SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

Armaghan Mohsin
Lecture 02
Periodic Signal
x(t )  x(t  T ) , T : period
x(t )  x(t  mT ) , m : integer

T0 : Fundamental period : the smallest positive value of T

aperiodic : NOT periodic

x [n]  x [n  N ]  x [n  mN ] , N 0
Even/Odd Signals

 Even
x(t )  x(t ) , x[n]  x[n]
 Odd
x(t )   x(t ) , x[n]   x[n]

x(-t)=x(t) x(-t)=-x(t)
Even Odd
 Even/Odd
 Any signal can be discomposed
into a sum of two signals
 One is even and other is odd
Continuous Time Complex Exponential Signals
•

• Where C and a are in general, complex numbers

• IF C and a are real then x(t) is called real exponential

a>0 a<0
Periodic Complex Exponential
• Basic Building Blocks from which one can construct many
different signals and define frameworks for analyzing many
different signals efficiently
x ( t )  e j 0 t ,
2π
 It is a periodic signal, with fundamental period T0  and
|ω0|
fundamental frequency is
2  0 : rad / sec
0 
T0
Sinusoidal signal
• It is closely related to complex exponentials and is defined as

• Complex exponential and sinusoidal signals are related to each other

𝜔 >𝜔 >𝜔
Exponential/Sinusoidal Signals
 Harmonically related signal sets
jk  0 t
{ k ( t )  e , k  0 ,  1,  2 ,....}
2π
fundamental period Tk 
|kω0|

fundamental frequency |kω0|

2π
all with common period T1 
|ω0|
Exponential/Sinusoidal Signals

 General Complex Exponential Signal

x (t )  Ce at | C | e j  e ( r  j0 ) t | C | e rt  e j (0t  )

r>0 r<0
Discrete Time Complex Exponential
•
• IF C and both are real then discrete exponential have four cases
𝛼>1 0<𝛼<1

−1 < 𝛼 < 0 𝛼 < -1

Discrete Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal
• Complex Exponential signal is defined as

• Sinusoidal signal is defined as

• Both are related to each other as

General Complex Exponential Signals
•
• If C and α both are complex then

𝛼 <1
𝛼 >1
Exponential/Sinusoidal Signals
 Important Differences Between Continuous-time and
Discrete-time Exponential/Sinusoidal Signals
– For discrete-time, signals with frequencies ω0 and
ω0 +m．2π are identical. This is Not true for
continuous-time.
j (  0  m 2  ) n j 0 n
e e
j ( 0   ) t j ( 0   ) t
e e
see : Fig.1.27, p.27 of text
Exponential/Sinusoidal Signals
 Important Differences Between Continuous-time and
Discrete-time Exponential/Sinusoidal Signals
– For discrete-time, ω0 is usually defined only for [-π, π] or
[0, 2π]. For continuous-time, ω0 is defined for (-∞, ∞)
– For discrete-time, the signal is periodic only when
2 m
ω0N=2πm,  0  ( ) m  2 ( )
N N

see : Fig.1.25, p.24 of text

Exponential/Sinusoidal Signals
 Harmonically related discrete-time signal sets
2
jk ( )n
{k [n ]  e N
, k  0,1,2,........}
all with common period N

 k  N [ n ]   k [ n]
This is different from continuous case. Only N
distinct signals in this set.