The constant of change

For a good many centuries, human thought about nature has swung between two
opposing points of view. The opposing view is that there is no such thing as objective
reality; that all is flux all is change. In mathematics, the rate at which a quantity is
changing with respect to another quantity is called a rate of change. This concept
comes up often in the study of mathematics and its applications, so being familiar with it
is helpful. A constant rate in math is the absence of acceleration. In general, a function
with a constant rate is one with a second derivative of 0. If you were to plot the function
on standard graph paper, it would be a straight line, as the change in y (or rate) would
be constant.

Everything changes and nothing stands still. A law of physics is a pattern that nature
obeys without exception. Heraclitus explains this flux by examining the unity of
opposites. It can be found that all things undergo transformations so that they may
become their opposites. That which is hot will inevitably become cold. Every life is
guaranteed death and with each death, there can be found new life. The laws of nature
can be documented with numbers. They can be measured and computed in the
language of mathematics.

What we really need to do is get out of this futile game altogether. We need to find a
way to step back from these opposing worldviews. Over the last decade, we've learned
a lot of math and our worldview has changed significantly. We used to think it was
obvious, but now, how could we be sure that one caused the other? Newton represents
the triumph of rationality over mysticism. Rational mysticism, which encompasses both
rationalism and mysticism, is a term used by scholars, researchers, and other
intellectuals, some of whom engage in studies of how altered states of consciousness
or transcendence such as trance, visions, and prayer occur. Lines of investigation
include historical and philosophical inquiry as well as scientific inquiry within such fields
as neurophysiology and psychology.

Newton came to be thought of as the first and greatest of modern age scientist, a
rationalist, one who taught us to think on the lines of cold and untinctured reason. But
what is crucial is that the essential business of scientist is to explain the observed world
by constructing theories. And, contrary to what some philosopher of science used to
believe, theories are not derived from given facts by means of a mechanical process
called induction.
Keynes was thinking of Newton’s personality, and of his interest in alchemy and religion
as well as in mathematics and physics. The universe may appear to be a storm-tossed
ocean of change. Newton's wide range of discoveries, from his theories of optics to his
ground-breaking work on the laws of motion and gravity, formed the basis for modern
physics. Isaac Newton was born in 1642, the year of Galileo's death, and from a young
age showed interest in formal education — not a given in that era — rather than
farming.

Nature, the creation of higher beings, is by definition perfect, and ideal forms are
mathematical perfection, so the two go together. Kepler challenged that view by finding
ellipses in place of complex systems of circles. Newton threw it out altogether, replacing
forms by the laws that produce them. To increase the predictive accuracy of his system,
Copernicus had the planets move in a series of smaller circles about the orbital paths.
These so-called epicycles were quite numerous. And, in the end, his forecasts came out
no better than those made with the methods of ancient astronomers. To increase the
predictive accuracy of his system, Copernicus had the planets move in a series of
smaller circles about the orbital paths. These so-called epicycles were quite numerous.
And, in the end, his forecasts came out no better than those made with the methods of
ancient astronomers.

When all else is flux, why is the acceleration fixed? Whenever the flux passing through
the coil changes by any way (like either changing angle, magnetic field or area of coil),
we are actually producing a relative motion between electrons and magnetic field. There
is a gravitational force that acts. Of course, this appeal to everyday observation does
not tell us what happens if the distance becomes sufficiently large. We have a body
moving under a constant downward force. The simplest theory consistent with this
mixture of real experiments and thought experiments is that when a force acts on a
body, the body experiences an acceleration that is proportional to that force.

To be precise, Newton’s law of motion states that every object will remain at rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an
external force. This is normally taken as the definition of inertia. The key point here is
that if there is no net force acting on an object then the object will maintain a constant
velocity. Its a great virtue is that it is valid for any system of masses and forces,
including masses and forces that change overtime.

Calculus provides a technique, which nowadays is called integration, that allows us to

move from knowledge of acceleration at any instant to knowledge of velocity at any
instant. An integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe
displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal
data. Integration is one of the two main operations of calculus, with its inverse
operation, differentiation, being the other. Calculus is a mathematical scheme invented
to handle question about rates of change. Newton’s basic insight that changes in nature
can be described by mathematical processes, just as form in nature can be described
by mathematical things have a similar character.

The physical laws for light, sound, electricity, magnetism, the elastic bending of
materials, the flow of fluids, and the course of a chemical reaction, are all equations for
various rates of change. The rate of change is about the difference between some
quantity now.