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1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

This study was aimed primarily to investigate the Solid Waste Management
system at Galle Municipal Council to identify the problems, challenges, & risks
taken place and to propose remedial actions and interventions.

The study also aims to encourage the municipal council to work towards the
improvement of the present system through suggestions and recommendations.

1.3 METHODOLOGY

1.3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

The study was initiated through a comprehensive review and an empirical study.
A literature method was carried out as preliminary study in gaining information
about the research topic. It is done by referring to many sources such as published
books, articles in journals and papers, other published research works, academic
and research magazines, newsletters, and information from the internet.

1.3.2 INFORMAL INTERVIEWS

The empirical study used informal interviews. The informal interview with
experience personal Mr.dileepa (technical officer) at Galle municipal council
regarding the topic was conducted to obtain ideas and data valuable for this
project.

1.3.3 FIELD SURVEY

Simple Field survey was conducted at wekunukola waste dumping site and
rajgama-monrobia compost plant for further information‟s.

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3.2TRANSPORT AND TRANSFER OF MSW

Figure 3.3 Compactor Figure 3.4 tractor

Figure 3.5 land master

Figure 3.9 waste separation mechanism at monrobia

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Figure 3.10 temporary landfill near to the compost plant

3.4 PRESENT ISSUES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

 The active participation of the community is a prime requirement for a
sustainable solid waste management programme. This is very lacking.
 Separation of waste at source and a greater use of composting bins can
mitigate the problem.
 No recycling plants for recyclable materials
 Compost plant has no leachate collection system,no leachate treatement
facility,no recycling pacility and no packing facility for compost.
 Financial constraints and shortage of machinery, equipment and labour.
 Frequency of the collection and disposal is poor resulting in piling of the
waste generated.
 Scarcity of suitable land in close proximity for the disposal of waste.
 Present disposal methods causing environmental pollution and a threat to
the health of the community.
 Organizational weaknesses and absence of a long-term solid waste
management plan.

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Figure 4.2 different color codes

for waste seperation

Figure 4.6 Plastic Recycling Plant at Daulagala.

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Figure 4.7 first state art of sanitary landfill in dompe-srilanka

REFERENCES
1.UN-Habitat Sustainable Cities Programme – Sri Lanka,city
profile,Galle Municipal Council (Arct/Plnr. S.L.F.Wijayapala
(Resource Person)
2.Household Waste Composting & MSW Recycling in Sri Lanka
(H.S.Premachandra Assistant Director Central Environmental Authority Sri
Lanka)

3. National Solid Waste Management Support Centre Ministry of Local

Government and Provincial Councils( ANNUAL REPORT 2013 )

3.www.slideshare.net/.../the-first-ever-state-of-the-art-sanitary-landfill-of-
srilanka

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Construction Waste Management, And How

It Can Preserve a Healthy Environment.

Abstract
Construction waste leads to disasters, and the solution for that consists of 5 steps. For one, bring an end
of being a part of causing waste by prevention. On the other hand, waste can be managed by recycling,
reusing, recovering, and last option is to clearance or disposal. Also, other factors such as economical
and marketing are considered to be effective answers.

Table of Contents
List of illustrations 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. BACKGROUND 2
2.1 Definition. 2
2.2 Waste Composition. 2
3. FORMS OF WASTE. 3
3.1 Demolition Waste. 3
3.2 Economical Waste 4
4. THE KEYS TO AVOID CONSTRUCTION WASTE. 4
4.1 Preventing Waste. 4
4.2 Waste Management. 4
4.2.1 Recycling. 5
4.2.2 Reusing, 5
4.2.3 Recovery. 6
4.2.4 Disposal. 6
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4.3 Marketing Strategy for Non Waste-able Materials.

6 CONCLUSIONS
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
8 REFERENCES

List of illistrations:
Figure (1): C&D waste average composition. 3
Figure (2): Waste Hierarchy Summary. 5
Figure (3): Recycling waste. 5
Figure (4): Waste to energy. 6
Figure (5): Burning waste. 6

1. INTRODUCTION.
This Report is on construction waste issues and what should be done for it.
Environmental problems are believed to be a disaster. However, there is a little or no
directing on how wastes can be harmful to the surround. Therefore, since I have
taken several civil engineering courses in the field during my junior and sophomore
educational years at KFUPM, I see myself qualified to write a report on this subject.
Construction and Demolition (C&D) process is considered to be a major source of
waste in terms of weight, volume, and quantities. People are capable of stopping
that, by acknowledging the problem and solution for it. Thus, the specific purpose of
my report is to provide to the readers the danger of C&D waste and show suggested
and applied solutions.
This report will include some background with a definition, aspects of construction
waste, forms of waste, and the key solution for all discussed construction issues.
Details will be highly focused on demolition and construction. In addition, it will be
of interest to Civil Engineering, Architectural Engineering, and the others who
would like to know more about how to have a healthy environment out of waste.

