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Coefficients of heat transfer to air flowing through a mass velocity of the gas raised to the 0.83th power and
tube filled with granular materials have been determined with a function of the ratio of particle diameter to con-
experimentally to be about eight times as high as would tainer diameter given by Figure 4. Typical data on the
be expected for the same gas rate through the empty temperature gradient through the packing are shown by
tube. The coefficients have been found to vary with the Figures 5 and 6.
.... .
N ATTEMPT to predict coefficients of heat transfer vestigation, however, are not applicable to the present
A between a gas flowing through a tube containing a
granular catalyst and the tube surface revealed that
no data were available for this case, and that owing to the
problem, in which heat flows from the container surface to
the gas in the tube or vice versa, and the granular particles
do not change in temperature with time after the starting
complicated nature of the problem no theoretical predictions period is over. Apparently there are no published data
could be made. At the same time it was found that the which give information as to what heat-transfer rates might be
methods of predicting the resistance of granular materials expected under these conditions.
to fluid flow were not entirely satisfactory, and that very
little was known concerning the flow characteristics, such as Experimental Apparatus
velocity and degree of turbulence, which are important in Steam-jacketed 3-inch and ll/c-inch pipes were used as
heat exchangers. The exchanger was connected, as shown
by Figure 1, to a supply of 100-pound pressure air, of 140-
pound pressure steam, a condensate receiver, a steam trap,
E=
Tr. Q
------COXDENSATE- ~~
~-
-----
KIN G lin lour Pltlsm tsteam d v k n . Inch Q' Q' - QI h
E m p t y Tube
a 65 0.35 26.2 95.0 136 181.0 2.5
b 107 0 58 24.7 89.0 131 5 180.0 3.7
c 168 0.91 22 2 82.0 131 180 0 5.2
d 266 1.44 25.0 78 0 131 180.0 7.25
e 467 2.52 25.0 70.0 125.5 179,O 10.5
3 '8-Inch Pellets, D / D t = 0,121
1 44 0 24 27 0 169 0 130 8 180 0 1470 9.5
1 85 0.46 27 0 164 3 125 0 178 0 2740 11 8 0 5140 2140 15.7
3 116 0 63 28 4 160 0 122 6 177 5 3600 6 5 0 5930 2930 19.0
4 228 1.23 22.5 158 0 125 5 178 3 7260 5 6.9 9800 6800 36.1
5 241 1 30 26 0 159 0 120 2 177 0 7550 7 9.7 9850 6850 39.6
6 346 1 87 26 0 154 0 124 0 178 0 10400 4 7 4 13100 10100 48.5
7 497 2.68 24.5 149 0 116 0 175 5 14500 3 7.0 16500 13500 67.0
3 Is-Inch Pellets, D / D t = 0.06 (Apparent SP. Gr., 0.65)
~~
and an orifice meter. The condensate receiver provided a The packing was supported between wire screens located
means of determining the heat given up by the steam, which opposite the top and bottom of the steam space. In the case
could be corrected for radiation loss from the equipment and of the 3-inch pipe, asbestos collars were inserted between
then compared with the heat gained by the gas as a check on the screens and the ends of the pipe to minimize the heat
temperature and gas-flow measurements. transfer to the air a t these positions.
Temperatures of the inlet and outlet air were observed Important dimensions of the heat exchangers are given.
with mercury thermometers so located that the air was mixed Experimental Procedure
and thereby equalized in temperature by passing around a
bend before coming in contact with the thermometer bulb. Blank runs were first made on the 3-inch heat exchanger,
Chromel-alumel thermocouples were attached to the surface which evaluated the "radiation loss" from the exchanger as
of the 3-inch pipe, but since the temperatures they indicated about 3000 P. c. u. per hour when operating on 140-pound
in early runs were practically the same as the steam tempera- steam. The rate of heat transfer was then determined for
ture as indicated by the pressure gage, the latter was used for air flow through the empty tube. Heat-transfer coefficients
convenience as the average surface temperature. Chromel- were calculated from the heat gained by the gas indicated
alumel thermocouples were also used to measure temperatures by temperature rise, the inside surface area of the pipe, and
a t several positions in the tube. the logarithmic mean of the differences between the tempera-
tures of the air and the surface at the two ends of the ap-
Heat Exchanger Dimensions paratus.
3-INCH l'/eINcH The granular materials were added slowly to the tube so
TUBE TUBE
Actual inside diameter, inches 3.1 1.375 that normal distribution would be obtained and no bridging
Total length, feet
Length filled with packing, feet
4.6
3.79
4.5
1.5
would occur. Runs were made for mass velocities of air
Volume filled with packing, cubic feet 0.20 0.0155 ranging from 0.2 to 2.6 pounds per square foot per second, and
Heat transfer area, square feet 3 06 0.539
Ratio of length t o diameter 17.8 36 0 a t three pressures ranging from 1 to 6 atmospheres. The
various types of granular materials investigated were 3/*-inch
Manometer connections for indicating the pressure drop pellets, 3/1Anch pellets of two different materials, 1/4-inch and
through the tube were made to 1-inch nipples extending out '/Anch granules, 9/l&ch pebbles, 0.9-inch porcelain balls,
from the pipe as shown by the figure. During high-pressure and 1-inch zinc balls.
runs either a Meriam differential gage or two Bourdon pres- Heat balances were determined for the 3-inch heat exchanger
sure gages were used to measure the pressure drop. only. The agreement between the heat input calculated
912 I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 23, No. 8
:?. 3
36cP Z O . ~ Go.8
= DO.2 (2)
Fanning e q u a t i o n 4
Figure 4-Effect of Ratio of Particle
for flow Diameter D to Tube Diameter D t on a
of f l u i d s in t u b e s inHeat-?radsfer
aGO.88
Coefecient Eqdaatloh h =
(,-
3,)- .
