Report on

JUNKER’S
CALORIMETER
AIM:
 To determine the lower and higher calorific values of gaseous fluids.

THEORY:
 The amount of heat energy produced by combustion of unit mass or volume of
fuel at a finite standard temperature and pressure is called its Calorific Value
(CV).

-- For the solid and liquid fuels, unit mass is considered and the unit of CV will be
kJ/kg. For gaseous fuel, unit volume is considered under NTP and the unit of CV
will be kJ/m3 .
 There are two types of calorific value:
1. Higher or Gross calorific value(HCV):
The higher calorific value is defined as the total heat liberated by
combustion of unit mass of fuel when the water vapour formed by
combustion is completely condensed at constant temperature releasing its
latent heal.
2. Lower or Net calorific value(LCV):
The lower calorific value of fuel is defined as the net heat liberated by
combustion of unit mass of fuel when the water vapour formed by
combustion exists completely in vapour phase.
FIGURE: Setup of Junker’s Calorimeter

CONSTRUCTION:
 Gas Combustion Chamber:
-- It is an annular cylinder of sheet metal supported in a vertical position consists a
gas burner inserted at the lower central opening.

 It consists two fluid lines..

-- The first is the gas line,which loads gas to be tested to the burners via pressure
regulators and gas meter.
-- The second is the cooling water line,which leads cooling water.

 Condensate Pot:
-- It is used to collect condensate drips dropping down from copper tube.

 Thermometers are used to measure the temperature of water at inlet and

outlet.

 Gas Flow meter are also used to measure the flow rate at which gas is
supplied for combustion.
WORKING and PROCEDURE:
-- Install the equipment on flat surface.
-- Connect the gas source to the pressure regulators,flow meter and burner.
-- The flow rate of gas is measured by a flow meter. The pressure of gas is
measured by a manometer attached to the pressure regulator.
-- Insert the thermometers to measure water inlet and outlet temperature and to
measure gas temperature at inlet and outlet.
-- Now, start water flow through calorimeter at steady rate and allow it to drain
through overflow.
-- Now,start gas flow at control volume and steady state between combustion
product and cooling water.
-- The heat produced by combustion of gas is absorbed by the cold water flowing
through water jacket.The entire heat released from the combustion is absorbed
by circulating water.
-- The temperature of cooling water at inlet and outlet and exit gas temperature
are measured. Mass flow rate of cooling water is also measured. Volume flow
rate of gas and exhaust gas temperature are also noted.
-- The Calorific value of the gas can be measured by given formula,

Vg * (CV) = mw*cw (To - Ti) + m*hfg

-- Which suggests,
Heat released by combustion of gas = (Heat gained by cooling water) +
(latent heat released from condensate)

-- Where,
To= Cooling water temperature at inlet,
Ti= Cooling water temperature at outlet,
mw=Mass flow rate of cooling water,
m= Rate of mass of condensate collected in a pot.
 hfg=Latent heat of water at atmospheric pressure,
Vg=Volume flow rate of gas,
Tg=Exit gas temperature.

-- This equation will give HCV ,to calculate LCV..

-- LCV=HCV - (Weight of steam formed per m3of gas)*(Latent heat of steam)

CONCLUSION:
-- By this apparatus the calorific value of given gaseous fluid is yielded from the
quantity and increase in the temperature of the water and during the quantity of gas
has flowed through the apparatus in exact way directly to thermal units.