Sherry Lene S.

Gonzaga August 27, 2019

BSED – Filipino 1 SSP 113 10:30 – 12:00 TTh

Globalization of Religion (4th to 7th century)

Diffusion of world religions and establishment of transcontinental civilizations. Followed

by process of cultural de-globalization and emergence of distinct political regimes.

The so-called "information age" is gradually spreading its influence to the realm of religion,
namely, in the methods religions use for teaching, proselytizing, and in belief systems.
Particularly noteworthy developments include the fact that it is now possible for any religion to
spread beyond national borders, allowing even small new religious movements to engage in
overseas proselytization activities, and leading to new, hitherto unseen religious developments.
This rapid acceleration of the "information age" is now producing a phenomenon which can be
called the "globalization of religion."
Nobutaka, Inoue. (May 15, 2001). Globalization and Indigenous Culture. Retrieved from
http://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/global/06inoue2.html

European Colonial Conquests (late 15th century)

During the late 15th century, Europeans wanted to expand their trade routes to seek
sources of wealth and spread Christianity to the eastern and any found lands. This European
Age of Discovery saw the rise of colonial empires on a global scale, building a commercial
network that connected Europe, Asia, Africa, and the New World. Led by Christopher Columbus,
the contact between Europe and the Americas produced what is known as the Columbian
Exchange: the wide transfer of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves),
communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Therefore, trading lead to the closer relationship of different countries and linked their cultures
and economies.
Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-expansion-of-europe/

Intra-European Wars (late 18th to early 19th century)

The third wave was driven by competition between European powers. By the end of the
18th century, Great Britain had started to dominate the world both geographically, through the
establishment of the British Empire, and technologically, with innovations like the steam engine,
the industrial weaving machine and more. It was the era of the First Industrial Revolution.

The “British” Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of global trade. On the
one hand, steamships and trains could transport goods over thousands of miles, both within
countries and across countries. On the other hand, its industrialization allowed Britain to make
products that were in demand all over the world, like iron, textiles and manufactured goods. “With
its advanced industrial technologies,” the BBC recently wrote, looking back to the era, “Britain
was able to attack a huge and rapidly expanding international market.”

Along with the prosperity of Great Britain, from 1790-1815, France spearheaded the
Napoleonic Wars, fighting against many of its neighbours including Britain. Towards the end of
the wars, France itself became a battleground. The wars meant France’s economic growth
suffered, with Floud and Johnson (2004, p457) referring to them as a “thirty-year hiatus in French
economic growth”. The wars were not only a drain on the French labour force, which could have
potentially been producing output. The Wars were also on resources such as raw materials. The
wars increased the cost of transport. During the wars, roads were deteriorating as a result of
more use, because of the British blockade in the surrounding waters. The Napoleonic wars had
a less notable effect on Britain, partly because it left most of the fighting to its continental allies.
Britain’s trade and growth expanded during the years 1790-1815. Maddison (1982) estimates
that in 1820, gross domestic product per head in Britain was 50% higher than France.
Vanham, Peter. (January 17, 2019). A Brief History of Globalization. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/how-
globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-history-of-globalization/

Essays, UK. (November 2018). The Industrialization Experience of Great Britain and France. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/the-industrialisation-experience-of-great-britain-and-france-history-essay.php?vref=1

Heyday of European Imperialism (mid-19th century to 1918)

From 1860-1914 Europe and North America were strongly affected by

internationalization. The flow of goods accelerated. Capital moved relatively freely between
countries. In some respects, financial integration was more pronounced than it is today. Even
international migration was greater than it is today.

In addition, New Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European

powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The period
featured an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. At the time, states focused
on building their empires with new technological advances and developments, expanding their
territory through conquest, and exploiting the resources of the subjugated countries. During the
era of New Imperialism, the Western powers (and Japan) individually conquered almost all
of Africa and parts of Asia. The new wave of imperialism reflected ongoing rivalries among the
great powers, the economic desire for new resources and markets, and a "civilizing mission"
ethos.

