Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies which were used by the

researcher as a guide in conceptualizing his study. The similarities and differences between

the cited studies and the researcher’s proposed study are discussed briefly at the end of

each section.

Related Literature

Presented in this section is a historical review of research that focuses on the

progression of past literatures to present literatures. The historical review focuses only on

the proposal of a sustainable house that is eco-friendly and nature-responsive. This also

includes all the variables and sub-variables in the study which are the aspects of a

sustainable or eco cabin.

Finch (2007) defined sustainable development as: ‘meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ and ‘the

ensuring a better life for everyone, now and for generations to come’. Sustainable housing

is used to describe the process of sustainable development applying to the housing industry.

Sustainable housing simply means less waste, more reuse and recycling, low environmental

impacts and costs, reliability, less maintenance and renovation and residents’ comfort and

satisfaction.

Henley (2013) presented different innovative eco houses around the world. Architects

from Bucharest to Buenos Aires are creating affordable (and not so affordable) eco-friendly

homes. In Ireland, a manufactured modular timber frame house, designed by award-

winning Aughey O'Flaherty Architects, is a traditional Irish cottage with an eco-friendly

 2

twist. With a passive solar design, the highest Irish energy efficiency rating, and can be

expanded at low cost by adding modules. It's an inexpensive low energy home for a new

starting family. In Germany, German kit house developer WeberHaus has developed this

two-storey house for environmentally conscious consumers. It is with highly insulated

walls and triple thermal insulation glazing. The houses are ventilated with heat recovery. In

Vietnam, Stacking Green, in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam, best house award at the World

Architecture Festival in Singapore in October 2012. It is a wind and water house, which

builds its properties. Its green façade is fitted to northern Vietnam's hot, rainy climate and

allows for natural ventilation, saving energy. There are also houses in France, Romania,

US, and Argentina that are built based on the features of a sustainable eco house. It shows

in the article that the progress of building a sustainable house has been emerged globally as

years pass by.

Kacyira (2016) stated that housing is at the center of the sustainable development

agenda. The future has been emerging into urbanization that leads to negative impact to

environment. Thus, sustainability is the only brightest way to prevent the negative impact

of urbanization. The housing challenge stated that the world is facing now is large percent

of people reside in urban areas by 2030. And it is estimated that the problem to get

affordable housing could affect 1.6 billion people globally within 10 years. An approach

proposed is to give emphasis from a simple house to holistic framework where housing is

organized with national and urban development that benefits everyone.

Rika (2017) stated that a sustainable house has three aspects which truly defines its

sustainability: the size (the capacity of house to give residents space wherein it aims to
 3

have a big size but low house's running costs), energy use (its resulting energy

consumption that goals to have less and efficiency in energy), and lifespan (where a

standard house lasts for 80 years but a sustainable house aims to last for over 80 years).

Open Access Government (2019) published an article entitled, “Eco-Friendly Homes: a

Look at Millenials and the Housing Market” that explains and describes the idea of the rise

of construction of ‘wellness-minded’ buildings and eco-friendly homes because of the

millenials. Presently, the millenials and also celebrities almost live in sustainable houses

resulting that the eco houses are now hit and trend in the present time for its some key

features including lower maintenance requirements, consistent temperature, higher quality

air (and better health), reduced waste, and reduced expenses. Lots of people are aiming to

live in a sustainable house because of its positive impacts and benefits it could bring to

them.

Years 2007 to present, the progress in the idea of sustainability housing continuously

develops as years passes by. It clearly shows that sustainable housing is a great idea not

only because of its beautiful appearance but of course the effect and impact it could

contribute to human and environment. The reviewed literatures presented that the features

and designs of a sustainable house is evolving and are becoming broad for it covers large

scope in sustainability aspect and architecture field.

The reviewed literatures are all comparable to each other because they define

‘sustainable house’ similarly. Mostly, they define the sustainable house as less waste and

running costs, low-environmental impact, prevention of maintenance and renovation,

 4

beneficial, energy-efficiency, residents’ comfort, insulation, and other aspects. They differ

in the progression of aspects that are added through years passing.

