PHONETICS SYMBOL

Lecture: Yani Lubis, S. Ag, M.Hum

Complited by: The fifth Group (5)

Class: PBI 2

The Name of Group:

Ummi Kalsum (0304172118)

Mulia Ourora Yamsin (0304173175)
Winda Nazriah (0304173155)
Mila Khairani (0304171011)
Siti Chodijah (0304171222)
Elsa Lestari Purba (0304171015)
Asri Suci Ramadani (0304173191)

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHING TRAINING

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA

2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT for His blessing, the writers completing
the assignment of timely.The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the
assignment that given by Yani Lubis, S.Ag. M.Humas As the lecturer in
Phonology.
In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lost challenges and
obstructions but with help of many individuals, those contributions could passed
writers also realize there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.
Because of that, the writers say thank you to all individuals who helps
finished this assignment. Hopefully Allah replies all help and bless of you all. The
writer realized this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content. Then the
writer hope the criticism from the readers that can help the writer in perfercting
the next paper. Last but not least hopefuly, this paper can helps the reader to gain
more knowledge about Phonetics Symbol.
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background

Learning English as a foreign language has been a priority at any level of

education in Indonesia, from lower to higher education. At the university level,
students are required to be able to learn English not only in the area of grammar
and structure but more on the skills. It is due to the fact that to be able to speak
English fluently, students need more than just understanding or comprehension of
the theory. Speaking process involves the production of sounds using speech
organs and it requires continuous practices.

Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic

organization of sounds in spoken languages and signs in sign languages.
Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the
physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech.
In this paper we will discuss about phonetic symbols.

1.2. The Purpose

1. To fullfill our assignment about phonetic symbols
2. To Increase our knowledge about phonology especially in phonetic
symbols.

1.3. The Benefit

The writer increase her knowledge about phonetic and she knows the kinds
of phonetic symbol and their example too.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1. Definition of Phonetic Symbols.

Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that focus on the production and

classification of the world’s speech sounds. The production of speech looks at the
interaction of different vocal organs, for example the lips, tongue and teeth, to produce
particular sounds.

These are some of definition of phonetics:

1. (Ladefoged 1982. Catford1977).

The study of speech sounds is subdivided between two but related
disciplinesPhonetics and Phonology. Both the term comes from the Greek
word meaning ‘sound’. The boundaries between phonetics and phonology
are very difficult to draw as the discipline rely on each other to a large
extent, in the sense that phonological analysis has to be grounded in
phonetic facts, and phonetic fact have to be geared towards these
capacities of the human vocal tract which sub serve language specifically.
2. Akmaijan (1995)
Phonetics refers to “the study of articulatory and acoustic properties of
sounds” while Phonology refers to “the abstract rules and principles that
govern the distribution of sounds in a language.
3. Crystal
He defined that, phonetic is the science which studies the characteristic of
human sound making. Especially those sound used in speech, and provides
methods for their description, classification, and transcription.

So, phonetic symbol is a written character used in phonetic transcription of

represent a particular speech sounds. Phonetic symbols do not always follow
the standard IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) usage — rather, they
reflect the practices for the languages treated in this course, which are
sometimes a bit idiosyncratic due to separate scholarly traditions.
 2.2 Part Of Phonetics

The science of phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of all the world’s
languages. The sounds are:1

1. Acoustic phonetics: focuses on the physical properties of the sounds of

language

This is how we perceive and hear sounds and how the ear, brain and auditory
nerve perceives the sounds. This branch deals with the physiological.

The sounds of language are commonly described in articulatory and

acoustic terms, and fall into two major types: syllabic sounds (vowels and
syllabic liquids and nasals) and non-syllabic sounds (consonant and glides).
Sounds may be voiced or voiceless and oral or nasal. Consonants are produced
at various places of articulation: labial, dental, alveolar, alveopalatal, palatal,
velar, uvular, glottal, and pharyngeal. At the places of articulation, the
airstream is modified by different manners of articulation and the resulting
sound are stops, fricatives, or affricatives. Vowels are produced with less
drastic closure and are decsribed with reference to tongue position (high, low,
back, and front). At last, language also shows suprasegmental phenoma such
as tone, intonation, and stress.