Then for heat transfer for turbulent flow in packed tubes:
h = 8 a cp 20.2 Go.88 (4)
The good correlation of data for the two tube sizes shown
Od I 2 IO
by Figure 4 indicates that the ratio DIDt is the controlling
MASS VELOCITY factor to represent differences in types of packings, so that
heat-transfer coefficients can be predicted for any sizes of
tubes and particles having a ratio of D/Dt between 0.04 and
0.32. The results indicate that in this case heat transfer
l-a/ls-inch pellets . 3-Empty tube (observed) depends on the wall effect. Owing to lack of uniformity of
- 2-8/8-inch pellets 4-Empty tube (predicted)
packing next to the tube wall, there is less resistance to gas
from the change in heat content of the air and from the heat flow and the velocity will be greater here than through the
given up by the condensing steam is shown by columns Q center of the packing. The cross-sectional area affected
and &'-&zin Table I. by the wall is obviously determined by the perimeter of the
pipe and the diameter of the particles, and will be propor-
Discussion
The observed values of heat-transfer coeffi-
cients for the various packings are shown by
Figures 2 and 3. The average slope of the
lines is observed to be 0.83, indicating that
the coefficient varies with the mass velocity
(based on empty tube) raised to the 0.83th
power which can be expressed by the follow-
ing equation:
h = aGO.83 (1)
wherea = f u n c t i o n of D / D t , as g i v e n by
Figure 4
G = mass v e l o c i t y of g a s based on
cross-sectional area of the empty
pipe, pounds per square foot per
second
The values of a for the different tubes and
packings are obtained from the values of heat-
transfer coefficients a t a mass velocity of 1
pound per square foot per second found in
Figures 2 and 3. These are shown by Fig-
ure 4 plotted against DIDt, where D and Dt
are the diameters of the particles and the
tubes, respectively.
Equation 1 was determined from data on
air, but may be made more general so as to 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40 0
apply to any gas by putting it into the form I N C H E S FROM TOP INCHES FROM TOP
of the following equation for gases in empty Figure 5-Tetpperature Profile8 for S/n- Figure 6-Temperature Pro5lee for a/,a-Inch
tubes: I n c h Pebbles in 3-Inch Tube Pellets in 3-Inch Tube
August, 1931 I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y 913
tional to D X D1. The ratio of this area to the rest of the and center-line temperatures seems to be in the gas film a t
cross-sectional area will then be approximately the pipe surface for the 3/lgin~hpellets and about 70 per
cent for the g/,,inch pebbles. The observed temperature
gradients were independent of total pressure over the range
of 1 to 6 atmospheres investigated.
Table 111-Data on Temperature Gradients
Hence, as the ratio of DIDt increases, a greater proportion of RUN G ‘in lout letearn tl 12 15 fa
the gas will flow next to the wall with a concomitant increase g/~a-Inch Pebbles
in heat transfer. B s the ratio of DIDt exceeds 0.15, the par- 61 0.24 34.0 166.0 179.5 170 173 101 125
62 0.46 32.7 165.2 179.5 160 164 84 107
ticles in the center of the tube do not pack together so closely, 63 0.76 32.5 163.5 178.4 148.5 158 71 95
but leave unusually large spaces so that apparently the pro- 64
65
1.24
1.59
32.0
33.3
158.0
158.7
175.0
178.5
137
134
147
145
62
60
84
SO
portion of flow next to the wall and the heat-transfer co- s/wInch Pellets (Apparent Sp. Gr., 1.1)
efficients are decreased. Heat-transfer coefficients for the 71 0.24 36.0 160.0 181.0 146 165 64 131
72 0.46 36.0 156.5 180.0 137 154 55 117
empty tube are also shown on the plots, both as observed and 73 0.76 36.0 154.0 178.0 124 152 50 108
as calculated by Equation 2. It is apparent that the observed 74 1.24 36.0 156.0 179.0 116 147 47 99
coefficients for the 3-inch empty tube are higher than would be
predicted by about 70 per cent. This high value is probably I n the accompanying tables, the symbols used are:
due to entrance turbulence caused by the sudden expansion = air rate, lbs. per hour, indicated by orifice meter
W
of the air from a 1-inch to a 3-inch tube. This effect. is pro- G = mass velocity, lbs. per sq. ft. per second, based on
nounced because of the relatively short length. The observed empty tube
values fo-r the 11/4-inch tube are seen to be only slightly higher tin = air temperature, ’ C., a t entrance
than the predicted values. tout = air temperature, O C., a t exit
P,,,,, = corrected gage proessure of steam, lbs. per sq. in.
~
E. I. DU PONT D E NEMOURS
AND COMPANY, EXPERIMENTAL
STATION, WILMINGTON, DEL.