Outline: B D C & N

2018/10/02
Outline
BUSINESS DATA
COMMUNICATIONS & • Why use a LAN?
NETWORKING • LAN components
• Wired Ethernet
• Wireless Ethernet
Chapter 7 • LAN design
Wired and Wireless Local Area Networks • Improving LAN performance
• Implications for Management
FitzGerald ● Dennis ● Durcikova

Prepared by Taylor M. Wells: College of Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento 7-1 7-2
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why use a LAN? LAN Components
• Information sharing 1. Clients 4. Network cables

– Improved decision making 2. Servers 5. Hubs / switches /
– May reduce data duplication and inconsistency access points
3. Network interface
• Resource sharing cards (NICs) 6. Software
– Devices such as printers can be shared by many clients
• Software sharing
– Some software can be purchased on a per-seat basis
and resides on server
– Reduces costs, simplifies maintenance and upgrades
• Device Management
– Software updates and configuration are easier
7-3 7-4
2018/10/02
LAN Components
LAN Components
1. Clients 4. Network Cables
– Devices on the network that request information from
servers
Maximum
2. Servers
Name Type Data Rate Used by
– Devices on the network that deliver information or
Category 3 UTP 10 Mbps 10BASE-T
provide services to clients
Category 5 UTP/STP 100 Mbps 100BASE-T
3. Network interface cards (NIC)
Category 5e UTP/STP 1 Gbps 1000BASE-T
– Also called network cards and network adapters
– Operate at layers 1 and 2 Category 6/6a UTP/STP 10Gbps 10GBASE-T
– Commonly built into motherboards OM1 (62.5/125 µm) Fiber 1-10 Gbps* 1000BASE-SX
– Ethernet NICs contain unique MAC address OM3 (50/125 µm) Fiber 10-100 Gbps* 10GBASE-SR
* Speed depends on circuit length
7-5 7-6
LAN Components
LAN Components
5. Hubs and switches
– Link cables from different devices, sometimes more
than one type of cabling 5. Access points (APs) use radio waves to connect wireless
clients to the wired network (instead of connecting using
– Act as repeaters, reconstructing and strengthening
hubs/switches)
incoming signals
– Many APs use power over Ethernet (PoE) for
electricity
– No external power is needed
– Power flows over unused twisted pair wires
– Also used by some IP cameras and phones
7-7 7-8
2018/10/02
LAN Components
LAN Components
6. Software
– Network Operating System (NOS)
• Runs on devices and manage networking functions
• E.g., Novel NetWare, Microsoft Windows Server, Linux
• E.g., Cisco IOS or JUNOS on routers
– Clients devices typically have network software
components included with OS installation
• E.g., TCP/IP included in Windows, OS X, and Linux
• Allows clients to view and access available network
resources
– Provides directory services about LAN resources
– Network profiles specify resources that devices and users
can access
7-9 7-10
Wired Ethernet Wired Ethernet
• IEEE 802.3 standards • Topology: Basic geographic layout of a network

• Used by nearly all LANs today • Types
• Originally developed at Xerox PARC and standardized by – Logical: How the network works conceptually
a consortium of Digital Equipment Corp., Intel and Xerox
– Physical: How the network is physically installed
(DIX)
• Layer 2 protocol, but physical layer must meet protocol
requirements
7-11 7-12
2018/10/02
• Hub-based Ethernet • Hub-based Ethernet uses physical star topology

– Also called shared or traditional Ethernet
– Logical bus topology means that all devices receive Message
A
for C
every frame as if they were connected to the same
circuit B
– The hub is a multiport repeater Message
for C
E
C
D
7-13 7-14
• Switch-based Ethernet • Switch-based Ethernet

– Logical star topology means that only the destination
receives the frame Message
A
for C
• Switch reads destination address of the frame and
only sends it to the interface (physical port) B
connected to a circuit Message
• Uses forwarding tables (also called MAC or CAM for C
E
tables), which are similar to routing tables
• Breaks up the collision domain
– Physical star topology C
D
7-15 7-16
2018/10/02
Wired Ethernet Wired Ethernet Switch Forwarding Table

