MinSCAT Institutional Manuscript Format

Master’s Thesis and Dissertation

1. All text should be typed using size (twelve) 12 font Arial font style. The abstract,
acknowledgement, dedication, the main body of the text and biographical
sketch/curriculum vitae should be typewritten in double space.

2. Use a size 8.5 by 11 inches (letter) bond paper.

3. The following margins should be used:

3.1 top, right & bottom 1 inch
3.2 left 1.5 inches
3.3 All indentions consist of five (5) characters i.e. type on the sixth character.

4. The page number

4.1 Preliminary pages are paginated separately from the rest of the text. The
page numbers should be lower case Roman Numerals placed at the bottom-
center of the page with a ½ inch margin. However, it should not appear on
the Title Page and Approval sheet although they are included in the paging.

4.2. For the rest of the paper, the page numbers should be in Hindu Arabic
numerals placed at the upper right hand corner of the page with a ½ inch top
margin and 1 inch right margin. It should appear on all pages except the
following:

4.2.1 start of the chapter

4.2.2 start of the page for literature cited/bibliography
4.2.3 start of each appendix

4.3 the font style and size should be consistent with the text for preliminary and
text paging.

5. For the Title Page, no underlining, boldface or Italics is allowed except for:

5.1 names of species and genera

5.2 non-English term

The typeface size must be consistent with the text. For additional specifications,
refer to attachment A.

6. For the Approval Sheet, refer to attachment B.

7. The word “Abstract” should be typewritten in capital letters, boldface and centred
justified. It should not exceed one page.

8. The word “Acknowledgement” should be typewritten in capital letters, boldface

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 and centred justified. It should not exceed two pages.

9. The word “Dedication” should be typewritten in capital letters, boldface and

centred justified. It should not exceed 15 words and is typewritten centred
justified. Full name of the researcher should be indicated.

10. The title “Table of Contents” should be typewritten in capital letters, boldface and
centred justified. Entries must be consistent in both style and substance with the
headings as they appear in the text (wording, capitalization and style of
numerals). Topics that may consume more than one line should be typewritten in
single space while the length of the table of contents run to several pages, do not
type “Continued” at the bottom of the page.

11. In typing the List of Tables, List of Figures and List of Appendices, follow the rule
that applies to Table of Contents.

12. The main body of the text

12.1 Type the chapter number on the first line of the page in title case, boldface
and centred justified.
12.2 Type the chapter title on the second line of the page in upper case, boldface
and centred justified.
12.3 All subtitles are typewritten in title case, boldface and centred justified.
12.4 All chapters should start with a page.
12.5 There should be two (2) double spaces between the chapter title and the
first subtopic. The subtopic and the first line of the succeeding discussion
should be double spaced. The last line of a subtopic and the next subtopic
should bear four (4) spaces.
12.6 Place tables/figures right after it was introduced in the text.
12.7 Figures are labelled at the bottom.
12.8 Tables are labelled on top. All vertical and inside horizontal borders are
omitted

13. The title “Bibliography should be typewritten in capital letters, boldface and
centred justified. All entries are arranged alphabetically.

14. The word “Appendix” should be typewritten in capital letters, boldface and
centred justified. The appendix title should be typewritten in title case, normal
face, centred justified and if very long, in single space and inverted pyramid form.

15. The title “Curriculum Vitae” should be typewritten in capital letters, boldface and
centred justified.

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 Attachment A- Title Page

MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF HUANGLONGBING (HLB) DISEASE

OF CALAMANSI (Citrofortunella microcarpa) IN DIFFERENT
MUNICIPALITIES IN ORIENTAL MINDORO

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of Graduate Studies
MINDORO STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Main Campus
Alcate, Victoria, Oriental Mindoro

In Partial fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
Major in Crop Science

3
by

DALIA G. BIGTAS
April 2018
 ATTACHMENT B- Approval Sheet

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis titled MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF HUANGLONGBING (HLB)

DISEASE OF CALAMANSI (Citrofortunella microcarpa) IN DIFFERENT MUNICIPALITIES
IN ORIENTAL MINDORO, prepared and submitted by DALIA G. BIGTAS, has been
successfully presented and recommended for approval by the Thesis Committee in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree, MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE,
major in Crop Science.

THESIS COMMITTEE

NAME TYPEWRITTEN W/ DEGREE NAME TYPEWRITTEN W/ DEGREE

Chairperson Member

NAME TYPEWRITTEN W/ DEGREE NAME TYPEWRITTEN W/ DEGREE

External Expert Member

Approved and accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE MAJOR IN CROP SCIENCE.