2. Auditory phonetics: focuses on how listeners perceive the sounds of

language

This is the study of the sound waves made by the human vocal organs for
communication and how the sounds are transmitted. The sound travels
through from the speaker's mouth through the air to the hearer's ear, through
the form of vibrations in the air. Phoneticians can use equipment like
Oscillographs and Spectographs in order to analyse things like the frequency
and duration of the sound waves produced. Acoustic phonetics also looks at
how articulatory and auditory phonetics link to the acoustic properties.

1
Abbas,M.Fadhli Farhy,2015,A CourseBook of Phonology, Pekanbaru, University of
Lancang kuning
 3.  Articulatory phonetics: focuses on how the vocal tract produces the
sounds of language.
Articulatory phonetics focusing of how phones produced ,as the various
organs in the mouth ,throat ,and nose modify the airflow from the lungs.
1. Vocal organs
Most speech sounds are produced by pushing air through the vocal cords
1. Glottis (the opening between the vocal cords)
2. Larynx (voice box)
3. Pharynx ( tubular part of the throat above the larynx)
4. Oral cavity (mouth)
5. Nasal cavity (nose and the passages connecting it to the throat and
sinuses)

2. Consonants
Consonants are sounds produced with some restriction or closure
in the vocal tract. Consonants are classified based in part on where in the
vocal tract the airflow is being restricted (the place of articulation) The
major places of articulation are;bilabial[p] [b] [m], labiodental [f] [v],
interdental [θ] [ð], alveolar[t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r], palata [ʃ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ] [ʝ],
velar [k] [g] [ŋ], uvular[ʀ] [q] [ɢ], and glottal [h] [Ɂ].
 The manner of articulation is the way the airstream is affected as it
flows from the lungs and out of the mouth and nose.There are 2 manners
of consonant articulation:
1. Voiceless sounds are those produced with the vocal cords apart so the
air flows freely through the glottis.
2. Voiced sounds are those produced when the vocal cords are together
and vibrate as air passes through.
The voiced/voiceless distinction is important in English because it
helps us distinguish words like:
rope/robe
[rop]/[rob]

But some voiceless sounds can be further distinguished as

aspirated or unaspirated
aspirated unaspirated
pool spool
[phul] [spul]
This is the table of consonant

3. Vowel
 Vowels Like consonants, vowels can be characterized by the
position of the articulators as they are made. The three most relevant
parameters for vowels are what is called vowel height, which
correlates roughly with the height of the highest part of the tongue,
vowel frontness or backness, which indicates whether this high point is
toward the front or back of the oral tract, and the shape of the lips
(rounded or not).
1. High vowels: [i] [ɪ] [u] [ʊ]
2. Mid vowels: [e] [ɛ] [o] [ə] [ʌ] [ɔ]
3. Low vowels: [æ] [a]
4. Front vowels: [i] [ɪ] [e] [ɛ] [æ]
5. Central vowels: [ə] [ʌ]
6. Back vowels:[u] [ɔ] [o] [æ] [a]

4. Syllables
Consonants and vowels combine to make a syllable. There is no
completely agreed-upon definition of a syllable; roughly speaking a
syllable is a vowel-like(or sonorant) sound together with some of the
 surrounding consonants that are most closely associated with it. The
word dog has one syllable,[d aa g], while the word catnip has two
syllables, [kaet] and [nihp], We call the vowel at the core of a syllable
the nucleus. The optional initial consonant or set of consonants is
called the onset. If the onset has more than one consonant (as in the
word “strike”[strayk],we say it has a complex onset.

