Wireless LAN (WLAN) : B D C & N

2018/10/02
Wireless LAN (WLAN)

BUSINESS DATA
COMMUNICATIONS & • Introduction
NETWORKING • WLAN Components
• WI-FI
• WIMAX
Chapter 7 • Bluetooth
Wired and Wireless Local Area Networks • Best practice WLAN Design
• Improving WLAN Performance
• Management Implications
FitzGerald ● Dennis ● Durcikova

Prepared by Taylor M. Wells: College of Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento 7-1 7 -7-2
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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wireless LANs (WLANs) Principal WLANs Technologies
• Use radio or infrared frequencies to transmit signals • WI-FI

through the air (instead of cables) – IEEE 802.11b
• Basic Categories – IEEE 802.11a
– Use of Radio frequencies (FOCUS of this chapter) – IEEE 802.11g
• 802.1x family of standards (aka, Wi-Fi) – IEEE 802.11ac
– Use of Infrared frequencies (Optical transmission) – IEEE 802.11ad
– IEEE 802.11ax
• Wi-Fi grown in popularity
– Eliminates cabling • WIMAX
– Facilitates network access from a variety of locations – IEEE 802.16x
– Facilitates for mobile workers (as in a hospital) • Bluetooth
– Used in 90 percent of companies – IEEE 802.15x
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Components of WLANs Antennas used in WLANs

• Network Interface Cards • Omni directional antennas
– Transmit in all directions simultaneously
– Many laptops come with WLAN cards built in
– Used on most WLANs
– Also available as USB cards • Dipole antenna (rubber duck)
– About 100-300 feet max transmission range – Transmits in all direction (vertical, horizontal, up, down)
• Directional antennas
• Access Points (APs)
– Project signal only in one direction
– Used instead of hubs; act as a repeater • Focused area; stronger signal; farther ranges
• Must hear all computers in WLAN – Most often used on inside of an exterior wall
• To reduce the security issue
• Some use power over Ethernet (POE) – A potential problem with WLANs
– Antennas can be made from Pringles, etc. cans and are called
“Cantennas”
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Types of Antennas WLAN Radio Frequencies
• WLANs use radio transmissions to send data between the

NIC and the AP
• Most countries use the 2.4 GHz range and the 5 GHz
range
• The larger the frequency range, the greater the bandwidth,
or capacity
• It is important to ensure that APs do not conflict with each
other
• Therefore, each AP is set up to transmit on a different part
of the 2.4 or 5 GHz frequency range (channels)
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More on the APs and NICs A WLAN Using Different Channels

• 3 separate channels available for 802.11b
– All devices using an AP must use the same channel
• WLAN functions as a shared media LAN
– Reduces the interference
– Users can roam from AP to AP
• Initially NIC selects a channel (thus an AP)
– Based on “strength of signal” from an AP
• During roaming, if NIC sees another AP with a stronger
signal, attaches itself to this AP
• Usually a set of APs installed to provide geographical
coverage and meet traffic needs
– NICs selects a less busy channel if its current channel becomes
busy (too many users)
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WLAN Topology WLAN Media Access Control

Same as Ethernet
Use the same radio • Physical star • Uses CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocol)
frequencies, so • Logical bus – CA  collision avoidance
take turns using
the network – A station waits until another station is finished transmitting plus
an additional random period of time before sending anything
• May use two MAC techniques simultaneously
– Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
10Base-T or
• Also called “Physical Carrier Sense Method”
100Base-T
– Point Coordination Function (PCF)
• Also called “Virtual Carrier Sense Method”
• Optional: (can be set as “always”, “never”, or “just for certain
Uses a NIC that frame sizes”)
transmits radio A wireless Access Point (AP) connected
signals to the AP into an Ethernet Switch
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Distributed Coordination Function Point Coordination Function (PCF)

• Relies on the ability of computers to physically listen • Solves Hidden Node problem
before they transmit – Two computers can not detect each other’s signals
– When a node wants to send a message: • A computer is near the transmission limits of the AP at one
• First listens to make sure that the transmitting node has end and another computer is near the transmission limits at the
finished, then other end of the AP’s range
• Waits a period of time longer – Physical carrier sense method will not work
• Each frame is sent using stop-and-wait ARQ • Solution
– By waiting, the listening node can detect that the sending node has – First send a Request To Send (RTS) signal to the AP
finished and • Request to reserve the circuit and duration
– Can then begin sending its transmission – AP responds with a Clear To Send (CTS) signal,
– ACK/NAK sent a short time after a frame is received, • Also indicates duration that the channel is reserved
– Message frames are sent a somewhat longer time after (ensuring – Computer wishing to send begins transmitting
that no collision will occur)
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Wireless Ethernet Frame