NAME TYPEWRITTEN W/ DEGREE

College Dean

_______________
Date

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
DEDICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDICES

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction/Nature and Importance of the Study
Statement of the Problem/Objectives
Statement of Hypothesis/Hypothesis of the Study
Scope, Delimitation and Limitation
Significance of the Study
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chapter IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chapter V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE

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 ATTACHMENT C

SAMPLE TABULAR PRESENTATION

Table 1
Frequency Distribution of Respondents as to Educational Attainment

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

Elementary 10 31.5

High School 12 37.5

College 10 31.25

Total 32 100

Table 2

Analysis of Variance for Fresh Weight of Plant

Source of Variance DF SS MS FC F-Tab

Replication 2 276.210 138.10 0.921ns 4.10
Treatment 5 804.852 160.97 1.07ns 3.33
Error 10 1498.580 149.86
Total 17 2576.642
CV = 27.16%
ns = not significant

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 SAMPLE FIGURE PRESENTATION

College

High School

Elementary

0 10 20 30 40

Figure 1. Distribution of Respondents Based on Educational Attainment

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sample Bibliography

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials. (2007). CONSORT: Strength in

science,sound ethics. Retrieved from http://www.consort-statement.orgl

Copyright Act of 1976 (title 17 of the United States Code).

Devlin, J. T., & Poldrack, R. A. (2007). In praise of tedious anatomy. NeuroImage,

37,1033-1041. doi: 1 0.1 016/j .neuroimage.2006.09 .055

Fisher, C. (2003). Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. (2007). GLAAD media reference guide
(7th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.glaad.orglmedialguide/

Gray literature. (2006). In Crossref glossary (Version 1.0). Retrieved from http://www
.crossref.orgl02publishers/glossary.html

Grissom, R. J., & Kim, J. J. (2005). Effect sizes for research: A broad practical
approach. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Harlow, L. L., Mulaik, S. A., & Steiger, J. H. (Eds). (1997). What if there were no
significance tests? Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Hegarty, P., & Buechel, C. (2006). Androcentric reporting of gender differences in

APA articles, 1965-2004. Review of General Psychology, 10, 377-389. doi:10
.103711089-2680.10.4.377

Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60,

581-592. doi:l0.l037/0003-066X.60.6.581

Jones, L. V., & Tukey, J. W. (2000). A sensible formulation of the significance test.
Psychological Methods,S, 411-414. doi:1O.103711082-989X.5.4.411

Kasdorf, W. E. (Ed.). (2003). The Columbia guide to digital publishing. New York,
NY: Columbia University Press.

Kline, R. B. (2004). Beyond significance testing: Reforming data analysis methods

in behavioral research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.643-a

Knatterud, M. E. (1991, February). Writing with the patient in mind: Don't add insult
to injury. American Medical Writers Association Journal, 6, 10-17.

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 EXPLANATORY NOTES

The thesis has a fairly standardized format. Fundamentally, it is organized into three
sections:

1. Preliminary matter (includes the title page, approval page, acknowledgement,

dedication, abstract, the table of contents, list of tables, etc.)

2. Text (includes the introduction, review of related literature, methodology, results and
discussion and summary, conclusion and recommendation)

3. Back Matter (includes the references or bibliography, appendixes and biographical

sketch).

PRELIMINARY MATTER

Title Page

It should include the title of a research paper, the student’s name, the faculty of
the graduate school granting the degree, the degree for which the thesis/dissertation is
submitted, and the date (Attachment A).

The recommended length for the title is no more than 12 words*

.
Author’s name (byline). To reduce the likelihood of mistaken identity, the byline
should be the author’s first name, middle initials and last name.*

Approval Page

This page provides space for the signatures of the Thesis Committee and Dean
indicating their acceptance of the work. (Attachment B).

Abstract
The abstract should be a brief descriptive summary of the paper's purpose, main
points, method, findings, and conclusions. It should consist of 250 to 300 words written
in single paragraph*. Citations, however, are not included. Three (3) to five (5) keywords
should be included.
An abstract of a report of an empirical study should describe
 The problem under investigation, in one sentence if possible;
 The participants, specifying pertinent characteristics such as age, sex, ethnic
and/or racial group; in animal research specifying genus and species;

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  The essential features of study method-you have a limited number of words so
restrict your description to essential and interesting features of the study
methodology—particularly those likely to be used in electronic searches;
 The basic findings, including effect sizes and confidence intervals and/or
statistical significance levels; and
 The conclusions and implications or applications
An abstract for a theory-oriented paper should describe
 How the theory or model works and/or the principles on which it is based and
 What phenomena the theory or model accounts for and linkages to empirical
results

Acknowledgment
This includes a brief paragraph acknowledging the contribution of the committee
members and others who helped the student complete the research. The
acknowledgement should be expressed simply and tactfully, like a professional note
with the researcher’s initials. It should not exceed two pages.