2.3. The List of Phonetic Symbols

Symbol Phonetic value Example

A low central (or front) unrounded vowel French la
Ä central vowel ranging between [ɛ] and [ə] Ethiopic
ɑ low back unrounded vowel; often written [a] spa
ɒ low back rounded vowel British hot
Æ low front unrounded vowel cat, laugh, plaid
B voiced bilabial stop bib
ḇ spirantized [b]; historically [β], modern [v] Hebrew
Β voiced bilabial fricative Spanish haber
Italian zucchero, German zu,
C voiceless alveolar affricate; IPA [ʦ] or [ts]
Yiddish tsimmes
Č voiceless palatoalveolar affricate; IPA [ʧ] or [tʃ] church, watch
ɔ lax mid back rounded vowel dog (for many speakers)
ɕ voiceless alveolopalatal fricative Mandarin xi
Ç voiceless palatal fricative German ich
D voiced alveolar stop dad
ḏ palatalized [dʸ]; can be pronounced [ǰ] Egyptian
or spirantized [d], same as [ð] Ancient Hebrew
ḍ voiced retroflex stop; IPA [ɖ] Indic
or emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [dˁ] Semitic
Ð voiced dental fricative this, either
E tense mid front unrounded vowel bait, made
lax mid central vowel (unstressed in English);
ə about, sofa
"schwa"
ɚ rhotacized schwa, essentially [ər] butter, actor
ɛ lax mid front unrounded vowel bet, head
stressed [ɚ] in English; often transcribed the
ɝ bird, learn
same way
F voiceless labiodental fricative fife, laugh
G voiced velar stop gag
ḡ spirantized [g]; same as [ɣ] Ancient Hebrew
H voiceless glottal fricative hit
ʰ aspiration of preceding sound top vs. stop
ḥ voiceless pharyngeal fricative; IPA [ħ] Arabic hummus
ḫ voiceless uvular fricative; same as [χ] Egyptian, Semitic
ẖ voiceless fricative; probably palatal [ç] Egyptian
I tense high front unrounded vowel see, diva
ɪ lax high front unrounded vowel hit
ỉ special transcriptional symbol; also [j] Egyptian
ɨ high central unrounded vowel roses
voiced palatal glide; same as [y] in other
J standard IPA; Mycenaean Greek
systems
or alternate transliteration for [ỉ] Egyptian
ʲ palatalization of preceding sound; also [ʸ] roughly canyon vs. cannon
ǰ voiced palatoalveolar affricate; IPA [ʤ] or [dʒ] Judge
K voiceless velar stop kick, cake
ḳ voiceless uvular stop; same as [q] Egyptian
ḵ spirantized [k]; same as [x] Ancient Hebrew
L voiced alveolar lateral liquid Lip
ḷ voiced retroflex lateral liquid; IPA [ɭ] Indic
ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Semitic; Welsh "ll"
ɫ velarized voiced alveolar lateral liquid Hull
M voiced bilabial nasal Mom
N voiced alveolar nasal None
voiced velar nasal; don't confuse with sequence
Ŋ Singer
[ŋg]
ṇ voiced retroflex nasal; IPA [ɳ] Indic
ɲ voiced palatal nasal Spanish ñ, Italian gn
ɴ voiced uvular nasal Japanese word-final "n"
O tense mid back rounded vowel go, hope, boat
Ŏ mid central unrounded vowel, similar to [ə] Korean "eo"
ɸ voiceless bilabial fricative (like blowing out a match)
Θ voiceless dental fricative thing, myth
P voiceless bilabial stop Pep
p̅ spirantized [p]; historically [ɸ], modern [f] Hebrew
Þ runic letter equivalent to [θ] Icelandic
or runic letter that can be read as either [θ] or
Old English, some Scandinavian
[ð]
Q voiceless uvular stop Arabic Qatar
voiced alveolar trill (often used for other types
R Spanish perro
of "r")
voiced (post)alveolar liquid, the English "r";
ɹ run, sorry
often just written [r]
ɾ voiced alveolar tap; sometimes written [ᴅ] Am Engl city; Spanish pero
ʀ voiced uvular trill some French dialects, etc.
French, German, Modern Hebrew
ʁ voiced uvular fricative
"r"
ṛ voiced retroflex flap; IPA [ɽ] Indic
S voiceless alveolar fricative sit, hiss, rice, cent
Š voiceless postalveolar fricative; IPA [ʃ] ship, push, delicious
Ś voiceless alveolopalatal fricative; IPA [ɕ] Indic
or voiceless alveolar fricative; historically Egyptian (often just "s")
 distinct from [z]
or voiceless fricative; historically distinct from
Hebrew, other Semitic
[s]
ṣ voiceless retroflex fricative; IPA [ʂ] Indic, Mandarin ("sh")
or emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [sˁ] Semitic
ʃ voiceless postalveolar fricative; same as [š] ship, push, delicious
T voiceless alveolar stop Stop
ṭ voiceless retroflex stop; IPA [ʈ] Indic
or emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [tˁ] Semitic
ṯ palatalized [tʸ]; can be pronounced [č] Egyptian
or spirantized [t], same as [θ] Ancient Hebrew
ʨ voiceless alveolopalatal affricate Mandarin ji (cf. aspirated qi)
tʂ voiceless retroflex affricate Mandarin zhi (cf. aspirated chi)
U tense high back rounded vowel ooze, prune
ʊ lax high back rounded vowel put, book
Ŭ high central unrounded vowel, similar to [ɨ] Korean "eu"
Ü tense high front rounded vowel French, German, Mandarin
V voiced labiodental fricative Verve
mid central unrounded vowel; stressed in
ʌ cut, love
English
ɣ voiced velar fricative Spanish haga
W voiced labial-velar glide Witch
ʍ voiceless labial-velar fricative which for some speakers
X voiceless velar fricative chutzpah, German ach
Χ voiceless uvular fricative Semitic, Egyptian
voiced palatal glide (in many transcription
Y Yes
systems); IPA [j]
high front rounded vowel (in IPA) French u, German ü
ʸ palatalization of preceding sound; IPA [ʲ] roughly canyon vs. cannon
ʎ voiced palatal lateral Italian gli, Castilian ll
Z voiced alveolar fricative fizz, his, rose
ẓ voiced retroflex fricative; IPA [ʐ] Indic, Mandarin ("r")
or emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [zˁ] or [ðˁ] Semitic
Ž voiced palatoalveolar fricative; IPA [ʒ] rouge, vision
ʒ voiced palatoalveolar fricative; same as [ž] rouge, vision
’ glottalization of preceding sound (ejective) Mayan, Ethiopic
‘ aspiration of preceding sound; same as [ʰ] Chinese (not Pinyin)
ʔ glottal stop; also written ’ or ʾ medial sound in uh-oh
Arabic ‘ayn
ʕ voiced pharyngeal fricative; also written ‘ or