Retrofitting existing buildings can offer huge energy savings, economic advantages,

and community benefits contributing to a more sustainable built environment. This study

focuses and discusses specific architectural interventions that develop in inhabitable and

tectonic examples of social sustainability. There are three ways to analyzed: selective

demolition and re-densification of the building form; the creation of a palette of

customizable architectural elements for the façade; and the reconfiguration of interior

panels to facilitate the presence of a wider range of suburban environments. These

examples are of social housing renovations from the 1960s and 1970s lately renovated in a

national sustainability program in Denmark. The findings of this study are applicable in the

sustainable transformation of future housing and offer practical and built examples of how

architectural interventions can support social sustainability to send tactile and inhabitable

results (Peters, 2016).

Sustainability has become compatible with protecting and contributing for the natural

environment and has become the target of many public and private developments. Social

sustainability is concerned with creating environments that support societies through

changing social needs caused by demographic shifts, economic cycles and complex

environments by being enabling and typically physically flexible (Thomson, 2017).

Wilson (2018) stated that buildings provide to social sustainability by giving

environments that support societies in meeting their social needs. In most cases, it is not

difficult to understand how the construction, operation, and design of buildings affect the
 5

environment. But when it comes on social value, the building's impact is often less directly

apparent and harder to measure.

Energy efficient building design includes the constructing of buildings that are able to

get the most work out of the energy that is supplied to them by taking steps to reduce

energy loss such as decreasing the loss of heat through the building envelope. Energy

efficient homes are cost-efficient and especially it is sustainable. There are many ways to

risen the energy development of the building by using roofs, walls and insulation. Basically

these materials determine the energy efficiency of the building (Donev, Hanania, Jenden, &

Stenhouse, 2015).

John (2016) stated that largest single waste of energy in every building is coming from

building's walls, roofs and windows. The energy efficiency depends on what materials that

makes to help its envelope. With the latest LEED® 2009 minimum energy update, projects

are paying even closer attention to how tight they can make their envelope to drive down

energy usage and costs. The outturn can be stunning; using of energy saving products helps

to save enough energy.

The challenge of learning how to build an energy-efficient home is not in the

engineering and design: it’s in juggling the trade-offs. Every element of a home has

ramifications on other elements. You can’t have it all, and deciding what’s most important

to you demands a lot of knowledge and thought. “It’s a process of going through the

choices and making decisions,” Jim McKnight said (Countryside Editorial, 2019).

Renewable Energy is now capturing market share from Fossil fuels and Nuclear

energy. When it comes to climate change renewable energy must be guided by scientific
 6

facts. There are three facts, Renewable systems are reliable, even at night and on windless

days is the most common fallacies about Renewable energy. Baseload is not essential a

second fallacy assumes a steady "baseload" of electricity from nuclear and fossil fuels. The

future will look different than the past a third fallacy that assumption of power systems

must centralized utilities supply electricity from their consumers (Amin, 2015).

Using alternative energy systems can reduce utility bills, and the tax for installing

renewables can make more cost effective. Presented are the ways in using renewable

energy. Roof top panels this is the most common renewable energy but it only works when

sun is up (Thompson, 2016).

Sorensen (2019) stated that much renewable energy nowadays one is the Geothermal

Energy when energy obtain below the Earth's surface which can generate a clean and

renewable energy. Many benefits of Geothermal Systems like Eco-friendly, Dramatic

Energy Cost Reduction, Humidity Control, Design Flexibility, Smaller Equipment Rooms,

Durability and Reliability, and Noise-Free. Before purchasing geothermal system make

sure your supplier or installer has fully investigated the site in order to avoid any problems.

Rainwater harvesting systems can be used in cooling, bathing, and drinking, or it can

also be used in livestock watering, landscape irrigation, cooling towers in commercial

buildings, washing, , and industrial process needs. There are lots of benefits in saving and

using rainwater. One of these benefits include: Rainwater can give water that has a good

quality that can be used in drinking, washing, and gardening because of the absence of

dissolved minerals, salts, and ground contaminants that may be present in surface and

underground water (Wilson, 1997).

 7

Naeve (2015) described rainwater collectors or Rainwater catchment systems are easy

and economical to install on a house or other buildings. A system can provide a component

to existing buildings or merge into new building design. Rainwater that are being collected

can be safely used for non-potable activities, such as yard and landscape irrigation,

washing vehicles and watering potted plants.

Rainwater Harvesting minimized the need for water suppliers to use energy collected

from pumping out water from various sources and bodies of water, purifying water, and

distributing water to millions of homes. Rainwater Harvesting Systems can help in

restoring the water table and other underground and surface sources of water (Linden,

2018).

