1a. Technical Handbook On Sanitation in Poor Countries

Technical Handbook
UBSUP
Up-scaling Basic Sanitation for the Urban Poor
Constructing and maintaining SafiSan facilities
v.1.0 Technical Handbook May 2013

1
UBSUP
TABLE OF CONTENT
0. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Section 1: SafiSan and the sanitation chain..................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Sanitation chain and its various components......................................................................................... 8
1.2 SafiSan: user interfaces, the dry and wet toilets..................................................................................... 9
1.2.1 The dry toilets: how do they work?.................................................................................................... 9
1.2.2 Squatting pan & sitting pedestal......................................................................................................... 9
1.2.3 The double vault, above or underground?....................................................................................... 10
1.2.4 The superstructure........................................................................................................................... 11
1.3 SafiSan wet toilets................................................................................................................................. 11
1.3.1 The wet toilets.................................................................................................................................. 11
1.3.2 Cistern flush toilet............................................................................................................................ 11
1.3.3 Pour flush toilet................................................................................................................................ 12
1.4 SafiSan: storage systems....................................................................................................................... 12
1.4.1 Septic tank........................................................................................................................................ 12
1.4.2 Conservancy tank............................................................................................................................. 13
1.5 SafiSan: collection and transport systems............................................................................................ 13
1.5.1 Manual emptiers.............................................................................................................................. 13
1.5.2 Exhauster trucks............................................................................................................................... 14
1.5.3 DEWATS............................................................................................................................................ 14
1.5.4 Sludge drying bed............................................................................................................................. 15
1.6 SafiSan: disposal or reuse?................................................................................................................... 15
1.6.1 Use in agriculture/horticulture/agroforestry.................................................................................... 15
1.6.2 Landfill disposal................................................................................................................................ 15
2. Section 2: Technical drawings and Bills of Quantity of SafiSan sanitation facilities....................................... 16
2.1 Drawings and BoQs............................................................................................................................... 16
3. Section 3: Construction and working procedures.......................................................................................... 17
3.1 General instructions.............................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.1 Safety and hygiene........................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.2 Quality of provided services and work............................................................................................. 19
3.1.3 Proper use of tools........................................................................................................................... 20
3.2 Construction procedures for double vault urine diverting dry toilet (UDDT)....................................... 21
3.2.1 Required tools.................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.2 Construction materials..................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.3 Construction steps............................................................................................................................ 22
3.2.3.1 General requirements...................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.3.2 Site selection and preparation.......................................................................................................... 22
3.2.3.3 Construction of foundation slab....................................................................................................... 23
3.2.3.4 Construction of vaults...................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.3.5 Construction of superstructure........................................................................................................ 24
Technical Handbook
2
UBSUP
TABLE OF CONTENT
3.3 Construction procedure for flush toilets (cistern- or pour flush).......................................................... 25
3.3.1 Construction materials..................................................................................................................... 25
3.3.2.4 Construction of cistern and toilet pans............................................................................................ 26
3.3.2.5 Construction of super structure....................................................................................................... 27
3.4 Construction procedure for septic tanks............................................................................................... 27
3.4.1.4 Construction of walls........................................................................................................................ 28
3.4.1.5 Construction of top slab................................................................................................................... 28
3.5 Construction procedures for soak away pits......................................................................................... 29
3.5.1.3 Construction of circular soak away................................................................................................... 29
3.6 Construction procedures for conservancy tank................................................................................... 30
3.6.1 Construction step............................................................................................................................. 30
3.6.1.3 Construction..................................................................................................................................... 30
4. Section 4: Use and maintenance of SafiSan facilities.................................................................................... 31
4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.1 How men should use the UDDT........................................................................................................ 32
4.1.2 How women should use the UDDT................................................................................................... 33
4.1.3 How children should use the UDDT.................................................................................................. 34
4.1.4 Accessibility of UDDTs to people with disabilities............................................................................ 35
4.1.5 Cleaning the UDDT(see also appendix0).......................................................................................... 36
4.2 Repairs.................................................................................................................................................. 38
4.3 Safely emptying of the vault................................................................................................................. 38
4.3.1 Transport.......................................................................................................................................... 39
4.3.2 Reuse................................................................................................................................................ 40
4.3.3 Disposal............................................................................................................................................ 41
Technical Handbook
3
UBSUP
TABLE OF CONTENT
4.3.4 Troubleshooting................................................................................................................................ 41
4.4 Safely emptying the septic tank....................................................................................................... 43
4.4.1 Inspection and emptying a septic tank............................................................................................. 43
4.4.2 Transport and disposal of sludge from septic tanks......................................................................... 44
4.4.3 Exhauster services............................................................................................................................ 44
5. Section 5: Pictures of SafiSan toilets.............................................................................................................. 46
5.1 UDDT..................................................................................................................................................... 46
5.2 Flush and pour flush............................................................................................................................. 47
5.3 Treatment facilities (bio -digesters, anaerobic baffled reactors and sludge drying beds...................... 47
6. Appendices.................................................................................................................................................... 48
6.1 Technical drawings and Bills of Quantity............................................................................................... 48
6.1.1 Single door urine diversion dry toilet............................................................................................... 49
6.1.2 Double door urine diversion dry toilet............................................................................................. 53
6.1.3 Cistern flush toilet............................................................................................................................ 58
6.1.4 Pour flush toilet................................................................................................................................ 60
6.1.5 PPR urine diversion dry toilet........................................................................................................... 62
6.1.6 Steel tube urine diversion dry toilet................................................................................................. 66
6.1.7 Double vault for urine diversion dry toilet....................................................................................... 70
6.1.8 Underground vault for urine diversion dry toilet............................................................................. 72
6.1.9 Soak pits........................................................................................................................................... 73
6.1.10 Septic tank........................................................................................................................................ 75
6.1.11 Conservancy tank............................................................................................................................. 76
6.1.12 Bio digester....................................................................................................................................... 77
6.1.13 Baffled reactor.................................................................................................................................. 78
6.1.14 Drying bed........................................................................................................................................ 80
6.1.15 Composting bed............................................................................................................................... 81
6.1.16 Bills of Quantity................................................................................................................................ 82
6.1.16.1 BoQ single door urine diversion dry toilet................................................................................... 82
6.1.16.2 BoQ double door urine diversion dry toilet................................................................................. 85
6.1.16.3 BoQ cistern flush toilet................................................................................................................. 88
6.1.16.4 BoQ pour flush toilet.................................................................................................................... 94
Technical Handbook
4
UBSUP
TABLE OF CONTENT
6.1.16.5 BoQ PPR frame urine diversion dry toilet.................................................................................. 100
6.1.16.6 BoQ steel tube urine diversion dry toilet................................................................................... 101
6.1.16.7 BoQ double vault for urine diversion dry toilet.......................................................................... 102
6.1.16.8 BoQ underground vault for urine diversion dry toilet................................................................ 108
6.1.16.9 BoQ soak away pits.................................................................................................................... 111
6.1.16.10 BoQ septic tanks......................................................................................................................... 112
6.1.16.11 BoQ conservancy tanks.............................................................................................................. 113
6.1.16.12 BoQ biodigester.......................................................................................................................... 113
6.1.16.13 BoQ baffled reactor.................................................................................................................... 115
6.1.16.14 BoQ drying bed.......................................................................................................................... 114
6.1.16.15 BoQ composting bed.................................................................................................................. 117
6.2 Construction manuals......................................................................................................................... 118
6.2.1 Concrete panel toilet...................................................................................................................... 118
6.2.2 Concrete panel vault....................................................................................................................... 130
6.3 Toilet instructions................................................................................................................................ 139
6.3.1 How to use your toilet.................................................................................................................... 139
6.3.2 How to clean your toilet................................................................................................................. 140
Technical Handbook
5
UBSUP
Acronyms and Abbreviations

BMGF Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
BoQ Bill of Quantity
CBO Community-based Organization
CfP Call for Proposal
DEWATS Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System
DIY Do-It-Yourself
DSDB DEWATS/Drying Beds
FM Field Monitor
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH
HH Household
KACC Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission
KfW KreditanstaltfürWiederaufbau
KSh Kenyan Shilling
LIA Low-Income Area
ME Manual Emptier
MoPHS Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation
NEMA National Environmental Management Authority
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
PSF Public Sanitation Facility
SPA Service Provision Agreement
UBSUP Up-scaling of Basic Sanitation for the Urban Poor
UDDT Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
UPC Urban Projects Concept
VST Virtual Sanitation Tool
WASREB Water Services Regulatory Board
WSB Water Service Board
WSP Water Services Providers
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
WSTF Water Services Trust Fund
Technical Handbook
6
UBSUP
0. Introduction
This handbook is a tool to be used by various people who are involved in the construction, maintenance and/or
service delivery of the SafiSan products. These tools range from procedures with respect to safely emptying the
SafiSan toilets to detailed construction drawings of all the UBSUP facilities. Since the handbook covers information
on various topics for various users, it is divided into 5 sections:
Section 1 starts with a general overview of the sanitation chain. The various components and their interrelationship
will be depicted. The second part will depict which parts of the sanitation chain UBSUP is to intervene. An overview
of all the SafiSan products, double vault toilets, flush toilets, septic and conservancy tanks will be shown. In this
overview pictures and animated drawings of the products including their specifications can be found. It also gives
basic technical information on the operation of the double vault toilet and septic tanks. This information gives a
broader picture of the SafiSan products and explains why certain steps during construction and maintenance (see
section 3) are important.
Section 2 has technical drawings including Bill of Quantities of all the SafiSan products and prices (based on Nairobi
prices) are mentioned. In combination with section 3, this section is of particular interest for contractors and local
craftsmen constructing the facilities.
Section 3 has construction manuals and advises with respect to the construction of the various SafiSan products.
In combination with section 2, this section is of particular interest for contractors and local craftsmen constructing
the facilities.
Section 4 has instructions on the operation and maintenance of the SafiSan products. This section includes main
preventive maintenance and small preventive maintenance instructions, proper and safe use of tools and possible
spare parts required. This section is useful for owners of SafiSan products, local artisans involved in maintenance
but also emptiers of the Safisan products.
Section 5 contains a picture overview of various facilities built.
In the handbook, certain principles and features are depicted in animated drawings. These drawings should en-
hance the technical information provided.
Technical Handbook
7
UBSUP
1. Section 1: SafiSan and the sanitation chain

1.1 Sanitation chain and its various components
Sanitation relates not only to toilets and toilet construction. It also relates to how people behave when using a sani-
tation facility, the way human waste is safely collected in a toilet, how it is removed from the toilet and the way it is
treated, disposed or reused. This whole chain of events is called the “sanitation chain”. In the following drawing the
whole sanitation chain is depicted.
TREATMENT
...GIVE ME A
SECOND, PLEASE!
I AM THE ONE
SELLING MAIZE
THERE
Figure 1 – The entire sanitation chain

