(D=εE) were discussed.
 This chapter considers static magnetic fields, characterised by H
or B (B=μH).
 As we have noticed, a distribution of static or stationary charges
produces static electric field.
 If the charges move at a constant rate (direct current- DC), a
static magnetic field is produced (magnetostatic field).
 Static magnetic field are also produced by stationary permanent
magnets.
3
Magnet and Magnetic Field
The iron filings form circles around
the wire along the magnetic field

Magnetic Field Around A compass needle is deflected by the

Current Carrying Wires direct current flowing in a conductor
Electrostatic Fields have dual equations for magnetostatic fields

6
 Biot-Savart’s Law
Biot-Savart’s law states that the magnetic field intensity dH
produced at a point P by a differential current element Idl is
proportional to the product Idl and the sine of the angle α between
the element and the line joining P to the element and is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance R between P and the
element and its direction can be obtained by right handed screw rule.

I dl sin 
dH 
R2
kI dl sin 
or dH = 2
, k  1/ 4
R
I dl sin 
dH =
4 R 2

7
 I dl sin 
dH =
4 R 2
I dl  aR I dl  R
dH  
4 R 2
4 R 3
where R =|R| and a R =R/R

The direction of dH can be

determined by the right-
hand rule or right-handed
screw rule.

8
 Biot-Savart’s Law
The direction of magnetic field intensity H (or current I) can be
represented by a small circle with a dot or cross sign depending on
whether H (or I) is out of, or into the page.

9
 Biot-Savart’s Law
For different current distributions:

Current distributions:
(a) line current,
(b) surface current,
(c) volume current.

I dl  aR
H  (line current)
L
4 R 2

K dS  aR
H  (surface current) (K: surface current density)
S
4  R 2

J dv  aR
H  (volume current) (J: volume current density)
v
4 R 2 10
 Magnetic Field of straight Conductor
Consider conductor of finite length AB, carrying current from point A
to point B. Consider the contribution dH at P
I dl  R
due to dl at (0,0,z): dH  ,
4 R 3

But dl  dz az and R= a   za z , so,

I  dz
dl  R   dz a  , Hence H=  a
2 3/2
4    z 
2

Letting z= cot , dz    cosec 2 d ,

2 2
I  2 cosec2 d I
H
4 1  3cosec3 a   4 a 1 sin  d
I
or H=  cos  2  cos 1  a
tan    / z 4
 z   cot 1+cot x=cosec x
2 2 11
 I
H=  cos  2  cos 1  a
4
When the conductor is semi-infinite, so that point A is now at O(0,0,0)
while B is at (0,0,), 1 =90o ,  2 =0o :
I
H= a
4
When the conductor is of infinite length, point A is at (0,0,  ) while
B is at (0,0,) ,1 =180o ,  2 =0o :
I
H= a
2
A simple approach to determine a :
a  al  a
where al is is a unit vector along the line current, and a is a unit vector
along the perpendicular line from the line current to the field point. 12
 I
H=  cos  2  cos 1  a
4

α1:outside, α2: inside 13

 Example 7.1
The conducting triangular loop in the figure carries a current of 10 A.
Find H at (0,0,5) due to side 1 of the loop.

(a) conducting triangular loop,

(b) side 1 of the loop.

14
 Example 7.1 Solution
I
Applying H=  cos  2  cos 1  a , that is valid for any straight,
4
thin, current carrying conductor. 1 ,  2 , and a are found as follows:
2
cos 1  cos 90o  0, cos  2  ,  =5
29
a  al  a , but al  ax , and a  az
so a  ax  az  a y , Hence
I
H1   cos  2  cos 1  a
4
10  2 
H1    0  (a y )
4 (5)  29 
H1  59.1a y mA/m

15
 Example 7.2
Find H at (-3,4,0) due to the current filament shown in the figure.

(a) current filament along semi-infinite x- and z-axes, aℓ and a for H2 only;
(b) determining a for H2. 16
 Example 7.2 Solution
Let H=H1 +H 2 at P(-3,4,0), where H1 is due
to current filament along x-axis, and H 2 is due to current filament
along z-axis.
I
H2   cos  2  cos 1  a
4
At P(-3,4,0),  =(9+16)1/2  5,
1 =90o ,  2 =0o
a  al  a ,
but al  az ,
3 4
and a  ax  a y
5 5
 3 4  4 3
a  az   ax  a y   ax  a y
 5 5  5 5 17
or alternatively, from figure b,
4 3
a  sin  ax  cos  a y  ax  a y
5 5
3  4ax  3a y 
Thus, H 2  1  0 
4 (5) 5
H 2  38.2ax  28.65a y mA/m
a in this case is the negative of the regular a of
3
cylindrical coordinates: H 2  1  0  (a )  47.75a mA/m
4 (5)
To find H1 at P:
 =4,  2  0o , cos 1  3 / 5, and a  al  a  ax  a y  az . Hence,
3  3
H1  1   az  23.88az mA/m
4 (4)  5 
Thus H=H1 +H 2  38.2ax  28.65a y  23.88az mA/m
or H=  47.75a  23.88az mA/m 18
 Example 7.3
A circular loop located at X2+y2=9, z=0 carries a direct current of 10 A
along aФ. Determine H at (0,0,4) and (0,0,-4).