Control
Duration
/ ID
Address
1
Address
2
Address
3
Sequence
Control
Address
4
Data
(46-2312 bytes)
FCS
(6 bytes)
(2 bytes) (2 bytes) (6 bytes) (6 bytes) (6 bytes) (2 bytes) (6 bytes)
• 802.11 Frame
Duration/ID: time length of the frame and ack spent on the channel
– Includes four address fields Addresses1.2.3 and 4: Source, destination, the source and destination base
• Two addresses have the same meaning as in wired stations for inter device
Sequence: Sequence no. of the fragment
Ethernet, the others are used communicating with
APs and other devices
Frame Duration Address Address Address Sequence Address

Data FCS
Control / ID 1 2 3 Control 4
(46-2312 bytes) (6 bytes)
(2 bytes) (2 bytes) (6 bytes) (6 bytes) (6 bytes) (2 bytes) (6 bytes)
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Wireless Ethernet
Frame Control
Version: Protocol version • WiFi devices transmit and receive within frequency ranges
Type: data, control, or management – These frequency ranges are divided into “channels”
Subtype: RTS, CTS, ack, …To DS and from DS: to or from inter • Frequency ranges (in the United States)
cell distribution system (e.g. Ethernet) MF: more fragments – 2.4 GHz range
Retry: retransmission • 2.412-2.462 Ghz
Power management: put the receiver into sleep state or • 3 non-overlapping channels
take it out More: additional frames coming – 5 GHz range
W: wired equivalent privacy • 5.180-5.320 and 5.745-5.825 Ghz
• 12 non-overlapping channels
O: processed strictly in order
• Larger frequency range → higher potential bandwidth
• Higher frequency → greater attenuation (i.e., shorter range)
• Overlapping channels should be minimized
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Wireless Ethernet
WI-FI as Public Internet Access
• Types of Wi-Fi:
• Wi-Fi was intended to be used for indoor mobile wireless
Date Max Tx Frequency access
Type Official Status
Published Speed (Ghz)
• Many providers have in airports and malls and other
802.11a 1999 54 Mbps 5, 3.7 Obsolete (Superseded)
public places
802.11b 1999 11 Mbps 2.4 Obsolete (Superseded)
802.11g 2003 54 Mbps 2.4 Obsolete (Superseded)
• Political issues, not technical, interfere with the large scale
802.11n 2009 600 Mbps 2.4/5 Obsolete
provision of Wi-Fi
(Superseded)* • Being offered by some towns as well as carriers
802.11ac 2013 6.77 Gbps 5 Current
802.11ad 2012 ~7 Gbps 2.4, 5, 60 Current
802.11ax Est. 2019 ? 2.4, 5 In-Progress
*Still widely used in 2014
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WIMAX IEEE802.16d
• Commercial name for family of IEEE 802.16 standards • Fixed point wireless access
• Two primary types: Fixed and mobile • Antennas 12-18 inches
• Logical and physical topology same as 802.11 and shared • One central access point allows connection to fixed
Ethernet networks
• Uses controlled access with a version of 802.11 point
coordination function • Ideal – 70 Mbps and 30 mile range
• Two types: • Expect – 2 Mbps and 5 mile range
– 802.16d
– 802.16e
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IEEE802.16e Issues to consider with WIMAX
• For mobile users • WIMAX is a competitor to public access Wi-Fi and

• Multiple channels, each with 28 Mbps cellular phone service
• Effective rate of 5 Mbps • WIMAX is incompatible with both
• Effective range of 6 miles with line of sight • Has an effective range that offers benefits
• Effective range of 2½ miles without line of sight • Has controlled access, version of PDF
• Considerably more distance covered with WIMAX over
Wi-Fi
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Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15) Bluetooth Topology
• A standard for Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) • Uses the term “piconet” to refer to a Bluetooth network
– Provides networking in a very small area – Consists of 8 devices
• Up to 10 meters (current generation)
• A “master” device controlling other devices,
• Up to 100 meters (next generation)
“slaves”
– Includes small (1/3 of an inch square) and cheap devices designed
to – Acts like an AP
• Replace short distance cabling between devices – Selects frequencies and controls access
– Keyboards, mouse, handsets, PDAs, etc – All devices in a piconet share the same
– Provides a basic data rate of 1 Mbps frequency range
• Can be divided into several voice and data channels
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Bluetooth Media Access Control Physical WLAN Design

• Uses Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) • More challenging than designing a traditional LAN
– Available frequency range (2.4000-2.4835) divided into 79 separate – Use a temporary AP and laptop to evaluate placement of APs
1-MHz channels – Locations are chosen to provide coverage as well as to minimize
– A data burst transmitted using one channel, next data burst uses the potential interference
next channel, and so on. • Begin design with a site survey, used to determine:
– Channels changed based on a sequence and established by the slave – Feasibility of desired coverage
and the master prior to the data transfers • Measuring the signal strength from temporary APs
• 1,600 hops or channel changes per second – Potential sources of interference
– Also used to minimize interference • Most common source: Number and type of walls
• A noisy channel avoided eventually – Locations of wired LAN and power sources
– Estimate of number of APs required
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Physical WLAN Design WLAN Design Specs for 802.11g