Link 1 of the sanitation chain is the toilets where the human waste (faeces and urine) is collected. In the wet toilet
waste is transported away with water, or waste is collected in a chamber (pit or vault) underneath the toilet. This
part of the chain is the storage. From the chamber the waste is collected and transported. Sometimes it is taken to a
treatment facility where the waste is treated. Treatment means that most of the bacteria, viruses and other harmful
elements are killed. The waste basically becomes harmless to humans and the environment. After this step, the last
step of the sanitation chain is the reuse/disposal of the waste. Reuse means that the waste from the treatment plant
is used for instance in agriculture as fertilizer or soil conditioner. Disposal means environmental friendly disposal of
the treated waste that does not cause any public health risks.
As with every chain, the strength of the chain is in the weakest link. If for instance collection and transport is done
poorly, it affects the entire chain.
Note
Each link of the chain is related to the other. To ensure a sustainable sanitation chain, each
link should be addressed.
Technical Handbook
8
UBSUP
Important in the sanitation chain is that each link should work properly. If for instance solid waste such as diapers
is thrown into a toilet, empting the toilet and treatment of the waste becomes difficult and reuse might not be pos-
sible, if the treatment plant is not working properly, the environment and public is at risk.
1.2 SafiSan: user interfaces, the dry and wet toilets
1.2.1 The dry toilets: how do they work?
The dry toilet is a toilet which doesn’t use water to flush away waste. Well known dry toilets are the commonly used
pit latrines and the Ventilated Improved Latrines ( VIP). Not well known dry toilets are the so-called UDDTs; Urine
Diversion Dry Toilets (UDDT). The UBSUP has adopted the UDDT in its up-scaling concept as the dry toilet option.
The VIP and pit latrines are therefore not discussed here in detail. The basic idea behind a UDDT is the separation
of faeces and urine. Separation takes place in the toilet! . If this is done properly, the toilets won’t smell and will not
attract flies. In order to do so, the inside of the toilet is different than from most toilets. The squatting pan or toilet
seat of a UDDT consists of two parts. One section collects urine and the other part collects faeces and toilet paper.
The urine can be collected and stored and later

used as fertilizer. It can also be soaked away. The
faeces are collected in a vault underneath the
toilet and stored for 6-8 months. Urine should be
stored in closed containers for further use. Urine
contains a lot of nitrogen, which is ideal to fertilize
nitrogen demanding plants e.g. maize.
When stored long enough (that is more than 6

months) the faeces will dry and resemble soil.
Dried faeces can be used as soil conditioner.
Figure 2 – Dried faeces or soil?
1.2.2 Squatting pan & sitting pedestal

In order to be able to separate the two waste streams in the UDDT, the user interfaces have two sections. One section
which collects faeces and anal cleansing materials (no water allowed here!). The other section collects urine. Separa-
tion of these two streams is important and therefore proper use of the toilet is important. Urine should never enter
the section meant for collecting faeces and faeces should never enter the section meant for the collection of urine.
Mixing of the two waste streams will disrupt proper functioning of the toilet.
Faeces hole
Faeces hole Faeces hole
Urine hole Urine hole
Figure 3 – UDDT squatting pan and UDDT toilet seat
Technical Handbook
9
UBSUP
1.2.3 The double vault, above or underground?

The vault of a dry toilet is the section below the user interface. In the vault the human waste from the toilet is col-
lected. For the SafiSan toilets it was decided to use the so-called double vault. This type of vault consists of two
separate chambers underneath the toilet. The chambers should be used one at the time. When one of the vaults is
full, it is sealed and allowed to dry and compost the . faeces for at least 6 months.
After sealing the vault, no faeces should be added to

the content of this vault! The other vault should be
used as of this moment until this vault is full. Now it
is time to empty the first vault again. The waste from
the first vault is shovelled out. If the waste in the first
vault has been dried long enough (over 6 months) it
can be disposed of in burial pits or used as an agricul-
tural soil conditioner.
Figure 4 – A double vault with squatting pan

A vault can be built above or underground. Both options have their particular advantages and disadvantages.
Above ground Underground

Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage
• Easy emptying • Stairs are required • Easy access for all as • Excavation might be
therefore entry to the toilet is the same costly
• For areas with high
the toilet can be dif- level as the ground
water table • Urine and faeces
ficult. In many cases,
might be difficult to
• For areas prone to rails are required to
empty
flooding ensure that the el-
derly can climb up the • Might not be feasible
• For rocky areas
steps in areas that have a
• Urine and faeces high water table
chambers easy to
empty
Technical Handbook
10
UBSUP
1.2.4 The superstructure

The toilet superstructure should provide privacy and comfort for the users. Besides these characteristics, the super-
structure should be durable and easy to maintain in order to keep the operational costs as low as possible. For the
SafiSan toilets, various options for superstructures have been developed. They range from pre-fabricated high tech
structures to in-situ constructed toilets. Depending on various factors, households can choose the option which suits
them best.
Figure 5 – Prefab toilet Figure 6 In-situ constructed toilet

1.3 SafiSan wet toilets
1.3.1 The wet toilets
A wet toilet is a toilet in which water is used to transport the waste. Flushing or pouring adequate water in the toilet
bowl will transport the faeces and urine to a destined storage or treatment facility. Well known wet toilets are cistern
and the pour flush toilet. Wet toilets are always connected to either sewer or a storage tank (septic tank, cesspit,
conservancy tank) in which the waste is collected and stored. If connected to a sewer, the waste is transported away
from the toilet into a treatment facility. If connected to a septic or conservancy tank, the waste is stored at site. It
needs to be collected and disposed of in a safe way on a regular basis by exhausters or manual emptiers when the
storage facility is full.
1.3.2 Cistern flush toilet
The cistern flush toilet
The cistern flush toilets have a flushing cistern in which water is stored for toilet flushing. The toilet cistern, or the
tank, is the part of your toilet that stores water to be used when you flush your toilet. The cistern is generally mount-
ed directly onto the toilet bowl or mounted on the wall.
Technical Handbook
11
UBSUP
The cistern flush toilet
When pressing the flushing handle or button, water is re-

leased from the cistern and flushes into the toilet bowl. The
water has enough speed to flush down the waste in the toilet
bowl. A cistern flush toilet needs to be connected to a perma-
nent source of water supply, either the main water connection
or preferably to an overhead house storage tank.
Figure 7 – Cistern flush toilet

1.3.3 Pour flush toilet
A pour flush toilet is like a regular flush toilet except that instead of the water coming from the cistern above, it is
poured in by the user. When the water supply is not continuous, any cistern flush toilet can become a pour flush
toilet. The pour flush toilets were designed to reduce the amount of water used per flushing. While the conventional
cistern flush systems use between 15-25 litres of water per flush, the pour flush uses in average 3-5 litres per flush. In
Kenya they are used widely in public sanitation facilities, boarding schools, institutions and some plot level sanitation
facilities. They are widely used in the Muslim community households in urban areas. The pour-flush toilets are used
with septic tanks, sewer networks, bio-digesters and/or anaerobic baffled reactors (ABRs).
The pour flush toilet super structure and slab is similar to that of the VIP la-
trine, except that it uses a pour-flush pan with a siphon connection to allow
flushing of faeces using water.
.
Figure 8 – Pour flush toilet
Because there are no mechanical parts, pour flush toilets are quite robust and rarely require repair. Despite the fact
that water is used continuously in the toilet, it should be cleaned regularly to prevent the build up of organics and
or/stains. To prevent clogging of the pour flush toilet, it is recommended that dry cleansing solid waste materials
(sanitary pads, diapers, etc) be collected separately and not flushed down the toilet.
1.4 SafiSan: storage systems
1.4.1 Septic tank
A septic tank is a simple, low tech underground wastewater treatment system. Because septic tanks store and treat
wastewater partially onsite, they are often more economical than centralized sewer systems.
Technical Handbook
12
UBSUP
Septic tanks are also simple in design, which makes

them generally less expensive to install and main-
tain. By using natural processes to treat the waste-
water on-site, septic systems don’t require the in-
stallation (excavation!) of sewer lines, making them
less disruptive to the environment.
A septic system consists of two main parts-a septic
tank and a soak away pit. The septic tank is a wa-
tertight box, usually made of concrete or brick with
an inlet and outlet pipe. Wastewater flows from the
household to the septic tank through a sewer pipe. Figure 9 – Septic tank
Because the wastewater stays for quite some time in the septic tank, the solids and liquids separate. The wastewater
forms three layers inside the tank. Solids lighter than water (such as greases and oils) float to the top forming a layer
of scum. Solids heavier than water settle at the bottom of the tank forming a layer of sludge. This leaves a middle
layer of partially clarified wastewater. This water is disposed of by soaking it away in the soak away pit.
1.4.2 Conservancy tank
A conservancy tank is basically just an underground

tank, which stores waste from toilets and households
until the time of emptying. Unlike a septic tank, no
drainage of clarified waste water takes place. The tank
must be watertight to prevent the leakage of wastewa-
ter to the environment. But also to prevent groundwa-
ter from seeping into the tank. Conservancy tanks are
in general made from concrete or bricks but are also
available in plastic material. Conservancy tanks must be
emptied frequently.
Figure 10 – Conservancy tank

1.5 SafiSan: collection and transport systems
The vault of UDDT toilets, septic and conservancy tanks fill up at a certain time. Regular emptying is therefore re-
quired. Emptying of these facilities is basically done by manual emptiers and exhauster operators.
1.5.1 Manual emptiers
Manual emptying services are found both in urban and rural areas of Kenya. It involves manual emptying of pit la-
trines or septic tanks. Unfortunately most of the manual emptiers who are involved in this job do not have the right
protective equipment and are susceptible to a variety of health risks. Full pit latrines pose huge health risks in areas
with high water tables. They spill faecal waste to the environment during rainy seasons thus causing considerable
pollution of water resources. This often leads to cholera outbreaks in rural and urban areas.
Technical Handbook
13
UBSUP
Low income urban areas in Kenya predominantly use on-site sanitation facilities most of which are traditional pit
latrines with poor dilapidated superstructures. The toilet emptying is mostly done manually using buckets and drums
as shown in Picture 8. The faecal sludge is transported on wheelbarrows or makeshift handcarts and disposed off
in rivers and water channels.1 This is a major source of water resource pollution in many rivers flowing through the
informal settlements of Kenya which are chocking in faecal and solid waste.
1.5.2 Exhauster trucks
Exhauster trucks are very often used for emptying sepctic or conservancy tanks. Their main advantage is that they
are able to collect a lot of waste in 1 go (6000 – 10,000l). Exhausters truck suck out the liquid part of tanks and pits,
leaving the more solid parts behind. Sometimes manual emptiers are contracted to remove the remaining waste
from pits or tanks. Their main dis-advantage is the high cost of the services and also the accessibility of trucks into
areas. SafiSan: treatment systems
1.5.3 DEWATS
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems or DEWATS are very low tech, low maintenance treatment facilities.
DEWATS consist of different modules.
Each module reduces part of the waste from the

wastewater. After passing two or three modules, the
wastewater should be clean enough to dispose off in
the environment. According to the effluent require-
ments more or less treatment modules will have to
be applied. Within UBSUP the DEWAT systems will be
used to treat waste from wet toilets, both existing and
new toilets.
Figure 11 – DEWAT system
Sludge from DEWATS bio-digesters and anaerobic baffled reactors can be removed regularly (basically every 2 – 3
years) and put to dry in drying beds.
A photo documentary of manual pit emptiers in Korogocho can be found on:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/organize/?start_tab=one_set72157634190421825
Technical Handbook
14
UBSUP
1.5.4 Sludge drying bed
Wet sludge coming from the bio-digesters and an-

aerobic baffled reactors need to be dried. Some
dry sludge coming from the SafiSan UDDT toilets
may need additional drying. When drying the
sludge, bacteria and viruses in the sludge are elim-
inated. Also water trapped inside the sludge evap-
orates leaving dry soil-like sludge behind. To avoid
mixing of wet with dry sludge, the wet sludge is
pre-dried in the first compartment of the drying
bed. After this stage the sludge will be mixed with
dried sludge from the SafiSan UDDT toilets till the
Figure 12 – Sludge drying bed required moisture content is achieved.
1.6. SafiSan: disposal or reuse?