2. BACKGROUND.
2.1 Definition
According to Tam, C., & Tam, V. (2006) waste is any material, which is created by
human or industrial actions that has no residual value. Many solid waste quantities
are left as a result from C&D, such as concrete, wood, bricks, rock, soil, iron, and
glass. Not only demolition can cause this waste, but also disasters are capable of
doing worse. When a disaster attacks, particularly in heavily populated places,
massive amounts of construction and other types of wastes are unexpectedly
produced, demanding instant attention (Lauritzen,1998, p45). For instance, the great
Hanshin Awaji earthquake in 1995, according to Lauritzen (1998, p45) it costed
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5400 lives and 40,000 other injured, leaving 20 million tons meter cube waste
quantities.

2.3 Waste Composition.

C&D waste is formed mainly by materials such as concrete, wood, glass, sand,
bricks, and other construction elements. According to Brown, Seville, & Milke
(2011, p1088) waste 3

composition is impacted by the environment, weather, or heat in that area. More

details about that will be deliberated in 3.1.

3. FORMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE.

It is well known that depending on their nature and built environment impacts, forms
of waste are different (Brown, Milke & Seville, 2011, p1085). Accordingly, they
cause direct physical damages to the environment.

3.1 Demolition and construction waste

C & D, construction and demolition, waste is formed by large components of
municipal solid waste and it is the major component of disaster (Milke, Brown, &
Seville, 2011, p1090). “ Due to the lack of disposal sites and the limitation of natural
resources, recycling of C&D [Construction and Demolition] waste has attracted
considerable attention”( Lauritzen,1998, p45). In case of storm, hurricane, or
earthquake, wither it was made by nature or humans actions, it is always linked to
C&D waste. C&D waste material consists mainly of concrete, masonry, limestone,
sandstone, metal, and wood depending on the waste type, not only this but also in
building waste a great ratio of paper, plastic etc. is expected due to packing supplies
and the wood retired from formwork and other materials are left behind as a result
(Kartam, Al-Mutairi, Al-Ghusain, & Al-Humoud, 2004, p1051). This is not healthy
for the environment since it has been increasing over the past decades. When people
are starting to build their own house in KSA, they tend to buy the luxury materials
dismissing the fact that they may have made the wrong choice. After an average of
ten years they tend to change and renew buildings, throwing all the left materials
away. With residents of about 29 million, Saudi Arabia produces more than 15
million tons of solid waste per year (Zafar, 2015).

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Figure 1: C&D waste average composition (recycleworks.org)

3.2 Economical Waste.

Lacking of economic incentives, promoting recycling performance will not be easy
(Kartam, Al-Mutairi, Al-Ghusain, & Al-Humoud, 2004, p1052). However, with the
understanding that there is a slight economic invention, it is possible. The progress
of collecting C&D waste materials, recycling them, and finally selling them, costs a
considerable price for companies besides. Beside, cheap disposal is driving builders,
contractors or demolition people to take the cheapest way ignoring all other
possibilities. Therefore, according to Kartam, Al-Mutairi, Al-Ghusain & Al-
Humoud (2004, p1052) the key is to apply the idea of the polluter pays principle is
important, which is totally legal. This will make manufactures decreases
environment impacts by growing existing industrial operations of recycled products.

4. THE KEYS TO AVOID WASTE OF CONSTRUCTION.

The way to reduce construction waste is by following a specific system includes five
stages, which will be fully discussed in this section.
4.1 Preventing Waste.
Waste Prevention, source reduction, is the avoiding of using much materials than
needed and thus create less waste. It can be done by in several ways. For example,
selling exchanging, or donating house materials to special organizations. Also, by
telling people how dangerous it is, and educate them how to manage it. Contractors
should be aware of efficient amount of materials, dimensions of the design, and to
select strong supplies.
4.2 Waste Management.
If it is not possible to prevent waste, then waste should be managed wisely. Perfect
plans should be developed prior to a disaster event, however in several situations
plans are only formulated after a disaster has hit (Milke, Brown, & Seville, 2011,
p1094).
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Figure 2: Waste Hierarchy Summary

Disposal
Other recovery
Recycling
Preparing for Reuse
Prevetion

4.2.1 Reusing.
It is using the same material again with the same usage without turning it to any
other form (Curran, 2014, p16). For example, consuming bricks taken from
demolished houses in building another one.
4.2.2 Reycling.
It is turning materials into other useful forms
when directly reusing is not possible (Curran, 2014, p11). Various components of
C&D waste can be recycled. For instance, according to Kartam, Al-Mutairi, Al-
Ghusain, & Al-Humoud (2014, p1051) metals have the highest recycling percentage
over the materials recovered from C&D sites. Metals such as steel which has high
value and very recoverable.