(a) circular current loop, (b) flux lines due to the current loop. 19
 Example 7.3 - solution
The magnetic field intensity dH at point P(0,0,h)
contributed by current element Idl is :
I dl  R
dH 
4 R 3
where dl   d a , R=(0,0, h )  ( x, y,0)
R    a  ha z , and
a a az
dl  R  0  d 0   h d a   2d a z
 0 h
Hence,

3/2 
d a z   dH  a  dH z a z
I
dH=  h d  a    2

4   2  h 2 
By symmetry, the contributions along a add up to zero  H   0 20
 Example 7.3 - solution
2
I  2 d a z I  2 2 az
Thus, H=  dH z az   4   
2 3/2 2 3/2
0

2
 h  4    h 
2

I2
or H= az
2 3/2
2   2  h 
(a) Substituting I=10 A,  =3, h=4 gives
10(3)2 az
H  0, 0, 4  =  0.36 az A/m
2 9  16
3/2

(b) replacing h by -h,

dl  R    h d a   2 d az
(z-component remains the same)
Hence, H  0, 0, 4   H  0, 0, 4   0.36 az A/m 21
 AMPERE'S CIRCUIT LAW - MAXWELL'S EQUATION
Ampere's circuit law states that the line integral of the tangential
component of H around a closed path is the same as the net
current Ienc enclosed by the path.

In other words, the circulation of H equals I enc ; that is,

 H  dl=I enc (integral form of 3rd Maxwell's equation)

Apply Stoke's theorem,
I enc   H  dl      H   dS
L S

But, I enc   J  dS
S

   H  J (differential form of third Maxwell's equation)

22
 AMPERE'S CIRCUIT LAW - MAXWELL'S EQUATION

 H  dl=I enc

  H  dl  apply to Amperian path (L).

L

 I enc  current enclosed by amperian path.

I enc is found if J(A/m 2 ) is known: I enc   J  dS
S

or if K(A/m) is known for surface current density.

23
 APPLICATIONS OF AMPER'S LAW
A. Infinite Line Current
Consider infinite filamentary current I along the z-axis. To determine H
at point P, allow Amperian path passing through P, such that H is
constant provided ρ is constant.

The whole current I is enclosed by the path,  H  dl=I enc

according to Amper's law:
I   H  a    d a 
2
I =H   d H (2 )
0

I
or H= a
2
24
 B. Infinite Sheet of Current
Consider an infinite current sheet in the z=0 plane with uniform
current desnity K=K y a y A/m. Applying Ampere's law to the
rectangular closed 1-2-3-4-1 path gives:  H  dl I enc  K yb
 Consider the sheet as comprising of filaments
 Consider dH above and below the sheet due to a pair of
filamentary currents.

25
 The resultant dH has only an x-component.
 H on one side is the negative of that on the other side.
H a z0
H=  0 x
  H 0a x z0
Evaluating the line integral of H along the closed path:
2 3 4 1 
 H.dl   1  2  3  4  H.dl=I enc  K yb
1
0(  a )+(  H 0 )(  b)  0(a )  H 0 (b)=2 H 0b  K y b  H 0  Ky
2
1
 2 K y a x z0
H= 
  1 K yax z0
 2
In general, for an infinite sheet of current density K A/m,
1
H= K  a n where a n is a unit normal vector directed from
2
the current sheet to the point of interest 26
Magnetic field of Infinite Sheet of Current

1
H= K  a n
2

27
Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line

28
 Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line
Consider infinitely long coaxial transmission line of two concentric cylinders
The inner conductor has radius a and carries current I , the outer conductor has
inner radius b and thickness t and carries return current  I .
To determine H everywhere, apply Ampere's law in four possible regions:
0    a, a    b, b    b  t ,   b  t

29
For region 0    a : apply Ampere's law to path L1

 H  dl  I
L1
enc   J  dS

Since the current is uniformly distributed over

I
the cross section, J= 2 az , dS= d d  az
a
2 
I I I2
I enc   J  dS  2    d  d  2   2
2

 a  0  0 a a
I2 I
H  dl  H 2  2 or H 
L1
a 2 a 2
For region a    b : Apply Ampere's law to path L 2

 H  dl  I
L2
enc  I (since the whole current is enclosed by L 2 )

I
H 2  I or H  (same as infinite straight filamentary current)
2 30
For region b    b  t :
Apply Ampere's law to path L3

 H  dl  H 2  I
L3
enc

where
I
I enc  I   J  dS, J=  az
  b  t   b 
2 2
 
2 
I   2  b2 
Thus, I enc I
 2 2   
  b  t   b   0  b
 d  d I 1  2
 t  2bt


 
I   2  b2 
 H  1  2 
2  t  2bt 
For region   b  t : Apply Ampere's law to path L 4