1.6.1 Use in agriculture/horticulture/agro-forestry
If treated properly, faeces and urine are valuable. They contain many elements which are essential for plants to grow.
Therefore faeces and urine can be used as soil conditioner, provided that they were treated properly.
The soil conditioner can be used in private vegetable gardens. However use the conditioner only on vegetables which
grow above the ground such as peas, tomatoes etc. It can also safely be used for improving the soil for fruit trees and
cereal crops like maize..
Besides edible crops the soil conditioner can also be used in the ornamental plant and seedlings propagation (agro-
forestry). Young plants need a lot of nutrients when growing. Most of these can be found in the treated faeces and
urine.
Note
Remember: proper treated faeces are a resource, not a waste!
1.6.2 Landfill disposal

The easiest way to get rid of dried faeces from the UDDT toilets is to bury it 30cm underground. Burial can be done
on-site, provided that there is enough space. If space doesn’t allow, the dried faeces can also be disposed of in landfill
areas. Treated sludge should be buried under soil at minimum depth of 30 cm. The minimum depth is important to
prevent resurfacing as a result of heavy rains, animal burrowing or human digging. When buried deep enough, the
treated sludge is not harmful for humans or the environment (Technology Review of Urine-diverting dry toilets (UD-
DTs), GIZ 2012).
Technical Handbook
15
UBSUP
2. Section 2: Technical drawings and Bills of Quantity of SafiSan sanitation facilities

2.1 Drawings and BoQs
In Appendix 6.1 the technical drawings and accompanying BoQs are attached. Since the costs of building materials
are fluctuating with time and locations, actual prices of materials are NOT included in the BoQs. The BoQs show
quantities and should guide the contractors/artisans to calculate the actual costs of the SafiSan facilities at the time
and location of construction.
For the prefabricated constructions, assembly instructions including step by step procedures for construction is pro-
vided. These instructions can be found in appendix 6.3.
2,290 1,500 1,500
300 200 1,100 200 200 1,100 200

2,325
GIS roof at 10 degrees
1,825
slope to approval
75 x 50mm timber
200
wall plate
354
ventilation gap Ventilation holes left on

.
above the door the wall to approval
bricks/blocks walling
plastic bowl urinal
2,100
to manufacturer spec's
2,100
2,100
2,100
Xmm thick brick/blocks
partition wall
ceramic pedestal toilet
100
100mm thick mass 100mm thick mass
concrete class X slab concrete class X slab
Y
100
100
100

slope to approval
ELEVATION 02 ELEVATION 04 mass concrete class X
foundation footing
Z.
SECTION Y - Y
75 x 50mm timber
wall plate 04. 04.
800+2X
03. 02.
X 800 X
ventilation gap
304
above the door pv

161
X
450
GIS roof at 10 degrees ceramic pedestal toilet

slope to approval
1,100
2,100

partition wall
2,400
1,500+2X
1,500
2,100
2,300
door wedge
plastic bowl urinal
1,650
to manufacturer spec's plastic bowl urinal

Y. Y. to manufacturer spec's
1,000
800
915
steel door hinges

ceramic sitting toilet
X
inspection bend
X 800 X line of the roof above
339
100
100mm thick mass

concrete class X slab
100
X 800 X
Y
03. 02.
2100 mm H x 800mm W
.
Z.
mass concrete class X timber door

foundation footing 01. 01.
SECTION X - X TOILET FLOOR PLAN ELEVATION 01
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
Project Title: Drawing Title: Designed & Drawn by: Notes: 'GL' denotes unfinished ground level. All slabs at ground level to be poured over 1000 gauge polythene Date: 07/02/2013
All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified. sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Pour Flush Toilet Edward Kung'u Measurement 'Y' depends on the ground soil condition
Up-scaling Basic Sanitation Drawings are not to be scaled. Only figured dimensions to be used. All soil under slabs and around external foundations to be poisoned
Sitting Type Approved by: Measurement 'X' depends on the width of the bricks Scale: 1 : 25
for Urban Poor ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before for termite control.
(UBSUP) commencement of any work. All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Clay bricks = 100mm
Version 1.0 Concrete Brick = 150 / 175mm
the natural angle of repose. page:
For all R.C. work, refer to Structural Engineer's details.
Figure 13 Technical drawings and BoQs in appendix 6.1.
Technical Handbook
16
UBSUP
3. Section 3: Construction and working procedures

3.1 General instructions
3.1.1 Safety and hygiene
Good personal hygiene is required on the jobs within the sanitation chain because:.
• Proper hygiene reduces the chance of you and your colleagues getting sick;
• Proper hygiene makes work more pleasant.
In humid areas where bacteria multiply rapidly, personal hygiene is of utmost importance. One of the best ways to
cut down on sickness is hand washing with soap. Wash your hands regularly, especially before eating, after handling
waste from toilets or after using the toilet.
For people working directly in sanitation such as ex-

hauster operators and manual emptiers additional rules
apply. Faeces contain a lot of viruses and bacteria. These
viruses and bacteria can make you sick easily. Therefore
it is important to avoid direct contact with untreated
faeces at all times. Also avoid inhaling gases from sep-
tic tanks, pit latrines, VIP, etc when emptying. Therefore
ensure that you are wearing appropriate masks whilst
emptying.
Figure 14 Appropriate masks for toilet emptying

To reduce the chance of getting sick the following precautions should be taken:
Figure 15 – Always use protective gear.
Technical Handbook
17
UBSUP
• Always use protective gear such as

o Tightly fitting gumboots;
o Tightly fitting rubber gloves;
o Eye goggles;
o Nose mask.
• Wash your working clothes separately from other clothes;
• Wash your hands and face regularly with soap and water;
• Take de-worming tablets once every 6 months;
IMPORTANT
• Never eat or drink while emptying a pit or septic tank. Because of the unhealthy environ-
ment you will easily contract a disease.
• Never smoke while emptying a pit or septic tank. Gases in the pit can explode easily, hurt-
ing or even killing you.
• Never work alone in a pit or septic tank. Gases can suddenly Keep your protective clothes
on at all times when at work.
• be released and some of these can be very dangerous.
It is very difficult not to spil waste when emptying a pit or septic tank. Since you are providing a service to people
you should make sure to leave the environment clean. Therefore follow the following steps in case of spilling waste:
• Remove the waste using a scoop or plastic bag;
• In case waste has polluted concrete, wash the surface with water and soap. The disinfect with a little bleach
or Jik;
• Use soil to cover the spilled waste on a non paved surface.
Figure 17 – As emptier, never leave your ‘shit’ behind.
Technical Handbook
18
UBSUP
The tools that are used for emptying a pit should be cleaned after each emptying. Cleaning involves rinsing of the
tools and disinfecting them with Jik or bleach. After cleaning, the tools need to be dried properly before storing
them in an area outside the house. These tools should never be used for other purposes.
3.1.2 Quality of provided services and work
Quality is everyone’s responsibility. Quality should be part and parcel of one’s work. Quality is about meeting the
needs and expectations of customers.
When constructing a toilet, quality starts with the purchase of the right materials and basically ends with the com-
missioning of the final construction. If somewhere along this chain the quality of work is poor, it affects the quality of
the final construction. Poor mixing of cement results in poor binding material which affects the structural strength of
the toilet. Bad site preparation might result in a sagging of the construction.
When emptying a pit or septic tank, quality starts with proper preparation. Making sure that all the tools are col-
lected, that the job is done on time etc. And, last but not least, important is also that the place is left behind clean
.
Figure 17 – Always clean up after the vault has been emptied
Technical Handbook
19
UBSUP
If you do a good job, customers will come back to you. They appreciate the quality of work and will remember you
when additional work is required. Your business will cease when you run out of quality.
Figure 18 – Good work sells itself

3.1.3 Proper use of tools
Tools are basically designed for a certain job. A hammer is made for driving nails into wood or concrete. A shovel
is made for scooping out material and a screwdriver is made for fixing or removing of screws. All the tools have a
specific use.
Wrong use of tools or using tools for activities they were not designed for can damage the tool or, more important,
can injure the user.
Figure 19 – Use tools only where they are intended for.
Technical Handbook
20
UBSUP
3.2 Construction procedures for double vault urine diverting dry toilet (UDDT)
3.2.1 Required tools
For the construction of the SafiSan UDDT toilets, various tools are required. Find below a table of tools which could
be used for construction of the facilities.
Tools list Construction use

Hammers Nailing wood & using chisel
Handsaws Cutting wood
Trowels and wooden floats Working concrete
Shovels Preparing site, mixing concrete
Spirit Level Leveling blocks and concrete
Plumb Bob and String Line Leveling blocks and concrete
String Line Marking out dimensions
Measuring Tape Measuring dimensions
Chisel Breaking concrete blocks/stones
Fly Screen Sieving sand
Wheelbarrow Mixing concrete/Mortar
Hacksaw Cutting steel reinforcement bars
Pliers Cutting and fastening of binding wire
Carpenter square Accurate measurements of squares
Drill Drilling holes in wood for bolts
Technical Handbook
21
UBSUP
3.2.2 Construction materials
For a complete material list and BOQs, see Appendix 6.1.
3.2.3 Construction steps
3.2.3.1 General requirements
The basic design rules for constructing UDDTs:
IMPORTANT
• The interior walls of the vaults MUST be plastered to minimize infiltration of moisture.
• The vault doors must close well to keep the faecal matter safely contained and prevent
water from entering the vault.
• The vaults must have good air circulation via vertical ventilation pipes that remove moisture
and odour above the level of the roof.
3.2.3.2 Site selection and preparation
• Build prefabricated toilets on flat ground (high water table, rocky soils, loose soils) or partially underground
(low water table).
• In-situ toilets require foundations.
• Clear and level the ground where the toilet is to be located and remove the top soil and debris. The depth de-
pends on the type of soil and will be given by the site engineer.
• Make sure all of the materials and tools are at the site before each construction step is started.
• There should be a space of 1.5m between the vault door and the nearest wall to allow emptying.
Figure 20 – When constructing, leave enough space to enter the toilet freely.
Technical Handbook
22
UBSUP
3.2.3.3 Construction of foundation slab