Grey water refers to all domestic waste water that is drained from, showers, sinks,

washing machines and bathtubs. Since grey water is whatever you send down your sinks,

bath and shower drains, it will contain traces of dust, grease, detergents, food, clothing

fibres, hair and even disgusting matter that results from doing laundry, washing your hands,

and showering. Despite that, grey water is a beneficial resource that can be treated, filtered,

and reused. The UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, for example, improves

the recycling and collection of grey water to help in protecting quickly decreasing water

supply. Recycling grey water is becoming more usual, it reduces the responsibility on

urban sewage treatment along with preserving a quickly decreasing of natural resource

(Pavey, 2014).

Ferguson (2014) stated that greywater system can decrease your water usage by about

50% so, if you switch to a water meter, you could possibly reduce your water bills into half
 8

as well as lessen your water footprint. Unlike a rainwater harvesting system, which

depends on rainfall, greywater is in sufficient supply on a daily basis - the more pure water

that you will use to wash food, your dishes and yourself, the more greywater you will need

to recycle. But while you’ll find greywater systems in hotels, university hostels and even

National Trust properties, it is unusual to find a homeowner installing a greywater system

or even a manufacturer supplying this market because greywater, says Jacob Tompkins

from Waterwise, must be handled correctly at the moment that makes it expensive.

Greywater systems are most certainly earth-friendly innovations. Their use can change

a place for living into an eco-friendly home. Additionally, greywater systems are great

forms of a system for the development of a household’s water efficiency. These systems

are fairly ordinary overall, but those that are new to greywater use can profit from

understanding where errors might be made along the way (Water Use It Wisely, 2018).

Magwood (2017) stated that rammed earth walls are usually made up of poured

concrete, wood or steel. Formwork is one of the key to building with rammed earth, the

better formwork the faster and more accurate. Rammed earth wall have a lot of thermal

mass and easily be an airtight system. Rammed earth buildings can last for several years

and can easily repaired if damaged, by addition of new soil mix.

Building a house should use eco-friendly materials. People need to pick materials that

lessen the environmental impact. Using recycled materials that caused less environmental

impact. Choose materials that are promoting sustainable energy (Wild, 2018).

Exterior walls can finish a wide array of materials and techniques. Exterior wall can

also produce significant savings on the contractor and building occupant. Exterior walls
 9

can protect from fire, extreme heat, and cold. Through all of these options can give

featuring advantages, tips, benefits, and cost-saving for materials used in building

(Rodriguez, 2019).

Cob is made up with a mixture of sandy-sub soil, clay and straw. It's a strong and

durable house materials can last for a very long time if maintained and looked properly.

Cob house is affordable as long we have land or space to build, anyone can build cob walls.

Examples of building with cob: Cob cottage, Keppel gate, and Hobbit hole (Koru

architects, 2017).

Cob house is build-up of mud or likely most clay-like soil that found underneath.

Mud is usually use in ancient times and nowadays. This technique in building a cob was

perfected in the last several years. In other methods in building a cob it must be less than

200 square meters. Using these technique can easily to build other part of house like

playhouse, a garden shed, or a mini guesthouse (ROOTWELL PRODUCTS, 2018).

Craven (2019) stated that a cob house usually does not use dried bricks or blocks.

Instead, wall surfaces are made up with lumps of damp cob mixture, compressed, and

sculpted into smooth, sinuous forms. Cob building is the most durable type of earth

architecture and cob is even good for very cold climates. Because of the mud mixture that

sustain long periods of rain without weakening.

Radiant Floor can provide enough heat to feel warm underfoot. Radiant floor heating

system has a very long lag time when the heat is supplied to the floor. While radiant-floor

heat has a sense in certain buildings, it is non-well-suited to highly insulated green building

for a number of reasons because thermal mass in radiant floor systems will increase the risk
 10

of overheating. Radiant floor may still deliver heat after solar gain raises the air

temperature (Alter, 2010).

Edwards (2017) described that the range of materials and color options for floors is

now huge and, there are options for sustainable flooring materials. There are sustainable

flooring options. Sustainable carpet using carpet, wool, sisal, and jute are great sustainable

flooring materials. Bamboo flooring is a sustainable and alternative to timber. Polished

concrete is popular sustainable flooring material and manufactured out of recycled

materials. Recycled timbers are the second-hand and recycled products are also sustainable

flooring. Natural lino is a great choice. Lino is a durable, long-lasting floor from a

renewable resource that is biodegradable.