• Begin locating APs
– Place an AP in one corner
– Move around measuring the signal strength
– Place another AP to the farthest point of coverage
• AP may be moved around to find best possible spot
• Also depends on environment and type of antenna
– Repeat these steps several times until the corners are covered
– Then begin the empty coverage areas in the middle
• Allow about 15% overlap in coverage between APs
– To provide smooth and transparent roaming
• Set each AP to transmit on a different channel
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Multistory WLAN Design WLAN Security
• Must include • Especially important for wireless network

– Usual horizontal mapping, and – Anyone within the range can use the WLAN
– Vertical mapping to minimize interference from APs on different
• Finding a WLAN
floors
– Move around with WLAN equipped device and try to
pick up the signal
– Use special purpose software tools to learn about
WLAN you discovered
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Types of WLAN Security Types of WLAN Security, cont’d

• Service Set Identifier (SSID)
– Required by all clients to include this in every packet
• Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
– Included as plain text Easy to break – new standard
• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) – longer key than WEP
– Requires that user enter a key manually (to NIC and AP) • Dynamic or fixed
– Communications encrypted using this key – dynamically changed for every packet
– Short key (40-128 bits)  Easy to break by “brute force”
• Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) • 802.11i (WPA2)
– One time WEP keys created dynamically after login – EAP login used to get session key
– Requires a login (with password) to a server – uses AES encryption
• MAC address filtering
– Allows computers to connect to AP only if their MAC
address is entered in the “accepted” list
– May prevent casual users from connecting
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Improving WLAN Performance Improving WLAN Performance
• Similar to improving wired LANs • Similar to improving wired LANs

– Improving device performance
– Improving device performance
• Upgrade devices to 802.11ac,ad.ax, etc. (latest technology)
– Improving wireless circuit capacity • Buy high-quality cards and APs
– Reducing network demand – Improving wireless circuit capacity
• Upgrade to 802.11ac,ad.ax
• Reexamine placement of APs
• Check sources of interference (other wireless devices
operating in the same frequencies))
• Use different type of antennas
– Reducing network demand
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Improving Wireless Circuit Capacity Reducing WLAN Demand

• Upgrade to latest protocols • Never place a server in a WLAN
• Replace APs – Doubles the traffic between clients and server, once
– Fewest walls between AP and devices
from the client to the AP, and once from the AP to the
– Ceiling or highly mounted to minimize obstacles
server
– In halls, not in closets
• Remove sources of interference – Locate the server in the wired part of the network
– Other wireless devices operating in the same frequencies (ideally with a switched LAN)
• Bluetooth devices, cordless phones, etc. • Place wired LAN jacks in commonly used locations
• Use different type of antennas – If WLAN becomes a problem, users can switch to
– Directional antennas in smaller range to get stronger signals wired LAN easily
(faster throughput)
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Implications for Management

• WLANs becoming common place
– Access to internal data, any time, any place
• Better protection of corporate networks
– Public access through WLAN hotspots
• Competition and overlap with cell phone technologies
– New cell phone technologies (faster, longer ranges)
– Drastic price drops of WLAN devices
• Widespread Internet access via multiplicity of devices (PDAs,
etc,)
– Development of new Internet applications
• New companies created; some old ones out of business
– Drastic increase in the amount of data flowing around
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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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2018/10/02

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

FitzGerald ● Dennis ● Durcikova

Wireless LANs (WLANs) Principal WLANs Technologies

• Use radio or infrared frequencies to transmit signals • WI-FI

Components of WLANs Antennas used in WLANs

Types of Antennas WLAN Radio Frequencies

• WLANs use radio transmissions to send data between the

More on the APs and NICs A WLAN Using Different Channels

WLAN Topology WLAN Media Access Control

Distributed Coordination Function Point Coordination Function (PCF)

Wireless Ethernet Frame

Frame Duration Address Address Address Sequence Address

IEEE802.16e Issues to consider with WIMAX

• For mobile users • WIMAX is a competitor to public access Wi-Fi and

Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15) Bluetooth Topology

Bluetooth Media Access Control Physical WLAN Design

Physical WLAN Design WLAN Design Specs for 802.11g

Multistory WLAN Design WLAN Security

• Must include • Especially important for wireless network

Types of WLAN Security Types of WLAN Security, cont’d

Improving WLAN Performance Improving WLAN Performance

• Similar to improving wired LANs • Similar to improving wired LANs

Improving Wireless Circuit Capacity Reducing WLAN Demand

Implications for Management

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