• Set the profiles at the four corners of the toilet.
• Using a string set at a parallel line to an existing facility or fence (Making sure you leave >1.5m between vault
door and obstruction) and mark on the profiles with a nail.
• Set the other dimensions with above being the baseline.
• Check the diagonals and make sure the structure is perfectly square.
• Transfer the dimensions to the ground using a plumb bob.
• Construct a wooden shuttering box with inner design dimensions (refer to specific drawings attached) with a
depth of 10cm for casting the foundation slab. For prefabricated options backfill the slab formation with mur-
ram and hand compact.
• Use it to mark the foundation area for excavation using a panga. The marks are excavated at 15 mm deep and
25 mm wide.
• Excavate 600mm wide foundation trench within the marks until hard surface is reached. This may vary from
place to place depending on the type of soils.
• Place a blinding layer of concrete mix 1:3:6 )1 at the bottom of the excavated trench.
Figure 21 – Use the right amount of sand and cement and never compromise with materials.
• Build foundation using quarry stones/concrete blocks using 1:3 mortar to the dimensions in the specific draw-
ing.
• Backfill the slab formation with marrum.
• Hand compact the foundation area.
• Place the dump proof membrane (DPM).
• Place concrete mix of 1:2:4 and 8mm reinforcement steel bar or BRC A98 mesh where necessary (e.g. black
cotton soil).
• Backfill the area around foundation with excavated soil.
2
Ratios given in cement: sand: aggregates
Technical Handbook
23
UBSUP
3.2.3.4 Construction of vaults
Note
The foundation slab should dry and cure for at least 2 days.
Build the vault using bricks/concrete blocks/stones/concrete panel. For other prefabricated options see the specific
manufacturer’s user instructions.
• Build the vault walls using mortar of mix 1:3 (cement: sand).
• Use the design drawing to set the height, length and width of the vault.
• Plaster the inside of the vault with a thin coat (2-3mm) mortar of mix 1:1.
• Cast the top slab and fix the squatting pan and anal cleansing pan where necessary.
Note
The top slab should dry and cure for at least 3 days.
3.2.3.5 Construction of superstructure

• Select the preferred material for the superstructure (concrete panels/bricks/concrete blocks/stones/prefabri-
cated panels).
• Select the appropriate tools to construct the superstructure.
• For in-situ options, build the walls with 1:3 mortar, reinforcing alternate layers with hoop iron.
• For prefabricated options assemble as per the manufacturer’s manual.
• Build the roof as per specification in the technical drawings.
• Fix the main doors and vault doors as per provided technical drawings. Make sure the vault doors are water-
tight. The door should be level etc.
• Fix the ventilation pipe(s), PVC/steel/concrete min. diameter 100mm, class B. The pipe should rise 50cm above
the roof. Avoid bends. Cover the end with a cap to prevent rain water from entering. Make sure that the joints
of the pipe and the toilet construction are watertight, to avoid water from entering the vault.
Figure 22 – Don’t use metal pipes in the toilet; they rust!

• Fix the urine diverting pipes with diameter of at least 50mm. Use rigid piping or semi-rigid hoses (plasticized
PE/ polypropylene PP/PVC/uPVC). Do NOT use metal pipes due corrosive properties of urine. Use appropriate
glue for joining the pipes.
• Construct the urine soak pit where necessary or collect; store/sanitize urine for use as fertilizer in agriculture.
For detailed connection to soak pits see the provided technical drawings.
• Beautify where necessary (e.g. internal plastering, painting and external keying).
• Test and adjust all fixtures and fittings for ease of operation and use.
Technical Handbook
24
UBSUP
Note
• Always clean the construction site after completion of the job.
• Allow use after 7 days for the in-situ toilets. For prefabricated, allow immediate use if there
are no parts fixed on-site using concrete.
3.3 Construction procedure for flush toilets (cistern- or pour flush)
3.3.1 Construction materials
For material list and BoQs see paragraph 6.1
The basic design rules for Cistern Flush
• Ensure that there is a sewer network or septic tank and soak pit.
• Ensure that there is proper gradient to allow waste water flow by gravity to a sewer or septic tank via manholes.
• The manhole chambers must be built to the technical standards to avoid stagnation and blockage.
• Use a qualified plumber to install appropriate piping for waste water.
• All replaceable valves and fittings should be fitted in a way that allow for easy repairs and maintenance. NEVER
cover them with wall tiles or plaster.
• The location of the cistern flush toilet should allow for easy piping and plumbing works
• The floor should have a drain in case of water overflow.
Figure 23 – A flush toilet should have a drain to drain away possible spillage
• Connect the overflow pipe of the cistern to the outside of the toilet cubicle.
Technical Handbook
25
UBSUP
3.3.2.3 Construction of foundation slab

• In case built separately, excavate the foundation area, 15 cm deep and 25 cm.
• Place concrete mix of 1:2:4 and 8mm reinforcement steel bar or BRC A98 mesh where necessary (e.g. black
cotton soil).
• Fit the necessary piping, low level pans or leave holes.
3.3.2.4 Construction of cistern and toilet pans
Note
The foundation slab should dry and cure for at least 3 days to be strong enough for the instal-
lation of either sitting or squatting pan.
Fix the low level squatting pan before plastering the floor and sitting pan after plastering.
• Use mortar of mix 1:3 (cement: sand).
• Fix the sitting pan after plastering the floor according to the type and specification of the supplier. This has to
be done by a qualified plumber. Fix the pan tightly with screws on the floor.
• Plaster the walls with a thin coat (2-3mm) mortar of mix 1:1 before fixing the cisterns/relevant pipes.
Note
Ensure that the plaster works do not hinder the plumbing/fitting works
Technical Handbook
26
UBSUP
3.3.2.5 Construction of super structure

• Select the preferred material for the super structure (concrete panels/bricks/concrete blocks/stones/prefabri-
cated panels).
• Select the appropriate tools to construct the superstructure.
• Build the walls and beautify where necessary (e.g. keying).
• Build the roof according to the provided technical drawings.
• Fix the main doors. Fix the door frames first and then the door shutters. The door should be level and open
freely.
• Fix the ventilation pipes, PVC/steel/concrete min. diameter 100mm, class B . The pipe should rise 50cm above
the roof. Avoid bends. Cover the end with a cap to prevent rain water from entering. Make sure that the con-
nection of the pipe and the toilet construction is watertight, to avoid water from entering.
Figure 24 – The vent pipe should stick at least 50cm above the roof
• Fix the necessary sewage pipes/fittings leading to manhole chambers
3.4 Construction procedure for septic tanks
The basic design rules for Septic tanks
• A septic tank must have at least two compartments, with T-shaped inlet baffle (100mm) and outlet baffle
(100mm). Each compartment must have an access manhole which is air tight
• All septic tanks shall discharge to a soak away
• There must be adequate and reliable water supply at all times
• Should be water tight
• A septic tank should have a minimum size (about 1,700 litres) to be capable of receiving one day’s max. Sewer-
age flow from a dwelling
• A septic tank shall have a means of access for the purpose of emptying and cleaning
• The depth in such a tank should be below the outlet invert level, not less than 1m and there is an air space of
not less than 200mm between the surface of the liquid contained therein and the underside of the top cover
• Inspection chambers must be installed at all bends and junctions of the drains
Technical Handbook
27
UBSUP

• The soil and subsoil must be suitable and the size of the plot adequate.
• The water table must be low.
• Nothing else may be built on top of a septic tank.
• Locate in an optimal place to allow flow by gravity.
3.4.1.3 Construction of foundation slab.
• The slab is made from concrete 150 mm thick.
Figure 25 – The slab should be strong enough to carry your weight.

3.4.1.4 Construction of walls.
• Walls should be constructed from materials like concrete, bricks and mortar/durable substances which are not
subject to excessive corrosion.
• The interior of bricks tanks should be plastered with waterproof mortar.
• Use mortar of mix 1:3 (cement: sand).
• Ensure that the plaster works do not hinder the plumbing/fitting works.
• Fix the T-pieces for inlets and outlet and seal properly with mortar.
3.4.1.5 Construction of top slab
• Prepare the form work for the top slab with the necessary steel reinforcement.
• Cast the concrete slab with the frames for the manholes.
• Use concrete mix of 1:2:4.
• Cure for at least 3 days.
• Fix the manhole covers.
Technical Handbook
28
UBSUP
3.5 Construction procedures for soak away pits

The basic design rules for soak pits.
• Soak away pits are built circular from cement blocks, two meters in diameter and to such depth as circum-
stances dictate. Reinforced slab over the top to contain a 600mmx450mm inspection cover.
• They should be constructed in such a way not to cause any kind of pollution.
• They should be more than 3m from any building.
• They should not be constructed where the water table is high
• The soil and subsoil must be suitable and the size of the plot adequate.
• A simple percolation test should be done for the soils above 30 minutes not allowed.
Figure 26 – The soil should allow urine to soak away quickly.

3.5.1.3 Construction of circular soak away
• Top slab is made of reinforced concrete with manhole.
• Is made from 450mm rubble fill (outer core).
• Inner side: honeycomb blocks.
• Inner bed of rubble, and the above blocks, make 2m.
• Covered with a standard manhole cover.
• Inlet pipe 100mm (from septic tank).
Technical Handbook
29
UBSUP
3.6 Construction procedures for conservancy tank

3.6.1 Construction step
The basic design rules for conservancy tanks
• A conservancy tank should have a minimum size (about 1,700 litres) to be capable of receiving one day’s max.
Sewerage flow from a dwelling;
• A conservancy tank shall have a means of access for the purpose of emptying and cleaning;
• There must be adequate and reliable water supply at all times;
• Should be water tight.
• The soil and subsoil must be suitable and the size of the plot adequate;
• The water table must be low.
3.6.1.3 Construction
• Mark the centre on the ground and use a string to draw the required circumference based on the designed
diameter;
• Excavate the circular hole;
• Place 50mm hardcore and concrete the bottom with 10mm of 1:2:4 mix;
• Install a prefabricated tanks made of plastic;
• Build the tank walls from earth /concrete/stone/bricks;
• Plaster with mortar mix of 1:1, plaster thickness of 2mm;
• Fix the 100 mm PVC connection pipe from the toilet using the appropriate glue. Seal the joints with mortar
(1:1) silicon where it passes through the walls;
• Precast the top slab, with a standard manhole and cure for 3 days;
• Place the precast slab on top on the excavated hole;
• Seal the joints with mortar (1:3) to avoid rain water seeping into the tank;
Technical Handbook
30
UBSUP
4. Section 4: Use and maintenance of SafiSan facilities

4.1 Introduction
IMPORTANT
WATER is the main enemy of the UDDT. If water enters the vault, drying of the faeces slows down
and the toilet will start smelling and attracting flies.
Figure 27 – Water is the enemy of the UDDT.
The use of a UDDT may not be immediately obvious to some users. They may be hesitant to use it because they are
not sure how to separate the urine and the faeces. Education and public awareness creation are essential in achiev-
ing acceptance with users. The most common mistakes that have been documented are as follows:
1. Careless pouring of ash or wood shavings and dumping solid waste in the urine hole thus blocking the urine
pipe;
2. Dumping of solid waste such as sanitary towels and diapers (non-biodegradable items) into the faeces cham-
ber;
3. Defecating in the urine hole thus blocking the urine pipe (a mistake mostly made by children);
4. Urinating in the faeces chamber.