There is much great kind of floors that are eco-friendly. Mostly flooring choices have

some green credentials but people need to make sure the sustainability against the other

option. And people also need to consider the factors of the energy used to sustain and clean

the flooring (CHOICE, 2019).

Kenway (2014) stated that windows have principle loss of energy in buildings. Most

window manufactures on how energy efficient products and most modern windows labeled

with their Solar Heat Gain level and air leakage. Window manufacturers are moving in the

right direction for a brighter and more sustainable future.

Sustainable building offers a variety of benefits including lower cooling and heating

costs, and reduces their general expenses. Window films are one of most cost-effective and

efficient option. Window films also have variety of roles, including solar control,

insulation, UV blocking, safety and privacy, and even decorations (Mahendriyani, 2016).
 11

Windows highly comprise a large portion of heat in a wall. Installing windows will

help eliminate air infiltration and water leaks. Windows are expensive, but in order to save

more on energy and more comfortable on the home (GreenBuilding.com, 2017).

Green roofs are new technology of green building will represent by the vegetative layer

of the roof. In building a green roof can reduce in using of electricity green roofs can save

the energy needed for heating and cooling of building. Green roofs reduce air pollution and

greenhouse gases. Green roofs also reduce and slow down rainwater drainage mostly in

urban areas (Balkan Green Energy, 2016).

Roofing is very important in home building. It helps to control the flow of air and

moisture into the home and insulates home from extremes in temperature. But the most

important is to sustainably built house is durability in any weather. The longer roof lasts,

greener it is (GreenBuilding.com, 2017).

Bernard (2019) stated that re-roofing is the most costly renovation projects can

undertake. Green roofs are also known as living roofs, are low-slope roofs that are

completely covered by vegetation, either in the form of grass or other small plants. Also

green roofs are usually can high maintenance and so expensive to install, can give several

benefits, including absorption of rainwater to prevent runoff and also insulate our homes,

as well it reduce from heat in urban environments.

Badore (2013) defined insulation as a major part of green building, because it’s a way

to reduce the energy usage of a structure. This is a way to lower the energy costs and the

environmental goal to lessen the greenhouse gasses. Spray polyurethane foam is one of
 12

most efficient insulators on the market and is most used in buildings that seeking for low

energy needs.

Insulation, which carries many tiny air cavities, slows the heat transferal when it was

installed on a building’s or house interior and exterior surface, or in building cavities. Each

kind of insulation medium will be given an R-value rating, which is calculating its thermal

resistance. A higher R-value dictates a better insulator. The R-value of medium changes

with their density, so especially when installing loose-fill insulation, the suitable density is

needed to reach the peak R-value. A proper insulation depends on a building's mass sized

(Green Building Alliance, 2016).

When people think of insulation, the color pink probably comes to their mind. But it

turns out; insulation can be green, as in eco-friendly. Most owners always leave the

decision of insulation to contractors. After all, insulation is not completely plan with

aesthetics in mind. But an advance way of eco-friendly insulation options has come, and

they're worth discovering for their green building. Insulation is made to reduce energy

costs, and every insulation is considered as green. But eco-friendliness needs to consider

these two factors; the manufacturing process, materials, and toxicity (ElementalGreen,

2019).

Making an eco-friendly landscape design is very easy. The traditional landscape design

involves wide range areas of turf, or grass, areas encompasses by trees but this kind of

landscaping is not capable on hot climate place. There is a big impact where people can

have on conservation of water is minimizing the amount of water needed for landscaping.

Up to 60% of the usual residential water use is for landscaping, people find ways to cut
 13

back on water consumption in their eco-friendly landscape will save their money while

keeping their valuable resource (EasyTurf, 2017).

Green landscaping is also known as eco-landscaping. It is a method to design, make,

and sustain your landscape to save time, money, and energy. Green landscapes nurture

wildlife; lessen air, soil, and water pollution; and also create a healthy recreation spaces.

People yard can make a big difference (Wiley, 2018).

Eco-friendly landscaping includes the use of sustainable practices to protect natural

resources. Those who are dedicated to such behaviors give careful and deliberate thought to

the choices they make to preserve water, recycle materials, work with native plants and

harness the power of their landscape to lessen home energy use. If they are making a new

landscape, they need to consider some plan to make sustainability a key component – this

will be eco-friendly and cost-efficient (LOVE YOUR LANDSCAPE.ORG, 2019).