2.3 Typing of Phonetic Symbol

You won’t find phonetic symbols on your computer’s keyboard. How do
you type them in a Word document, e-mail message,?2

1. You can use my free IPA phonetic keyboard at ipa.typeit.org. It enables you to
type your transcriptions online, and copy & paste them to your document. This
works well if you type phonetic transcriptions occasionally. However, if you do it
frequently, it is not very efficient because every time you want to type something,
you have to switch to your browser, then copy & paste your text.

2.You can use my app – TypeIt for Windows(costs $12.50). It lets you type IPA
phonetic transcriptions directly in any application or website. If you type phonetic
transcriptions regularly, especially if you use them in your SRS, I would definitely
recommend that you get the app, as it is inexpensive and it is the easiest, fastest
way to type IPA symbols on your PC

3.You can also use the ASCII Phonetic Alphabet, which represents IPA symbols
with “normal” characters that you can type on your keyboard. The ASCII
Phonetic Alphabet is not a standard system, but you can type it fast without
special software.

2
http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Phonology is the study of speech sounds is subdivided between two but

related disciplinesPhonetics and Phonology. Both the term comes from the Greek
word meaning ‘sound’. The boundaries between phonetics and phonology are
very difficult to draw as the discipline rely on each other to a large extent, in the
sense that phonological analysis has to be grounded in phonetic facts, and
phonetic fact have to be geared towards these capacities of the human vocal tract
which sub serve language specifically, The science of phonetics aims to describe
all the sounds of all the world’s languages. The sounds are articulatory phonetics,
acoustic phonetic, auditory phonetics.

Vowels Like consonants, vowels can be characterized by the position of

the articulators as they are made. The three most relevant parameters for vowels
are what is called vowel height, which correlates roughly with the height of the
highest part of the tongue, vowel frontness or backness, which indicates whether
this high point is toward the front or back of the oral tract, and the shape of the
lips (rounded or not).
 BIBLIOGRAPY

Abbas,M.Fadhli Farhy,2015,A CourseBook of Phonology, Pekanbaru, University of

Lancang kuning
http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm
Cambri dge University, 1999,Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, New
York, e United States of Amer ica by Cambridge University Press