Figure (3): Recycling waste.

4.2.3 Recovery.

After a long time spent in using materials, it may require recovering to be used
again in several ways. For example, turning waste into energy such as heat.
Waste to energy is an effective solution. Curran (2014, p15) statuses that in
England after four years at least 70% by weight of C&D waste will be subjected
to material recovery.

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Figure (4): Waste to Energy recovery

4.2.4 Disposal.

Disposal is the last choice should be considered, as it means removing,

sometimes materials are unusable after first usage. Therefore, in this case
burning and landfill is included. But this is not finest solution should be
considered, because it also has negative impacts on environment. Carefully the
previous key must be studied before jumping to this conclusion. As it is one of
the main reasons for pollution.

Figure (5): Burning Waste

4.1 Marketing Strategy For Non Waste-able Materials.

In free market situation, the choice between recycled and virgin materials
depends upon price and quality, so in order to the recycled supplies to be
marketed as substitute for usual raw materials, it is needed that recycled
materials satisfy the given technical qualifications and be economically
competitive (Kartam, Al-Mutairi, Al-Ghusain, & Al-Humoud, 2004, p1051).
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For example, metals have the maximum recycling rates among the materials
recovered from C&D locations. There are no real plans for C&D waste in KSA
as we have to start investing immediately. According to Kartam, Al-Mutairi,
Al-Ghusain, & Al-Humoud, (2004, p 1051) there are major elements that are
needed before materials recycling can turn to be a reality, a dependable source
of appropriate recycled materials, shortage of raw materials, accessibility of
markets for raw materials and products made by recycling methods, and a
recycled product that is competitive with natural resources in terms of price and
quality. According to Gite, B.E., & Margai, S. R. (2013), Carbon Fibre meets
our future needs for the best performance with no more construction waste. It is
so special for its high efficient properties, including, high strength to weight
ratio, rigidity, resistant, 7

electrical conductivity, fatigue resistance, tensile strength, fire resistance,

thermal conductivity, and law coefficient of thermal expansion. It can be used
in many fields such as civil engineering, aircraft, sport, military, home,
medicine, and industries.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, waste is defined as unwanted materials cause disasters. C&D

waste structure is generated essentially by wood, concrete, glass, and sand.
Types of wastes are demolition manufacturing and economical. And to stop
waste, reuse, recover, or recycle, unwanted materials. Advertising plans for
efficient supplies, also takes a big part to eliminate waste. Hopefully, in the
future as communities realize risks of C&D waste, we will see many
applications to minimize waste, and we will have a healthy environment.

RECOMMENDATIONS

C&D waste is not an easy challenge for us to go through. However, urgent

actions needed to be taken in order to eliminate waste to the environment. The
following recommendations will help minimizing the waste.

1. In buildings, builders should use the required amounts of materials as needed

not more.

2. Following efficient designs suggested by special organizations in order to

avoid waste.

3. Before demolition, owners should either exchange, sell, or donate building

useful materials to different administrations.
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4. Reading and knowing more on construction management is essential

especially for constructors and engineers.

5. Marketing for non-waste-able supplies which can be used repeatedly, will

reduce much waste.

REFERENCES

Curran, H. (2014, May 9). Draft construction environmental management plan.

Retrieved from http://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-
content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN020001/2. Post-Submission/Application
Documents/Environmental Statement/5.26.2 ES Draft CEMP Appendix 1 -
Outline Waste Management Plan.pdf

Gite, B.E., & Margai, S. R. (2013, May 17). Carbon fibre as a recent material
use in construction. Civil Engineering Portal.Retrieved from
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/carbon-fibre-as-a-recent-material-use-in-
construction.html

Kartam, N., Al-Mutairi, N., Al-Ghusain, I., & Al-Humoud, J. (2004).

Environmental management of construction and demolition waste in Kuwait.
Waste Management, 24(10), 1049,1059-1049,1059. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.06.003

Lauritzen, E. (1998, October). Emergency construction waste management.

Safety Science, 30(1,2), 45,53-45,53. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(98)00032-0

Milke, M., Brown, C., & Seville, E. (2011). Disaster waste management. Waste
Management, 31(6), 1085,1098-1085,1098. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.027

Tam, C., & Tam, V. (2006). A review on the viable technology for construction
waste recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 47(3), 1049,1059-
1049,1059. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.12.002

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