Related Studies

A. Foreign

Lots of studies tackle on the house building, but there are limited studies focusing on

the sustainable house building and innovation. The following review of related studies

provide the foundation to conduct the present study because of the limited or if not zero

number of studies innovating and evaluating sustainable house. The studies reviewed in

this section are the known related studies to specific variables of the present study because

no study can be found in different materials and sources, which is the same as the entire

study at hand.
 14

Kamruzzaman, Teriman, and Yigitcanlar (2015) conducted a study in Ipoh, Malaysia

progresses a “Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment” tool and applied it to compare

their sustainability levels. The method of analysis found that the master-planned

development among the probed case studies has the potential to produce higher levels of

sustainability outcomes. The results exposed insights and indication for policymakers,

planners, development agencies and researchers; support further studies on neighborhood-

level sustainability analysis, and; highlight the need for collective efforts and an effective

process in achieving neighborhood sustainability and sustainable city formation.

Bredenoord (2016) conducted a study entitled, “Sustainable Housing and Building

Materials for Low-Income Households”, which prioritized not in the sustainability of a

house but its affordability for the urban poor to afford specifically a house. The main focus

of this study is how to meet the goal of a sustainable house if affordability is prioritized. In

the methodology of the study, the researcher explored the needs of the urban poor in

housing through profiling and researched about the measures and costs of a sustainable

house building. It was concluded in the results that the sustainable goals for low-cost

housing and applications are achievable.

Hamid, Jamaludin, and Mahayuddin (2017) conducted a study that reviewed the

challenges in integrating affordable housing and sustainable practices in Malaysia. The

market challenges, professional challenges, societal challenges, and technological

challenges are the four sections that describe the challenges in the study. In methodology,

an extensive literature review was conducted to explore the perspectives of Malaysian

construction industry on affordable housing and sustainable practices. The result showed,
 15

as the concern relating to economics and the environment increases, the need for

integration of affordable housing and sustainable practice becomes more imperative. The

study found that the implementation of affordable and sustainable housing development in

Malaysia is still at a very low level.

Chan, Darko, and Owusu (2018) identified the green technologies for sustainable

housing development in Ghana through an empirical study. The study’s objectives were

achieved through the identification of 28 green technologies from a comprehensive

literature review and a questionnaire survey was conducted with 43 green building-

professionals. The results indicated that application of natural ventilation, application of

energy‐efficient lighting systems, optimizing building orientation and configuration,

application of energy‐efficient high efficient heating, ventilation, and air‐conditioning

system, and installation of water‐efficient appliances and fixtures were the five most

important green technologies to achieve sustainable housing development. Furthermore,

water efficiency technologies and energy efficiency technologies had the highest level of

importance. The identified green technologies form a conceptual framework which can be

used to guide the identification and selection of green technologies for sustainable housing

development. The research findings would be useful for industry professionals responsible

for decision making during the design stage of housing developments.

Arellano, Bello, Hernández, Hernández, and Schilmann (2019) conducted a pilot study

to link architecture and public health in a semi-urban community in Mexico, a healthy

sustainable housing index. The study’s aim was to evaluate the link between housing and

children´s respiratory symptoms, through the construction of an index (HSHI) based on the
 16

definition of healthy-sustainable housing criteria, in Mexico. In 60 households to gather

information about schoolchildren, respiratory health, housing and lifestyle characteristics, a

general and household questionnaire, and respiratory symptoms diary were applied. HSHI

was constructed using principal component analysis. Using logistic and Poisson regression

models, the association between HSHI and the presence and duration of respiratory

symptoms were evaluated. It was observed that schoolchildren who inhabit a sufficient-

quality house, showed a reduction in nose irritation duration and in the allergic symptoms

probability regarding component 1 (ventilation, lighting and cloth washing) and presented

three times less duration of common cold by component 2 (construction material, painted

walls inside the house and type of bathroom) compared to poor-quality house residents.

The results recommend that living in a sufficient-quality house reduced the occurrence of

wheezing incidents and the possibility of ear pain, providing sign about the positive

connotation of a healthy-sustainable housing on the respiratory health of schoolchildren.

All studies reviewed above are all similar to the present study because all studies

focuses on the features, characteristics, content, design and layout evaluation, and impact

of sustainable housing. The aims and goals of the following studies are comparable to each

other.