1

2 The mistakes above can be tackled if appropri-
ate training of the users is in the forefront.
1
The UDDT squatting pan has 3 holes. Two holes
(1) which are connected to the faeces chamber.
The last hole (2) is connected to the soak away
1 pit.
Figure 28: The UDDT squatting pan
Technical Handbook
31
UBSUP
4.1.1 How men should use the UDDT
Note
Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the toilet.
1. Lift the lid of the big hole (faeces chamber);

2. Please note that the toilet has three holes;
3. For a long call, only use the lid that has a handle;
4. Once you lift the lid, squat on top of the big hole, facing the centre of the toilet;
Figure 29: How NOT to use the toilet
5. After use, dispose the used tissue or paper in the big hole;
6. If you practice anal cleansing, please cleanse yourself on top of the urine section, if there is an anal cleansing
pan, please ensure that you cleanse yourself on top of the anal cleansing pan. That way, there is no cross-
contamination;
7. Put a scoop or a cupful of ash or wood shavings (drying agents) into the big hole ONLY. No ash should spill on
the urine hole/section to avoid blockage;
8. Replace the lid once you have finished to avoid bad odour;
Note
Please ensure that you aim at the urine hole whilst urinating.
NEVER urinate in the big hole because that will make the toilet smell badly.
9. If there is a urinal, ensure that there is no spillage of urine into the floor or dumping of any solid waste in the
urinal;
10. The urinals installed are waterless therefore use them appropriately to ensure that they do not smell. Aim at
the urinal to avoid spillage on the floor;
11. If there is no urinal in the toilet, please use the urine section (labelled 2);
12. Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet.
Technical Handbook
32
UBSUP
4.1.2 How women should use the UDDT

1. Lift the lid of the big hole (faeces chamber);
2. Please note that the toilet has two big holes;
3. For a long call, only use the lid that has a handle;
4. Once you lift the lid, squat on top of the big hole, facing the centre of the toilet;
5. After use, dispose used tissue or paper in the big hole (no sanitary towels or diapers should go to the big hole
please);
6. Put a scoop or a cupful of ash or wood shavings (drying agents) into the big hole ONLY. No ash or wood shav-
ings should spill on the urine hole/section to avoid blockage;
Figure 30: Put ash in the big hole after a long call
pan; please ensure that you cleanse yourself on top of the anal cleansing pan. That way, there is no cross-
contamination;
8. Put a scoop or a cupful of ash or wood shavings (drying agents) into the big hole ONLY. No ash or wood shavings
should spill on the urine hole/section to avoid blockage;
9. Replace the lid once you have finished;
10. For urination, squat and ensure that you aim for the urine hole whilst urinating. Please do not urinate while
standing to avoid spillage. Squat on top of the big hole, facing the urine section, to aim for the urine hole;
pan; please ensure that you cleanse yourself on top of the anal cleansing pan. That way, there is no cross-
contamination;
12. Never throw sanitary towels and any other solid waste in the toilet. Use the dustbin instead;
13. Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet.
Technical Handbook
33
UBSUP
4.1.3 How children should use the UDDT

1. It is the responsibility of the adults to ensure that their children use the toilet appropriately;
2. If the child is still using a potty, ensure that you deposit the faeces in the big hole that has a handle;
3. If the child is not using a potty, place the child on the urine diversion toilet seat (if available) and assist the
child to use the toilet appropriately;
4. If there is no urine diversion seat, assist the child to squat to ensure that they aim for the urine hole and fae-
ces hole;
5. After use, please ensure that you dispose used tissue or paper in the big hole;
6. If the child practices anal cleansing, this should take place on top of the urine section, If there is an anal
cleansing pan, please ensure that you cleanse yourself on top of the anal cleansing pan. That way, there is no
cross-contamination;
7. Dispose used tissue in the big hole after use (no diapers should go to the big hole!);
8. Teach children that no solid waste should enter the big hole;
Figure 31: Diapers should go in the dustbin, NOT in the toilet

Put a scoop or a cupful of ash or wood shavings (drying agents) into the big hole ONLY after use. No ash or wood
shavings should spill on the urine hole/section to avoid blockage.
9. Replace the lid once you have finished to prevent bad odour;
10. Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet (Particularly stress this with young children!).
Note
Parents: Your children will find it difficult to use the toilet initially. Please take some time to
teach them with the information and posters that have been provided. Monitor them initially
in the first few occasions to ensure that they are using the toilet correctly. Correct them when
they are not using it correctly so that common mistakes such as blockages do not occur.
Technical Handbook
34
UBSUP
4.1.4 Accessibility of UDDTs to people with disabilities

Those who benefit from accessible sanitation facilities are:
 Persons with injuries;
 Elderly or weak peopl;
 Pregnant women (last trimester);
 Persons with a range of disabilities (temporary or permanent).
1. Ensure that you hold on to the rails in the toilet (assistance by a family member may be needed depending on
the type of disability);
2. Position yourself on the urine separating toilet seat that has been place on top of the hole and the urine sec-
tion. Please note that the toilet has three holes. The middle hole is for urinating. Use the faeces hole that has a
handle on the lid;
3. Only place the urine separating toilet seat on top of the hole that is currently in use, facing the centre of the
toilet. That way, it is possible to aim for the urine section when urinating;
4. Dispose used tissue in the big hole after use (no diapers, sanitary towels or any other solid waste should go to
the big hole!);
5. Replace the lid once you have finished to prevent bad odour;
6. If you practice anal cleansing, hold on to the rails in the toilet and cleanse yourself on top of the urine section,
if there is an anal cleansing pan; please ensure that you cleanse yourself on top of the anal cleansing pan. That
way, there is no cross-contamination;
7. NEVER throw sanitary towels and any other solid waste in the toilet. Use the dustbin instead;
8. Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet;
Figure 32: Urine diversion seats for people with disabilities at Kentainers, Nairobi
Technical Handbook
35
UBSUP
4.1.5 Cleaning the UDDT (see also appendix 6.3.2)

For appropriate operation and maintenance, the UDDT should be cleaned on a regular basis and solid waste bins
emptied when necessary. The following tasks are required:
1. Sweeping the toilet and cleaning with a mop or rag;
2. Cleaning the urine diversion seats or squatting pan with a damp cloth;
3. In addition, the caretaker should check the faeces and urine levels on a regular basis. Sometimes levelling the
pile in the dehydration vaults is required to ensure that it rests evenly;
4. Cover material e.g. ash or wood shavings should always be available;
5. Provision of water and toilet paper for anal cleansing;
6. Provision of water and soap for hand washing;
7. If the urine pipe is blocked, a pipe cleaning snake can be used;
8. Periodic rinsing of the urine discharge piping with warm water and caustic soda can be an effective measure
to prevent the build-up of urine stone deposits the urine diversion seats or squatting pan with a damp cloth;
Figure 33: Cleaning the toilet
IMPORTANT
• Never pour water in the toilet as it will enter the dehydration vault.
• Never use boiling water to clean the urine pipe.
Technical Handbook
36
UBSUP
Figure 34: Remember to always wash your hands after visiting a toilet!
Technical Handbook
37
UBSUP
4.2 Repairs
The common repairs involve the following components
• Urine pipe: Sometimes ash or faeces accumulates in the urine pipe causing blockages. Appropriate O&M is
required to ensure that the urine pipe does not completely block and will then need to be replaced;
• If the vault doors are lined with wood, they can easily be eaten by termites. It is important that wood is not used
to ensure sustainability of the doors. Steel should be used instead;
• Minor repairs are related to wear and tear such as replacement of door hinges and locks, resealing the door
panels and maintaining the ventilation pipes and rain covers.
Figure 35: Vault doors attacked by termites Figure 36: Blocked urine pipe and damaged UDDT pan
4.3 Safely emptying of the vault
1. Once the vault that you are currently using becomes full, please cover it with the lid that has been provided to
you. This ensures that nobody uses the vault during the treatment period
2. The lid with the handle is currently in use and the lid without the handle is not. No one should use the full
vault during the treatment period
3. Once the vault is full, ensure that it has enough ash for drying and leave it to dry for a minimum period of 6
months. The longer it stays, the better the quality will be for reuse.
4. Ensure that you have closed the vault door so that it is not accessible to children
5. You may open the vault from time to time to monitor the process. If you see that some sections require a little
bit more ash, please do add some. You can tell if some sections require a bit more ash if the faeces is bare and
has not been mixed with a drying agent. In addition, it is good to mix the content from time to time to ensure
that each of the sections has enough of the drying agent
6. You may therefore add more ash (or the drying agent used) and mix it with a spade so that it may dry uni-
formly.
7. Wash your hands with soap and water after you have handled the contents of the vaults
Note
Don’t worry! After the 6 months, the faeces are dry and odourless and looks like soil.
Technical Handbook
38
UBSUP
Figure 37 The left vault is ready for emptying

4.3.1 Transport
• The main danger from the dehydrated faeces would be the possibility of helminth eggs transmission since they
take a longer time to die off even in hot tropical climates;
• Ensure that you have protective equipment like gloves and wash your hands with soap and water after empty-
ing the faeces chamber.
Figure 38 Worker emptying a UDDT and transporting with a wheelbarrow