After the domination of world by European empires, it was followed by Great Depression
and period of de-globalization. The Great Depression was a global economic crisis that may
have been triggered by political decisions including war reparations post-World War I,
protectionism such as the imposition of congressional tariffs on European goods or by
speculation that caused the Stock Market Collapse of 1929. Worldwide, there was increased
unemployment, decreased government revenue and a drop in international trade. At the height
of the Great Depression in 1933, more than a quarter of the U.S. labour force was unemployed.
Some countries saw a change in leadership as a result of the economic turmoil.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism

Gill, Kathy. (May 13, 2019). What Caused the Great Depression? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/great-depression-causes-
3367841

Post-World War II Period

The post-war period marked a rejection of protectionism in Western countries. The goal of
Bretton Woods was to try, inasmuch as possible, to avoid strangling trade, as occurred in the
1930s with disastrous effects on world prosperity and stability. Signed in 1947 by 23 states, the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) essentially aimed to liberalize trade in goods.
The measures, adopted over several years of negotiation rounds, eliminated a range of customs
duties and state-imposed obstacles to trade.

Despite these protectionist episodes, the open-access dynamic of the GATT dominated:
between 1947 and 1994, the average tariff level worldwide dropped 80%. In 1995, the creation
of the World Trade Organization (WTO), established through the Marrakech Agreement,
enshrined this development. The new organization authorized its member governments to take
commercial countermeasures against other members who didn’t respect their commitments and
created a Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) enabling governments to enforce their rights. But the
main objective of the WTO remains pursuing negotiations on trade in goods and extending them
to other sectors, such as services and intellectual property. The WTO numbers today over 157
member countries representing over 90% of world trade. By 2008, the average tariffs applied to
goods circulating worldwide had dropped to only 5%.

Additionally, the horrors of the retreat into nationalism gave an impetus to internationalism.
The same sentiments that led to the founding of the United Nations persuaded governments to
cooperate to reduce the trade barriers they had previously erected. However, trade liberalization
was selective both in terms of which countries participated and which products were included.
Broadly, by 1980 trade between developed countries in manufactured goods had been
substantially freed of barriers, but barriers facing developing countries had been substantially
removed only for those primary commodities that did not compete with agriculture in the
developed countries. For agriculture and manufactures, developing countries faced severe
barriers. Further, most developing countries erected barriers against each other and against
developed countries.
Huwart, Jean-Yves and Loïc Verdier (2013), “Growing Economic Integration in a Divided World (from 1945 to the 1990s)”, in Economic
Globalisation: Origins and Consequences, OECD Publishing, Paris.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264111905-4-en
Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264111905-4-
en.pdf?expires=1566786498&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=D11C8519ED1B2B94F268CF7C982E5CE8

Retrieved from
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/954071468778196576/310436360_20050007015044/additional/multi0page.pdf

Post-Cold War Period

The era has mostly been dominated by the rise of globalization (as well
as nationalism and populism in reaction) enabled by the commercialization of the Internet and
the growth of the mobile phone system. The ideology of postmodernism and cultural
relativism has according to some scholars replaced modernism and notions of absolute
progress and ideology. The Post-Cold War era has enabled renewed attention to be paid to
matters that were ignored during the Cold War. The Cold War has paved the way for nationalist
movements and internationalism. Following the nuclear crises of the Cold War, many nations
found it necessary to discuss a new form of international order and internationalism, where
countries cooperated with one another instead of using nuclear scare tactics.
 Moreover, this period faces a lot of issues and events such as financial and cultural
dynamic. Growth in foreign currency trading, corporate activity on global scale, decline of welfare
state model, emergence of derivatives and securitization, breakdown of Bretton Woods system.
Neoliberal economic and political policies—regulation of capital movements, opening of national
economies to global activity, privatization of public enterprises. New migration. Transformation
of public communication by global media enterprises, impact of internet. English widespread.
Shift in economic and political centre to Asia and global South.

Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era

Retrieved from https://s3.studentvip.com.au/notes/12568-sample.pdf