The studies of Bredenoord (2016) and Hamid et al., (2017) are similar to each other

because the main concept of the two conducted studies involves the affordability in

building a house or low-income house and the sustainability features of house. Also, both

studies were closely related to the present study because of the building of house that

considers its sustainability.

 17

The reviewed foreign studies about sustainable housing made an impact to the purpose

of the present study for it conveys the rationale that sustainable housing could contribute

positively to environment and to the people residing. However, other studies where differs

on their main goal including the study of Kamruzzaman et al. (2015), the main aim is to

evaluate a tool called “Neighborhood Susutainability Assessment Tool” in comparing

sustainability levels in houses, another is the study of Chan et al. (2018) which evaluated

all possible green technologies in sustainable housing, and the study of Arellano et al.,

(2019) which focused on a house’s materials and composition that can possibly affect

school children’s health regarding respiratory symptoms. The focus of the present study

roots on the creation of a sustainable cabin that has unique features and characteristics that

is inherent to these given articles.

B. Local

In the local research arena, there are no specific studies that tackle about the Filipinos

conducting research study about sustainable house building. Most of the researches

available focus on the building of houses for the victims of calamities the Philippines is

encountering. Though limited, there are some interesting findings that Filipino researchers

have resulted in their study.

Gonzales and Romero (2014) stated the Hugeness of land utilization as a variable of

economic improvement has made private subdivision arranging idea a significant subject

among the worldwide natural issues. Be that as it may, very little is thought about this idea

and specifically about its social qualities. The examination was proposed to assess the

social and natural effect of ordinary subdivision idea in the Municipality of Tuba, found
 18

South of Baguio City,Province of Benguet, Philippines, and takes a gander at the versatility

and positive effect that an elective idea, for example, the group sort of methodology could

bring to the region and the earth. The outcomes uncovered that the respondents, both

implementers and occupants, concede to the components that have set off the development

of traditional subdivisions and the subsequent negative effect on nature of Tuba. Thus, the

consensual understanding of the primary reason causing natural issues is absence of

information in maintainable arranging and structure standards. The outcomes show that

components, for example, feeling of network need and access to open spaces and outside

exercises are attractive angles in the network. These inclinations in Tuba of housing cluster

concept that adds the sustainability of it.

Kouyoumji, Lopez, Salzer, and Wallbaum (2016) studied the study features the

requirement for an increasingly comprehensive and practical advancement of social

lodging in quickly creating nations of Asia, Latin America, and Africa. At the case of the

Philippines, a multi-point of view advancement process for a bamboo-based structure

framework is created. Through division of the unpredictable issue into these activity things,

the paper distinguishes one-dimensional techniques prompting quantifiable, quantitative

endpoints. Along these lines, subjective partner information is converted into quantitative

strategies,shaping a pathway for an all-encompassing evaluation of the structure

advancements. A mid-point, multi-criteria, or pareto basic leadership strategy looking at

the 28 endpoints of the option to as of now rehearsed customary arrangements is proposed

as subject for further research. It overcomes any issues between hypothetical methodology
 19

and down to earth utilizations of supportability and underlines the quality of joining multi-

dimensional advancement with partner investment.

Escamilla, Habert, and Wohlmuth (2016) argued the development of human population

in urban territories has presented an expanding interest for lodging arrangements. The

lodging request in the Philippines is additionally expanded by the seriousness and number

of catastrophic events distressing the nation consistently. Associations that attention on

social lodging projects will in general utilize ordinary development materials. These

materials are known for elevated amounts of discharges identified with their generation.

Bio-based development materials, for example, bamboo or wood, can catch CO2 during

their development stage and can store it in their tough items. This stockpiling stage ends up

significant when it traverses decades, as happens with structures. The present research

means to assess the maintainability of industrialized bamboo arrangements in lodging

ventures. Three classes were utilized for the maintainability evaluation: ecological effect

thinking about CO2 emissions, monetary considering potential income from CO2 credits

and social considering the activity creation potential. The result indicates that the most

significant factors are the durability of the bamboo-based structures, wherein it depends on

how long the bamboo will stay durable and the factors of CO2. It also demonstrate that the

progress through a more sustainable building will be a lot quicker by using of industrialized

bamboo production than using of industrial wood products. But bamboo-based structures

require more cautious management regarding their end-of-life circumstances to efficiently

store CO2.
 20

Koschmann, Moench, Opdyke, and Will (2016) examined the designs that are

implemented and the materials that are needed for the shelters of the families that are

destroyed during typhoon Yolanda. The government and organization are needed to settle

on quick decision that will foresee the path towards long-term recovery. A sustainable or

calamity proof houses designs have been indicated as necessary for assisting resilient and

sustainable construction. But there is a documentation of designs implemented. The study

have examined the case of designs and building material selection for the shelter projects,

using a photo documentation, interview data and field observations as a means to document

rates of design adoption and choices in material selection. Findings use the shelter cluster