• Use a shovel and wheelbarrow or any other equipment that can be used for transporting the dehydrated fae-
ces. Clean the equipment after use and store them well;
• Ensure that no spilling occurs close to the doors of the vaults;
• The dehydrated faeces can be used as a soil conditioner in tree crops, agro-forestry or ornamentals. If this is not
possible, it should be buried under at least 25 cm of soil.
Technical Handbook
39
UBSUP
• If it is removed before a minimum of 6 months, manual emptiers should be employed to empty the faeces
chambers and transport it to the designated disposal or decentralised treatment points (sludge drying beds)
4.3.2 Reuse
• The risks involve how the faeces and or urine is applied on the crop, crop restriction and withholding period.
• The compost should be worked into the soil rather than distributed into the surface.
It is safest when applied to fruit trees, agro-forestry, or crops that are processed further such as coffee and
cotton rather than vegetables such as sukumawiki.
• The danger comes from the transmission of helminth eggs (worm infestation) if the faeces is used before the
6 month period.
• If the dehydrated faeces are used as soil conditioner on crops like tree crops, flowers, agro-forestry and the
users follow hygienic conditions then there are no risks as the helminth eggs will die gradually and will not
pose any dangers.
• The risks exist if the dehydrated faeces is used in plants prematurely before the six months or before further
treatment.
Figure 39 Faeces have been used as a soil conditioner for the maize plants
• Fresh unsorted urine should not be used as fertiliser immediately in case of typhoid within the household
members.
Note
Faeces are a resource! Treated faeces have a high content of organic matter which acts
as a good conditioner. It also contains considerable amounts of the nutrients nitrogen,
potassium, and phosphorous as well as other micronutrients. If ash has been used, it
provides an additional source of potassium!
Technical Handbook
40
UBSUP
4.3.3 Disposal
• There are no risks to human beings and the environment as long as the faeces from the UDDT has dehydrated
and decomposed for more than 6 months in the vault or has undergone further treatment in the decentralised
treatment points (DEWATs-sludge drying beds)
• Risks are there if it is removed and disposed off before the six month period. The emptiers who will therefore
be employed to empty the faeces chamber before the six months should have to wear protective equipment
such as gloves and boots to empty the vaults. See also paragraph 3.1.1.
• They should then wash their hands with soap and water after emptying the toilet.
4.3.4 Troubleshooting1
Problem Possible reason Solution

Urine pipe The toilet can get blocked because of Use a pipe cleaning snake or bottle cleaner can be
blocked drunkenness, diarrhoea or use of the used to unblock the urine pipe.
toilet by small (unaccompanied) chil- Regular rinsing of the urine pipe with warm water
dren. (and caustic soda) can prevent blockages
Bad smells from Contents of the faeces vault have Add more cover material and make sure all the
the faeces cham- most likely become too wet due to uri- faeces are covered
ber nation in the dehydration vault, anal Check the plumbing system and ensure that all
water entering the vaults or careless- points of water and urine leakage are secured
ness while cleaning the vaults
Make sure that the vault is shielded from rainfall
by ensuring that the roof overhangs and extends
beyond the vault from the rainfall
Check the ventilation system is installed properly
to ensure that it is allowing for sufficient air circu-
lation.
Construction errors, such as leaking Check the plumbing system and seal all points of
urine pipes, holes in the toilet floor water or urine leakage
and material fatigue. Make sure the urine piping is properly aligned
with the urine drainage funnel and has not been
damaged when the user interface was switched
from one vault to the other.
Make sure the roof overhang extends beyond the
vault doors, shielding the vault from rainfall.
Make sure the vault doors are intact and prevent
the infiltration of rain or floodwater
1 Technical review of UDDTs

Technical Handbook
41
UBSUP
Pedestal or squatting pan is not tightly Fill any void space with an appropriate seal-
fixed to the slab. ant.
Bad smells from the Urine has become stagnant. This may re- Use a pipe cleaning snake of bottle cleaner
urine drainage or col- sult from leakages that cause urine pool- can be used to unblock the urine pipe.
lection system ing on surfaces, accumulation of urine in
Regular rinsing of the urine pipe with warm
the piping system or from a waterlogged
water (and caustic soda) can prevent block-
or clogged soak pit.
ages
Ensure that that all urine and anal cleansing
water pipes have adequate slope
In case of urine storage, makes sure that he
urine containers are not overflowing. Install
an overflow pipe on the urine container if
appropriate in order to avoid accidental
overflow
The vault is infested Faecal matter is wet or cover material has Add more cover material and make sure all
with flies or insects been insufficiently applied. the faeces are covered
One or more users are suffering from diar- Make sure that all possible users have been
rhea. trained on basic UDDT operation.
There has been a spike in the number of Ensure that an insect screen has been in-
untrained users e.g. visitors stalled on the vent pipe
There are fresh faeces Users or caretaker have removed the lid Make sure the drop-hole cover on the inac-
in the inactive vault and defecated in the resting/inactive tive vault is tightly fixed and clearly demar-
vault. cated to prevent accidental misuse
Technical Handbook
42
UBSUP
4.4 Safely emptying the septic tank

The pour flush can also be connected to a septic tank. A septic tank is an underground water tight chamber that can
receive black water from pour flush toilets through a pipe that is connected to the toilet. The effluent must then be
transported. Therefore exhaustion of the septic tank must also be done. The treatment of waste in septic tank is only
about 40% and according to environmental standards cannot be discharged into the environment.
Advantages and disadvantages of septic tanks
Advantages Disadvantages
 An easy way of managing household waste  Requires a reliable water supply
water where there is no sewer network
 Soak away/seepage pits can be a source of
 Easy to design and construct ground water pollution
 Requires very little space  Treats waste water only to about 40% BOD
and COD elimination
 Has a long life span
 No flies and odour
 Low investment costs
4.4.1 Inspection and emptying a septic tank
• One needs to know where the septic tank is located. The tank has to be operated and maintained well.
• Make sure that the septic tank will not pollute the environment by discharging or leaking waste anywhere it is
not supposed to, that is, into the ground or any water source
• Ensure that roof water or surface water run-off cannot enter a domestic waste water treatment system.
• De-sludge the system at intervals appropriate to the tank capacity and the number of people resident in the
premises connected to it. De-sludging should be carried out by an authorized contractor or emptiers who are
conversant with the emptying of pit latrines.
• When a septic tank is not emptied, sewage can back up into the household toilet or waste may seep into ground.
• Check the toilets and ensure that they flow normally when flushed. Toilets that consistently flush slowly may be
a sign that your septic tank is getting full.
• Check every location where drainage pipes exit your house. This includes drain pipes and sinks. Look for any
leaks, pooling water, or signs of waste escaping from the drains or pipes.
• Carry out a smell check. If you smell waste or strong odors in your house, your septic tank may be backing up.
Technical Handbook
43
UBSUP
Figure 40: Strong smell in the house might indicate a filled up septic tank
4.4.2 Transport and disposal of sludge from septic tanks
Once the septic tank has been emptied the sludge should be transported by an exhauster or a manual emptier to a
treatment facility.
4.4.3 Exhauster services
Exhauster trucks offer faster and more efficient emptying and transport services of sludge from septic tanks. The ser-
vices are offered in most cities and towns either by licensed water utilities or private operators. The highest number of
private operators is currently found in Nairobi. Most exhausters cannot access pit latrines in low income urban areas
due to the dense housing patterns which hinder accessibility therefore when installing a septic tank, one must ensure
that the septic tank is accessible for exhauster services.
Advantages and disadvantages of Exhauster operators
Advantages Disadvantages
 Fast and efficient  High investment cost
 Creates job opportunities  High operation and maintenance cost
 Provides an essential service in on site sanita-  Cannot pump thick solid sludge
tion
 Suction pipes are prone to blockage
 Less health risks than human powered systems
 Difficulty in accessing densely populated ar-
eas with poor accessibility.
Technical Handbook
44
UBSUP
Picture 41: Private exhaustion of a pit latrine at Dagoretti Corner Nairobi at a cost of KSh 10,000
In low income areas, many households and landlords are not able to afford the services of a private exhauster and
thus have to contact the licensed water utility whose price is subsided and is pro poor. Unfortunately most of water
utilities in Kenya have a maximum of 2 exhausters and they prioritise their services to the needs of public schools and
institutional facilities. Most residents therefore resort to manual pit emptying. Therefore only those who can afford
the emptying services should have septic tanks installed in their households.
Technical Handbook
45
UBSUP
5. Section 5: Pictures of SafiSan toilets
5.1 UDDTs
Picture 42: Concrete panel vault with MgO-board su- Picture 43: Concrete panel vault with mabati super-
perstructure structure
Picture 44: Full MgO-board toilet Picture 45: Full MgO-board toilet; double unit
Picture 46: Full concrete panel toilet Picture 47: Underground vault with PPR framed super-
structure
Technical Handbook
46
UBSUP
Picture 47: Full concrete panel toilet; double unit
5.2 Flush and pour flush

These type of toilets have not been constructed at the time of completing this document. Therefore pictures are not
yet available. As soon as they are constructed, pictures can be found on the UBSUP-Flickr account: http://www.flickr.
com/photos/ubsup/sets/.
5.3 Treatment facilities (bio -digesters, anaerobic baffled reactors and sludge drying beds
These type of facilities have not been constructed at the time of completing this document. Therefore pictures are
not yet available. As soon as they are constructed, pictures can be found on the UBSUP-Flickr account: http://www.
flickr.com/photos/ubsup/sets/.
Technical Handbook
47
UBSUP
APPENDICES
6.1 Technical drawings and bills of quantity;
6.2 Construction manuals.
6.3 Toilet instructions
Technical Handbook
48
6. Appendices
6.1 Technical drawings and Bills of Quantity
6.1.1 Single door urine diversion dry toilet
UBSUP
80mm thick reinforced concrete steps. (raiser 150mm)

suspended concrete slab Steel plate shutter (going 200mm)
80
80
painted black
200 200 200 200
80
Steel plate shutter
600
600
painted black
680
150 150 150 150
GL GL GL
80
80
X 775 X 775 X
300 X 1,000 X 800
ELEVATION 03 ELEVATION 02 bricks/blocks walling

concrete steps. ECO plate (Squatting pan)
(raiser 150mm)
(going 200mm) 80mm thick reinforced
80
80
80
suspended concrete slab
hose pipe to soak pit bricks/blocks walling

600
150 150
600
X 775 X 775 X
680
80mm thick reinforced
80
150 150
GL GL to Eng's specification
80
Y
mass concrete class X laid to ELEVATION 01
fall 1% slope to the back 450 450
mass concrete class X
Y
X
03 SECTION X - X
foundation footing
Steel plate shutter

painted black X 775 X 775 X
300
X
X
04
ECO plate (Squatting pan)
370
325
365 970 365
240
260

1,000
1,000
436
370

PVC anal cleansing pan suspended concrete slab
to Eng's specification
X
X
02 X 1,700 X
concrete steps. (raiser 150mm) FLOOR PLAN SUSPENDED SLAB