MAC Port
00-22-69-13-EA-3E 1
00-22-69-13-EA-3A 2
• Switch operation • Switch-based Ethernet
00-22-69-13-EA-01 3
– Switches learn which MAC address is associated with 00-22-69-13-EA-6C 4
an interface (physical port) by reading the source A
address on a frame
– When a new frame is received, the switch reads the B 00-22-69-13-EA-3A
00-22-69-13-EA-3E
1 2
destination MAC address
– Looks up destination address in the forwarding table 4 3
• If found, forwards frame to the corresponding
interface
• If not found, broadcasts frame to all devices (like a C 00-22-69-13-EA-01
hub) D
00-22-69-13-EA-6C
7-17 7-18
• Switching modes • Media access control

– Wired Ethernet uses a contention-based technique called carrier
– Store and forward switching – frames retransmitted after sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)
entire frame is received and error check is complete • Carrier Sense (CS):
– A device “listens” to determine if another computer is
• Slower, but fewer errors transmitting
– Cut-through switching – frames retransmitted as soon as – Only transmit when no other computer is transmitting
destination address read • Multiple Access (MA):
– Many devices have access to transmit on the network
• Low latency, but some capacity wasted medium
– Fragment-free switching – frames retransmitted once the • Collision Detection (CD):
header (first 64 bytes) is received and has no errors – Collisions occur when multiple devices transmit
simultaneously
• Compromise between store and forward and cut- – If a collision is detected, wait a random amount of time and
through resend
– Relies on collision detection rather than avoidance
7-19 7-20
2018/10/02
LAN Design
LAN Design
• LANs may have very different requirements
• Current best practice is to use wired LANs for primary network – Load balancers
and wireless as an overlay network
• Select fastest stable technology, cost permitting – Virtualization
– e.g., choose 802.11ac over 802.11n or 1000BASE-T over – Security
100BASE-T – SAN
• Physical WLAN design
– More challenging than LANs because of interference
– Start with site survey to determine:
• Coverage required
• Potential sources of interference
• Locations of wired hubs/switches and power sources
• Number of APs needed
7-21 7-22
Improving LAN Performance Improving LAN Performance
• How can we improve throughput, the total data • Devices

transmitted in a given period of time? – Upgrade server
– Identify bottlenecks • Software and hardware (CPU, memory, disks)
• The parts of the network restricting data flow • Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)
• Devices – Add a new server
– Servers (check CPU and disk performance) – Upgrade clients
• Circuits
– Clients
– Buy faster circuit (e.g., 100BASE-T to 1000BASE-T)
– Networking devices
– Add circuits
• Circuits – Add access points on different channels
• Demand – Segment network
7-23 7-24
2018/10/02
Improving LAN Performance Improving LAN Performance
Network Segmentation • Reducing network demand

– Move files to client computers
– Encourage off-peak usage
– Consider blocking or throttling unnecessary network
traffic
7-25 7-26
Implications for Management
• Enterprise LAN equipment is quickly becoming a

commodity
• SOHO users are primarily moving to wireless
– Speeds have increased
– Dramatic growth of WiFi-enabled devices
• The Internet of Things will influence LAN design
7-27
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outline: B D C & N

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2018/10/02

FitzGerald ● Dennis ● Durcikova

Why use a LAN? LAN Components

• Information sharing 1. Clients 4. Network cables

Wired Ethernet Wired Ethernet

• IEEE 802.3 standards • Topology: Basic geographic layout of a network

Wired Ethernet Wired Ethernet

• Hub-based Ethernet • Hub-based Ethernet uses physical star topology

Wired Ethernet Wired Ethernet

• Switch-based Ethernet • Switch-based Ethernet

Wired Ethernet Wired Ethernet Switch Forwarding Table

Wired Ethernet Wired Ethernet

• Switching modes • Media access control

Improving LAN Performance Improving LAN Performance

• How can we improve throughput, the total data • Devices

Improving LAN Performance Improving LAN Performance

Network Segmentation • Reducing network demand

Implications for Management

• Enterprise LAN equipment is quickly becoming a

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