‘8 Key Messages’ as a framework to assess level of improved shelter design. The outcome

highlight improved foundations, wherein the factors that are needed have been showed in

this study. Improving the foundations, roofing, the site selection and identify deficits in

structural elements, including connections, bracing, and joints. Findings evaluate

configuration includes that saw poor take-up by associations and hold potential to advise

future practice that energizes risk safe structure in the Philippines and other future global

catastrophe reactions.

Alipon, Lopez, Salzer, and Wallbaum, (2018) presented the usage of cellulosic

materials in the development of low-rise housing in tropical climates that has great

potential. Bambusa blumeana (B. blumeana, JA and JH Schultes), the most available

bamboo species in the Philippines, is a perfect alternative material for the construction of

cost-efficient buildings. However, a comprehensive understanding is needed to meet the

terms with the municipal rules and regulations for construction. The wide-ranging
 21

understanding of the organic raw material is required to permit its use as a load-bearing

structural member. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of B. blumeana

bamboo from a common development region of the Philippines were tried or tested

according to ISO 22157-1 (2004) and ISO 22157-2 (2004). The characteristic strength

values of B. blumeana were as follows: compressive and tensile strengths parallel to the

grain of 20 and 95 MPa, respectively; shear strength of 5 MPa, bending strength of 34.6

MPa, and the mean and fifth percentile modulus of elasticity of 13100 and 8600 MPa,

respectively. According to the outcomes, a suggestion for permissible stresses for structural

design was made in line with ISO 22156 (2004)

In the local area of reviewed studies, there are no nearly similar studies contrasted to

the present study. Most studies in the Philippines only focus on the shelter for victims of

calamities, alternative sustainable materials in housing such as bamboo, and cluster type

sustainable houses. There are no such specific related to the present study.

The studies of Kouyoumji, Lopez, Salzer, and Wallbaum (2016), Escamilla, Habert,

and Wohlmuth, (2016), and Salzer, Wallbaum, Alipon, & Lopez (2018) are comparable to

each other for their research aim and focus is the use of bamboo as alternative housing

material that has good environmental impact and effect. In conclusion of these three

studies, there is no similar study conducted in the Philippines to the present study

conducting, but there are just slightly related to the present study among studies about

sustainable housing in the local area.

 22

Conceptual Paradigm

Development of a sustainable
and nature-responsive house
with the following features:
 Social Sustainability in
Architecture
 Well-insulated Building
Efficiency
Evaluation of the features
 Alternative Energy Systems
of the sustainable and
 . Rainwater Collectors
nature-responsive house
 Greywater Systems
 Walls
 Cob House
 Floors
 Windows
 Roofs
 Green Insulation
 Eco-friendly Gardens and
Landscapes

Proposal of a design that improves the

sustainability of a house

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

 23

Theoretical Framework

As reviewed in this paper, the concept of the present study is mostly supported by

Bredenoord (2016) and Hamid et al., (2016). Because both studies mostly focused on the

main concept of sustainability in building houses presenting all the challenges,

characteristics, and features.

In the Philippines, researches on sustainable house have focused on solving specific

issues the country is encountering. One of those problems is the occurrence of natural

calamities, on that issue, the country researches mostly focuses on the public shelter of the

victims of calamities (e.g. victims of Bagyong Yolanda). Another problem the countrymen

are encountering is the problem of money, thus the researchers mostly conduct studies

about sustainable houses alternative building materials that are affordable during the

construction and buying of housing materials to have house that is affordable and high-

quality (not that high). Thus, most reviewed studies are about bamboo as alternative

sustainable material for sustainable and eco-friendly cabin. Generally, all studies conducted

in the Philippines about sustainable housing’s main focus are solving the country’s

contemporary problems and issues.