(going 200mm)
01
Y
X
Single Door Urine Diversion 'PL' denotes permanent ventilation. sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Edward Kung'u Measurement 'Y' depends on the ground soil condition
Up-scaling Basic Sanitation All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified. All soil under slabs and around external foundations to be poisoned
Dry Toilet (UDDT). Measurement 'X' depends on the width of the bricks Scale: 1 : 25
for Urban Poor Approved by: Drawings are not to be scaled. Only figured dimensions to be used. for termite control.
Vaults, ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm
(UBSUP) The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Clay bricks = 100mm
Version 1.0 commencement of any work. the natural angle of repose. page: 1/5
Concrete Brick = 150 / 175mm
Technical Handbook
49
UBSUP
10 X
10 mm thick plaster
on the inside of keys on the outside
bricks/blocks
Xmm thick wall

75 x 50mm timber
100mm Ø PVC wall plate
350
ventilation pipe 165
450mm above the roof
450
325
175
175
ventilation gap
GIS roof at 10 degrees above the door. WALL SECTION
slope to approval
plastic bowl urinal

bricks/blocks walling 1,000

1,000
1,900
1,900
1,800
1,800
200mm gap left bricks/blocks walling
to allow ventilation
700
ECO plate (Squatting pan) concrete steps. (raiser 150mm) anal cleansing pan
(going 200mm)
150
80
Steel plate shutter
80
80
painted black steps. (raiser 150mm) Steel plate shutter
150
(going 200mm) painted black
vault vault
600
680
450 100
530
1" urine hose
X 1,000 950
150 150 150

80
pipe to soak pit
80
Y X
160
mass concrete class X 450 700 450 mass concrete class X
laid to fall 1% slope foundation footing
650 450 700 450 186
SECTION Y - Y SECTION X - X
Single Door Urine Diversion Edward Kung'u 'PL' denotes permanent ventilation. sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Measurement 'Y' depends on the ground soil condition
Sections, ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm
Clay bricks = 100mm
Technical Handbook
50
UBSUP

GIS roof at 10 degrees slope
slope to approval
to approval 100mm Ø PVC
ventilation pipe
300 2,000 300 2,600
450
175
175
ventilation gap
above the door
ventilation holes
480
800
1,800
1,900
1,900
1900mm H x 800mm W bricks/blocks walling
steel door
160
50mm dia pvc
80
80
80
outlet pipe
steps. (raiser 150mm) Steel plate shutter
600
680
680
(going 200mm) painted black
150 150 150

80
150
700 600 700
2,000
ELEVATION 01 ELEVATION 03
Elevations, ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm
Version Clay bricks = 100mm
commencement of any work. the natural angle of repose. page: 4/5
Technical Handbook
51
UBSUP

slope to approval
100mm Ø PVC ventilation
pipe 450mm above the roof GIS roof at 10 degrees slope
245 100mm Ø PVC ventilation
to approval
450
450
pipe 450mm above the roof
2,000 325
175
75 x 50mm timber
wall plate 1900mm H x 800mm W
steel door
1,900
1,900
1,800
ECO plate to bricks/blocks walling

manufacturer spec's
1" urine hose
pipe to soak pit
concrete slab
80
80
80
80
600
partition wall X 775 X 775 X
600
680
680
80
Y
50mm dia pvc

1,300 300 outlet pipe
ELEVATION 02 SECTION Z - Z
Elevations, ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm
Version 1.0 Clay bricks = 100mm
commencement of any work. the natural angle of repose. page: 5/5
Technical Handbook
52
6.1.2 Double door urine diversion dry toilet
UBSUP

suspended concrete slab concrete steps.
200 200 200 200
(raiser 150mm)
80
80
80
Steel plate shutter (going 200mm)
painted black
Steel plate shutter
600
600
600
painted black
150 150 150 150

GL GL
80
80
X 775 X 775 X 775 X 775 X
300 X 1,000
ELEVATION 03
ELEVATION 02
ECO plate (squatting pan)

concrete steps.
(raiser 150mm)
(going 200mm)
160
80
80
80
600
600
680
80
150 150 150 150

GL GL
80
Y
mass concrete class X laid to 450
fall 1% slope to the back
ELEVATION 01 mass concrete class X
foundation footing
SECTION X - X
Steel plate shutter

painted black
06
05
X 775 X 775 X 775 X 775 X
X
X1 X1
1,000
1,300
X
07
(going 200mm)
08
Measurement 'Y' depends on the ground soil condition 'PV' denotes permanent Ventiration sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Up-scaling Basic Sanitation Double Door Urine Diversion Edward Kung'u All soil under slabs and around external foundations to be poisoned
Measurement 'X' depends on the width of the bricks All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified. Scale: 1 : 25
for Urban Poor Dry Toilet (UDDT). Approved by: ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm Drawings are not to be scaled. Only figured dimensions to be used. for termite control.
(UBSUP) Vaults, Clay bricks = 100mm The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Version 1.0 Concrete Brick = 150 / 175mm commencement of any work. the natural angle of repose. page: 1/5
Technical Handbook
53
UBSUP
z
03, 02, 02,
02 02
01,
50mm dia pvc
03 01. outlet pipe X 1,000 X
ECO plate to
manufacturer spec's
X
X
315 260 425 1" urine hose pipe 1900mm H x 800mm W
365
700
450
to soak pit steel door
775
line of the roof
X
800
970
600
600
1,700
1,700
pv
pv
100mm Ø PVC plastic bowl urinal
ventilation pipe
775
300 1,150
X
700
365
X
X
1,050
100mm Ø PVC
plastic bowl urinal ventilation pipe
365
X, X,
700
450 1,000 to manufacturer spec's X X
775
urine hole
200mm gap left
Y, Y, Y Y
X
concrete steps.
800
970
600
600
1,700
1,700
pv
pv
(raiser 150mm)
(going 200mm)
partition wall Xmm thick brick/blocks
775
336 240 425 X 200 200 200 200 370 260 370 200 200 200 200 partition wall
450
700
365
Steel plate shutter

painted black
X
X
X
line of the roof above
X 1,000 X
300 1,000 01.
X
X
03 ventilation holes
03, 01,
z
VAULTS LAYOUT PLAN TOILET FLOOR PLAN
(UBSUP) Plans Layout, Clay bricks = 100mm The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Technical Handbook
54
UBSUP
100mm Ø PVC 350

ventilation pipe
450
325
ventilation gap
275
275
GIS roof at 10 degrees above the door .
slope to approval
75 x 50mm timber
wall plate
Ventilation holes left on
the wall to approval
1,000 1900mm H x 800mm W 1,800

steel door
1,800
1,800
1,800
200mm gap left
to allow ventilation plastic bowl urinal
800
X 1,000 X
150
80
Steel plate shutter
200
concrete steps. (raiser 150mm) .
80
80
painted black (going 200mm) Steel plate shutter
vault vault painted black
600
600
480
500 100
1" urine hose
150 150 150
80
80
pipe to soak pit
Y
80
Y
160
mass concrete class X 1,150 X 800 650 450 700 450 150 mass concrete class X
foundation footing
SECTION Y - Y
SECTION X - X
(UBSUP) Sections, Clay bricks = 100mm The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Technical Handbook
55
UBSUP

to approval 100mm Ø PVC
ventilation pipe
300 300
450
175
ventilation gap
above the door
480
ventilation holes
1600mm H x 800mm W 800 1,050 800

timber door
1,800
1,900
160
Steel plate shutter
80
80
painted black
50mm dia pvc

600
680
outlet pipe
150 150 150

steps. (raiser 150mm)
80
150
700 600 1,250 600 700 (going 200mm)
Double Door Urine Diversion Measurement 'Y' depends on the ground soil condition 'PV' denotes permanent Ventiration sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Up-scaling Basic Sanitation Edward Kung'u All soil under slabs and around external foundations to be poisoned
Dry Toilet (UDDT). Measurement 'X' depends on the width of the bricks All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified. Scale: 1 : 25
for Urban Poor Approved by: ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm Drawings are not to be scaled. Only figured dimensions to be used. for termite control.
Elevations, Clay bricks = 100mm The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
(UBSUP)
Technical Handbook
56
UBSUP
100mm Ø PVC ventilation 100mm Ø PVC ventilation

450
450
450
325 slope to approval
75 x 50mm timber
wall plate 1900mm H x 800mm W
steel door
1,900
1,900
1,800
bricks/blocks walling bricks/blocks walling

concrete slab
80
80
80
600
600
680
X 775 X 775 775 X 775 X
80
50mm dia pvc
Y
outlet pipe
1,300 300
ELEVATION 02 SECTION Z - Z
Double Door Urine Diversion Measurement 'Y' depends on the ground soil condition 'PV' denotes permanent Ventiration sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Elevations, All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
(UBSUP) Clay bricks = 100mm The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before
Technical Handbook
57
6.1.3 Cistern flush toilet
UBSUP
2,300 1,500 1,500
300 200 1,100 200 200 1,100 200

2,325
1,825
slope to approval
75 x 50mm timber
200
wall plate
354
.
450
10 litters capacity cistern
plastic bowl urinal
2,100
2,100
2,100
2,100
1,650
partition wall
Asian type squatting toilet

100

X
100
100
100
100
slope to approval
foundation footing
Z
SECTION Y - Y
75 x 50mm timber
wall plate 04 04
800+2X
03
X 800 X 02
354
ventilation gap
200
above the door pv
450
slope to approval
10 litters capacity cistern Asian type squatting toilet

2100 mm H x 800mm W partition wall
2,400
timber door 800
1,500
2,100
1,500+2X
2,300
bricks/blocks walling door wedge
2,100
1,650
400 plastic bowl urinal
plastic bowl urinal
to manufacturer spec's Y Y
800
400
915
steel door hinges
Asian squatting pan)
X X 800 X line of the roof above
300
100
100mm thick mass
100
X 03 02 X 800 X
2100 mm H x 800mm W
Z
mass concrete class X .

timber door
foundation footing 01 01
Cirstern Flush Toilet Edward Kung'u Measurement 'Y' depends on the ground soil condition
Squatting Type Measurement 'X' depends on the width of the bricks Scale: 1 : 25
for Urban Poor Approved by: The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before for termite control.
ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm
Clay bricks = 100mm
Version 1.0 the natural angle of repose. page: 1/1
Technical Handbook
58
6.1.4 Pour flush toilet
UBSUP
2,290 1,500 1,500
300 200 1,100 200 200 1,100 200

2,325
1,825
slope to approval
75 x 50mm timber
200
wall plate
354
.
plastic bowl urinal
2,100
2,100
2,100
2,100
partition wall
ceramic pedestal toilet
100
Y
100
100
100
slope to approval
foundation footing
Z.
SECTION Y - Y
75 x 50mm timber
wall plate 04. 04.
800+2X
03. 02.
X 800 X
304
ventilation gap
above the door pv
161
450
GIS roof at 10 degrees ceramic pedestal toilet
slope to approval
1,100