Dedication
This portion contains the list of entities/persons to whom the thesis is dedicated.

Table of Contents
The table of contents introduces the reader to your text, indicating its contents,
organization and progression.

List of Tables, List of Figures and List of Appendices

These sections contain the list of tables/figures/appendices arranged as they
appear on the body of the text. These should follow the Table of Contents. The List of
Tables/Figures should contain the table/figure number, table/figure title and page. The
presentation of data in tabular and figure form is shown in Attachment C.

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THE TEXT

Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Nature and Importance of the Study (for experimental research)

The section should include what the research is all about. It should explain the
importance of the problem and why the researcher did the work. It should also contain
findings of previous authors who experimented on problems related to his work.
If the problem deals with an unknown crop a short description and importance
should appear in the first few sentences in the introduction.

Introduction (for social research)

The section should include what the research is all about. It should also contain
legal basis and/or findings of previous authors who conducted a study on problems
related to his work to establish the research gap. It should explain why the researcher
did the work.

Objectives (for experimental research)

This should state what the researcher hoped to come up with or accomplish.
Evaluate, compare, characterize, determine, develop or recommend are some of the
useful terms in formulating the objective.
In a student thesis, it is desirable to have a general objective if there are many
studies all leading to a common goal. The specific objectives would then refer to those
of a narrower scope of work.

Statement of the Problem (for social research)

This should state what question or questions the researcher seeks to answer or
what he hopes to accomplish.

Statement of Hypothesis (for social research)

Hypothesis of the Study (for experimental research)
The hypotheses are propositions tentatively assumed in order to draw out
consequences based on factual observations. These are stated in the negative form. It
should be preceded by an introductory sentence/s.
.
Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study (for both researches)

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 The coverage, delimitation and limitations of the study should be clearly stated in
this section. The study should indicate the research locale, coverage of the study
(scope), the weaknesses and shortcomings (limitation) and the variable excluded
(delimitation). In writing this section, the first paragraph should contain the scope, the
second paragraph should contain the limitation and the third paragraph should contain
the delimitation.
For experimental research, time and place of the study along with its coverage,
boundaries and exclusions should be cited on this part.

Significance of the Study (for social research)

This part should explain the importance of the problem/study to its intended
beneficiaries and to other researchers who wish to venture on similar studies.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework (for social research)

This section presents the interrelated concepts constructed in order to explain,
predict and master phenomena (e.g. relationships, events, or the behavior).
Conceptual framework presents the schematic diagram of the hypothesized effect or
relationship of independent and dependent variables on the factor under consideration,
e.g. income, marketing practices, cost of production, etc

Definition of Terms (for both researches)

This could be a sentence by itself or part of a sentence mentioned in passing.
This will ensure the readers to fully understand the paper. Technical terms and terms
which are often used in the study but have different interpretations, or terms that may be
misinterpreted, must have to be defined. These terms can be found in the research title,
statement of the problem, hypothesis, research paradigm, and some other parts of the
study.
A term may be defined lexically (dictionary), authoritatively (published and
unpublished materials), or operationally (as used in the study). If the term is lexically or
authoritatively defined, the source must be cited. Operational definition may be used
only if the meaning if a term is different from its technical or conceptual definition.
Personal definition anchored on a technical definition should be avoided.
For phrasal terms, the first word is capitalized and succeeding words are in lower
case letter. Terms to be defined should be in bold typeface and ends with a period.
These should be presented in alphabetical order.

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.Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Reviewed literature should follow a thematic presentation. Major variables of the

study should be properly supported by literature. Primary sources are preferred over
secondary sources of information. The surveyed or reviewed materials must be as new
as possible. Limit the review to the past 10 years as much as possible, except where
there is none, there is not enough review articles or historical facts and original
discoveries need to be cited.
Materials reviewed must be relevant to the study, objective and unbiased.
Technical journals are more authoritative than popular journals. Use books and reviews
with caution. Unless essential or they will make the review better, never use magazines,
newspapers, pocketbooks and similar popular publications for business.
Ideas should be logically presented and organized. Avoid presenting annotated
bibliography.

Related Studies

This section presents the result of careful reading of similar or related studies
conducted within the last five (5) years. This includes a critical analysis of the
relationship among different works and relating this to the current research. It should be
well-organized to elucidate readers on what has been done and how different the
present study is in terms of subject, methodology, analysis and other aspects.
Similarities and differences of the present research to other researches previously
conducted should be used as inputs to organize the information around topics, make
generalizations, and then present information in a logical way to show either the
relatedness or differences of the reviewed to further justify the contribution and need to
conduct the study.
As a general rule, a dissertation should not include master’s thesis whether publish
or unpublished.