 H.dl  I  I  0
L4
or H  0
31
 Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line
 I
 2 a 2 a 0 a

 I
a   b
Putting all equations  2 a
H= 
together:  I   2  b2 
 H  1  2  a b    bt
 2  t  2bt 
   bt
 0

32
Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line

33
 Example 7.5
Planes z=0 and z=4 carry current K= -10 ax A/m and K=10 ax A/m,
respectively. Determine H at
(a) (1,1,1)
(b) (0,-3,10)

34
 Example 7.5
Let H=H 0 +H 4 , where H 0 +H 4 are
the contributions due to current
sheets z=0 and z=4,
(a) At (1,1,1) , which is between the plates (0  ( z  1)  4),
H 0  (1/ 2)K  a n  (1/ 2)( 10a x )  a z  5a y A/m
H1  (1/ 2)K  a n  (1/ 2)(10a x )  ( a z )  5a y A/m
Hence, H=10a y A/m

(b) At (0,-3,10) , which is above the sheets ( z  10  4  0),

H 0  (1/ 2)K  a n  (1/ 2)( 10a x )  a z  5a y A/m
H1  (1/ 2)K  a n  (1/ 2)(10a x )  a z  5a y A/m
Hence, H= 0 A/m 35
 Example 7.6
A toroid whose dimensions are shown in the figure has N turns and
carries current I. Determine H inside and outside the toroid.

36
 Example 7.6
The net current enclosed by the Amperian path is NI . Hence,

 H  dl=I enc  H (2 )  NI

NI
or H= , for  0  a     0  a
2
where  0 is is the mean radius of the toroid.
Outside the toroid, the current enclosed by an Amperian path is
NI - NI  0 and Hence H =0

37
Magnetic Field of a Toroid

38
 Magnetic Flux Density
•Electric flux density and Electric field intensity are related by D=ε0 E
in free space.
•Similarly, the magnetic flux density B is related to the magnetic
field intensity H by:
B  0 H
•Where μ0 is known as the permeability of free space.

0  4  107 H/m
•The magnetic flux through a surface is given by

 =  B  dS
S

•Where Ψ is in webers (Wb), B is in (Wb/m2) or teslas (T).

39
 Magnetic Flux Lines
•Magnetic flux line is a path to which B is tangential at every point on
the line.
•Each flux line is closed and has no beginning or end.

40
•In an electrostatic field the flux
crossing a closed surface is the
same as the charge enclosed.
  D  dS  Q
S
•Unlike electric flux lines, magnetic flux
lines always close upon themselves.
•This is because it is not possible to have
isolated magnetic poles (or magnetic
charges).

 B  dS  0
•So it is possible to have an
isolated electric charge and the

flux lines produced by it need S
not be closed. 41
It is not possible to isolate the north and south poles of a magnet.

42
Broken Magnet

43
 Gauss’s Law for magnetostatic fields
The total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field is zero.

 B  dS  0
Applying divergence theorem,

 B  dS     B dv 0
S v
Or

 B  0
This is the Maxwell’s fourth equation. It states that magnetostatic
fields have no sources or sinks.
44
Maxwell’s Equations for Static Fields

45
 Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials
*In electrostatics electric field intensity and potential are related by:
E  V
*Similar to this we can relate magnetic field intensity with two
magnetic potentials:
•Magnetic scalar potential (Vm)
•Magnetic vector potential (A)

*Magnetic scalar potential Vm is related to H by the relation:

H  Vm if J=0
J=  H=  ( Vm )  0 (since for any scalar,   (V )  0)
so the magnetic scalar potential Vm is only defined in the region where J=0.
Vm satisfies Laplace's equation 2Vm  0 (J=0)
46
 Magnetic Vector Potential
Since for a magnetostatic field   B=0
For any vector   (  A)=0
we can define magnetic vector potential A such that
B=  A
In many EM problems it is more convenient to first find A and then
find B from it.
0 Idl
A for line current
L
4 R

0 KdS
A for surface current
S
4 R

0 Jdv
A for volume current
v
4 R 47
 Magnetic flux from vector potential
The magnetic fluc through a given area can be found from
=  B  dS
S

Applying Stoke's theorem, we obtain,

 =  B  dS   (  A)  dS   A  dl
S S L

  A  dl
L

48
 Example 7.7
Given the magnetic vector potential A=-ρ2/4 az Wb/m, calculate the
total magnetic flux crossing the surface Ф=π/2, 1≤ρ≤2 m, 0≤z≤5 m.
Example 7.7 Solution

Method 1
Az 
B    A=  a  a , dS=d  dz a 
 2
Hence,
5 2 2
1 1 2 15
   B  dS=
2 z0 1
 d  dz   (5) 
4 1 4
  3.75 Wb

49
 Example 7.7 Solution Continued A=-ρ2/4 az
Method 2
  A  dl=
L
1  2  3   4

where L is the path bounding surface S .

Since A has only z-component,
1  0   3
1  5 0

   2   4   1  dz  (2)  dz 
2 2

4 0 5 
1 15
  (1  4)(5)   3.75 Wb
4 4
50