Organizing the Review

A review is not just putting together of literature or arranging these
chronologically. It is an organized and synthesized presentation of previous works.
For a good presentation, it is best to make an outline of the reviewed literature
into topics.

1. In a student thesis, start the review by introducing an idea relevant to the topic

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 and use the reviewed literature to clarify, augment, support or contradict the idea.
After the finished statements, enclose in parenthesis the author and year.

2. Present an idea per paragraph. Provide a smooth transition on using words such
as “in contrast”, “on the other hand”, “however”, “nevertheless”. Do not jump from
tomato to citrus, for example, with such transition.

3. Padded reviews are undesirable. A review is padded when there are so many
reviewed articles on the same specific subject. Two complementary citations
from independent workers are sufficient to present a subject but do not purposely
hide a third or fourth dissenting work. Complementary papers by the same author
should be limited and avoided if possible. Cite results but never tabulated data.

4. If a researcher fails to see the original material of a review obtained from a

secondary source ( a paper cited by the author and the year of the secondary
source (the article you have seen) in parenthesis immediately after the original
citation. For example, “Ledin, R.B. 1958. Mango Varieties in Florida. Hort. Adv.
11:16-26 (in Bondad, 1989). Do not forget to write down to the complete citation
of the secondary source in the list of literature cited. Researchers however are
encouraged to look for the primary source.

5. Citing word-for-word requires enclosing them in quotation marks. Acknowledge

sources of sentences, or sections lifted from texts or articles, as well as vividly
striking expressions. However, there is no need to acknowledge the source of
well-known facts such as the light reaction of photosynthesis or Mendelian
inheritance.

Researchers are advised to paraphrase literature and vary citation styles (use of
author prominent or information prominent) and conform to the APA 6 th Edition)

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Chapter III
Research Methodology
(for social research and experimental research in education)

Research Design
This part presents and provides explanation on the type of research and
justification as to its suitability to elicit the desired results intended by the study. Careful
selection on the design should be observed as it dictates the methodology to be
employed. Appropriate and updated sources/references should be cited.

Respondents/Subjects of the Study (for survey type of study)

The respondents are those from whom the data/ information are to be collected
or gathered considering their level of familiarity with the phenomenon under
investigation. The respondents of the study should be described as to the inclusion or
exclusion criteria adopted by the researcher. Subject of the study will be used if
documents and survey will be used.
This section includes the discussion on the sampling techniques used in the
study with distribution table of respondents.

Participants of the Study (qualitative research)

The participants of the study are the interviewee involved in the conduct of a
qualitative research. Their main participation is providing data through interview, focus
group discussion, etc.

Research Instrument
This part presents a description of the development and parts of the research
instrument (questionnaire, interview guide, key informant interview guide, focus group
discussion outline, documents for analysis). Test for reliability and validity of the
instrument along with scoring and quantification of data should be discussed if
survey instrument will be used.

Data Gathering Procedure

How the investigation will be/was conducted should be discussed in this section.
The conduct of the research should start from the approval of the permit to conduct the
study to how the instrument is distributed; who were given the instrument; how many
were given; and how the instrument was retrieved. As much as possible, the percentage
of distribution and retrieval of the research instrument should be indicated. If an
interview was used, the following must be indicated: preparation of the interview, types
of interview used, manner of interview, persons interviewed, percentage of interviewed
persons, and all other incidental matters. Schedule of activities for experimental

15
research should be presented. It is necessary that proper documentation is observed
such as taking of pictures during the interview or video-coverage if necessary to
substantiate the process.

Ethical Consideration
This section explains the ethical protocol observed in the study as certified by the
Ethics Committee.

Statistical Treatment of Data

This provides a description and explanation on the statistical tools (to be) used in
the study. Formula may not be included since most statisticians now rely on statistical
software. However, formula may be given when the statistic or mathematical expression
is new, rare, or essential to the manuscript*.

Chapter III
Materials and Methods (for experimental research)

Materials
The materials used in the thesis, if there are, should be classified and listed down
in this section, e.g. Laboratory apparatuses, fertilizer, crops, animals,

Methods
Confine the methods to the things actually done. It should conform to the
objectives.
Replication and design are standard features of the materials and methods. The
cultivar used and basic experimental units like size of plot and number of samples used
should be clearly defined.
Indices/ rating and statistical analysis used should be stated.

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Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The result answers the question “What did I observe?” while the discussion
answers “What does it mean.” The result and discussion is the heart of the publication.
It communicates the facts, measurements, and observations of the research worker.
The manuscript should present representative data rather than repetitive data. It
is not the amount of data presented but how meaningful the data was presented that
count.
There are two main ways of presenting data: tables and graphs. Tables are the
simplest way to present numerical data. They emphasize details better than graphs.
Never present a set of data in both table and graph in the same manuscript. Data that
are strategically insignificant are best presented in a table rather than in a graph.

Topics and subtopics in the discussion should be the keywords in the statement
of the problem. Discussion comes first before the table/figure. Table/figure should be
immediately presented right after it is mentioned in the text. In discussing, an
introductory paragraph should be developed prior to presentation of the results.

Findings should be supported by related literature/studies. However, care should

be taken in the presentation such that the idea presented in the Chapter II Review of
Related Literature and Studies is not a copy and paste of the earlier presented literature
and studies.

For social research, outputs should be comprehensively discussed in this

chapter.

Table and Figure Numbers

Number all tables and figures with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are
first mentioned in text, regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of the table or
figure occurs later in the paper. Do not use suffix letters to number tables and figures;
that is, label them as Table 5, Table 6, and Table 7 or Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7
instead of 5, 5a, and 5b. If the manuscript includes an appendix tables or figures,
identify those elements of the appendix with capital letters and Arabic numerals (e.g.,
Table A1 is the first table of Appendix A or of a sole appendix that is not labelled with a
letter; Figure C2 is the second figure of Appendix C)

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Tables
Conciseness in Tables
Limit the content of your tables to essential materials. Tables with surplus
elements are less effective than lean tables. The principle of conciseness is relevant not
only for text tables but also for tables to be placed in online supplement archives.
Although supplemental tables may be longer and more detailed than text tables, they
must be directly and clearly related to the content of the article. Tables should be
integral to the text but should be designed so that they can be understood in isolation.

Table Layout
Table layout should be logical and easily grasped by the reader. Table entries
that are to be compared should be next to one another. Following this principle, in
general, different indices (e.g., means, standard deviations, sample sizes) should be
segregated into different parts or lines of tables. Position variable and condition labels in
close proximity to the values of the variable to facilitate comparison.
All tables are meant to show something specific; for example, tables that
communicate quantitative data are effective only when the data are arranged so that
their meaning is obvious at a glance.

Table Titles
Give every table a brief but clear and explanatory title. The basic content of the
table should be easily inferred from the title.

Types of Figures

 Graphs typically display the relationship between two quantitative indices or

between a continuous quantitative variable (usually displayed as the y axis) and
groups of subjects displayed along the x axis.
 Charts generally display nonquantitative information such as the flow of subjects
through a process, for example flow charts.
 Maps generally display spatial information
 Drawings show information pictorially
 Photograph contains direct visual representations of information.

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Standards for figures

A good figure

 Augments rather than duplicates the text,

 Conveys only essential facts,
 Omits visually distracting detail,
 Is easy to read –its elements (type, lines, labels, symbols, etc.) are large enough
to be read with ease)
 Is easy to understand-its purpose is readily apparent,
 Is consistent with and in the same style as similar figures in the same article, and
 Is carefully planned and prepared

Figure Legends and Captions

A legend explains the symbols used in the figure; it is placed within the figure. It
is an integral part of the figure; therefore it should have the same kind and proportion of
lettering that appear in the rest of the figure. A caption is a concise explanation of the
figure that is placed directly below the figure and serves as the title of the figure. It
serves both as an explanation of the figure and as a figure title; therefore, the figure
itself should not include a title. The caption should be a brief but descriptive phrase.

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Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings
This portion contains a synthesis of the findings of the study. This should be
presented in paragraph form per major variable of the study.

Conclusions
This portion presents the generalization and not repetitions of the findings of the
study. Conclusions should complement research questions.

Recommendations
This portion contains what the researcher believes to be good piece of advice to
its intended beneficiaries based on the result of the study. Only weak points should be
highlighted.

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Back Matter
BIBLIOGRAPHY

It includes all acquisitions in a library, published materials as journals, books and

often “unpublished” graduate theses/dissertation which the researcher used in the
preparation of the manuscript. As a general rule, the final bibliography should be a
listing of references cited in the paper.

APPENDIX
The appendices are labelled in the order of their appearance in the body of your
report. Those first mentioned in the body naturally come first. They may all be grouped
together into a separate section.

CURRICULUM VITAE

This is credential-based, providing a comprehensive listing of the researcher’s

education, certifications, research experience, and professional affiliations and
memberships.

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