2,100
partition wall
2,400
1,500
2,100
door wedge
2,300
1,500+2X
plastic bowl urinal
1,650
to manufacturer spec's plastic bowl urinal
Y. Y. to manufacturer spec's
1,000
800
915
steel door hinges
X
ceramic sitting toilet
inspection bend
339
100
100mm thick mass
100
Y X 800 X
03. 02.
2100 mm H x 800mm W
.
Z.
mass concrete class X timber door

foundation footing 01. 01.
Sitting Type Measurement 'X' depends on the width of the bricks Scale: 1 : 25
Clay bricks = 100mm
Version 1.0 the natural angle of repose. page:
Technical Handbook
59
UBSUP
2,300 1,500 1,500
300 200 1,100 200 200 1,100 200

2,325
1,825
slope to approval
75 x 50mm timber
200
wall plate
354
.
450
plastic bowl urinal

2,100
2,100
2,100
2,100
1,650
partition wall

100
100
100
100
100

slope to approval
foundation footing
Z
SECTION Y - Y
75 x 50mm timber
wall plate 04 04
800+2X
03
X 800 X 02
ventilation gap
100mm Ø PVC
200
above the door pv
ventilation pipe
X
slope to approval
2100 mm H x 800mm W Xmm thick brick/blocks
timber door partition wall
2,400
1,500
2,100
1,500+2X
2,300
bricks/blocks walling door wedge
plastic bowl urinal plastic bowl urinal

to manufacturer spec's Y Y to manufacturer spec's
800
915
steel door hinges
Asian squatting pan)
X
100mm thick mass 300
100
03 02 X 800 X
2100 mm H x 800mm W
Z
mass concrete class X .

timber door
foundation footing 01 01
Squatting Type Measurement 'X' depends on the width of the bricks Scale: 1 : 25
Clay bricks = 100mm
Version 1.0 the natural angle of repose. page: 5/5
Technical Handbook
60
6.1.5 PPR urine diversion dry toilet
UBSUP

80
80
painted black
200 200 200 200
80
150
Steel plate shutter
600
600
painted black
680
150 150 150
GL GL GL
80
80
X 775 X 775 X
300 X 1,000 X 800

(raiser 150mm)
80
80
80
150
600
600
X 775 X 775 X
680
80
150 150 150

80
Y
Y.
SECTION X - X mass concrete class X
03 foundation footing
2,000
Steel plate shutter

300
X
X
04
ECO plate (Squatting pan) 370
325
365 970 365
240
260

1,000
1,000
X X
436
370

anal cleansing pan suspended concrete slab
X
X
02 X 1,700 X

(going 200mm)
01
(UBSUP) Clay bricks = 100mm The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Concrete Brick = 150 / 175mm commencement of any work. the natural angle of repose. page:
Technical Handbook
61
UBSUP
GIS roof at 10 degrees slope 2,000

to approval 1550
1'' PPR pipe

1'' PPR pipe Tee
1900mm H x 800mm W
ironsteel door
1'' PPR pipe
1'' PPR pipe Tee
200mm gap left

1'' PPR pipe Tee
1,850
1,850

concrete steps. (raiser 150mm)
325 (going 200mm)
150
Steel plate shutter
80
painted black
vault partition wall X 775 X 775 X
600
505 175
1" urine hose
1,000 950
150 150 150

pipe to soak pit
80
160
mass concrete class X 450 700 450
laid to fall 1% slope
SECTION Y - Y SECTION X-X
Technical Handbook
62
UBSUP

to approval
338
1'' PPR pipe Tee

to approval 1900mm H x 800mm W
1,850
steel door

(going 200mm)
550
quarry stones/ bricks wall
Technical Handbook
63
UBSUP
GIS roof at 10 degrees slope GIS roof at 10 degrees slope

to approval to approval
1'' PPR pipe Tee

to approval
to approval
Steel plate shutter

painted black
Technical Handbook
64
6.1.6 Steel tube urine diversion dry toilet
UBSUP

80
80
painted black
200 200 200 200
80
150
Steel plate shutter
600
600
painted black
680
150 150 150
GL GL GL
80
80
X 775 X 775 X
300 X 1,000 X 800

(raiser 150mm)
80
80
80
150
600
600
X 775 X 775 X
680
80
150 150 150

80
Y
Y.
SECTION X - X mass concrete class X
03 foundation footing
2,000
Steel plate shutter

300
X
X
04
ECO plate (Squatting pan) 370
325
365 970 365
240
260

1,000
1,000
X X
436
370

anal cleansing pan suspended concrete slab
X
X
02 X 1,700 X

(going 200mm)
01
Single Door Urine Diversion Measurement 'Y' depends on the ground soil condition 'PV' denotes permanent Ventiration sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Vaults, All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Technical Handbook
65
UBSUP
GIS roof at 10 degrees slope 2,000

to approval 1550
1900mm H x 800mm W
ironsteel door
950
950
1/4'' steel square tube
1/4'' steel square tube
200mm gap left

1/4'' steel square tube 80mm thick reinforced
950
950
393 267 483
(going 200mm)
150
Steel plate shutter
80
painted black
vault partition wall X 775 X 775 X
600
505
1" urine hose
150 150
1,000 950
pipe to soak pit
80
160
450 700 450 450 1,400 450
mass concrete class X
laid to fall 1% slope
SECTION Y - Y SECTION X-X
Sections, All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Technical Handbook
66
UBSUP

to approval
338
1'' PPR pipe Tee

to approval 1900mm H x 800mm W
1,850
iron steel door

(going 200mm)
550
Version Concrete Brick = 150 / 175mm commencement of any work. the natural angle of repose. page: 3/4
Technical Handbook
67
UBSUP
GIS roof at 10 degrees slope GIS roof at 10 degrees slope

to approval to approval
1'' PPR pipe Tee

to approval
to approval
Steel plate shutter

painted black
Version Concrete Brick = 150 / 175mm commencement of any work. the natural angle of repose. page: 4/4
Technical Handbook
68
6.1.7 Double vault for urine diversion dry toilet
UBSUP
Toilet 80mm thick reinforced

80
GL GL
ECO plate (Squatting pan) bricks/blocks walling
Vault A Vault B
700
Toilet
hose pipe to soak pit concrete slab
150 1,000 150
ELEVATION X-X mass concrete class X
Steel plate shutter foundation footing
Toilet
GL painted black
GL
GL GL
700
Vault A
650
ELEVATION Y-Y mass concrete class X

ELEVATION 02
foundation footing
02
01
150 775 150 775 150
630 1,300 steel plate shutter

Steel plate shutter
painted black
painted black
630
GL bricks/blocks walling
480 150
GL Vault A Vault B
1,550
550
150
X
530
for super structure
100
240
1,000
1,550 380

525
concrete slab
to Eng's specification ECO plate (Squatting pan)
150
Y
04
ELEVATION 01 LAYOUT PLAN
Single Door Urine Diversion 'PV' denotes permanent ventilation. sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Excavated Vaults, ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm
Clay bricks = 100mm
Technical Handbook
69
UBSUP

suspended concrete slab concrete steps.
200 200 200 200
(raiser 150mm)
80
80
80
Steel plate shutter (going 200mm)
painted black
150
Steel plate shutter
600
600
600
150
painted black
150
150
GL GL
80
80
X 775 X 775 X 775 X 775 X
300 X 1,000
ELEVATION 03
ELEVATION 02
ECO plate (squatting pan)

concrete steps.
(raiser 150mm)
(going 200mm)
160
80
80
80
600
600
680
80
150 150 150 150

GL GL
80
Y
mass concrete class X laid to 450
fall 1% slope to the back
ELEVATION 01 mass concrete class X
foundation footing
SECTION X - X
Steel plate shutter

painted black
06
05
X 775 X 775 X 775 X 775 X
X
X1 X1
1,000
1,300
X
07
(going 200mm)
08
(UBSUP) Vaults, Clay bricks = 100mm The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Technical Handbook
70
6.1.8 Underground vault for urine diversion dry toilet
UBSUP
Toilet 80mm thick reinforced

80
GL GL
ECO plate (Squatting pan) bricks/blocks walling
Vault A Vault B
700
Toilet
hose pipe to soak pit concrete slab
150 1,000 150
ELEVATION X-X mass concrete class X
Steel plate shutter foundation footing
Toilet
GL painted black
GL
GL GL
700
Vault A
650
ELEVATION Y-Y mass concrete class X

ELEVATION 02
foundation footing
02
01
150 775 150 775 150
630 1,300 steel plate shutter

Steel plate shutter
painted black
painted black
630
GL bricks/blocks walling
480 150
GL Vault A Vault B
1,550
550
150
X
530
for super structure
100
240
1,000
1,550 380

525
concrete slab
to Eng's specification ECO plate (Squatting pan)
150
Y
04
ELEVATION 01 LAYOUT PLAN
Single Door Urine Diversion 'PV' denotes permanent ventilation. sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Excavated Vaults, ie: Dressed quarry stones = 100 / 150mm
Clay bricks = 100mm
Technical Handbook
71
6.1.9 Soak pits
UBSUP
straw fill
reinforced concrete
50 to 100mm hard-core
15mm thick plaster
FGL FGL
150
150mm dia. pvc drainage pipe
from the septic tank
200mm thick concrete brick
wall with full joints
1/3 H
200
pvc bend
A A
100mm thick concrete brick 200mm thick concrete brick
chamber with dry joints wall with full joints
2/3 H
H

wall with dry joints
200mm thick concrete
. brick wall with dry joints
PLAN A
50 to 100mm hard-core
200 D 200
200 D 200
Circular Soak pit SECTION A - A

Type No of Users Depth (H) in m Diameter (D) in m Area of absorption 200 D 200
1 25 5 3.25 59.35
200
2 50 7 3.6 89.3 brick wall with dry joints
3 100 10 5 193.25
150mm dia. pvc drainage pipe
from the septic tank
A. D
A.
Square Soak pit
Type No of Users Depth (H) in m Perimeter (P) in m Area of absorption
1 25 5 9 54 chamber with dry joints
2 50 7 16 128
3 100 8 25 225
200
PLAN B
Notes: GENERAL CONSTRUCTION

Project Title: Drawing Title: Drawn by: All dimensions in in mm All slabs at ground level to be poured over 1000 gauge polythene Date: 07/02/2013
'FGL' denotes finished ground level.
The filling of brick bats in soak pit shall be done simultaneously with sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Soak Pit Details Edward Kung'u All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified.
Up-scaling Basic Sanitation Construction of brick wall as work progresses All soil under slabs and around external foundations to be poisoned
Drawings are not to be scaled. Only figured dimensions to be used. Scale: 1 : 50
for Urban Poor Approved by: C.I pipe shall confirm to is 3456 for termite control.
The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before
(UBSUP) Depth and dia. can be suitably adjusted to give the absorptive area depending All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
commencement of any work.
upon the sub soil water table the natural angle of repose. page: 1/1
Bottom of the soak pit should not be less than 600mm above the subsoil water. For all R.C. work, refer to Structural Engineer's details.
Technical Handbook
72
UBSUP
600 x 450mm man

hole cover
200 1,000 200 200mm thick layer
of granular fill G.L G.L
C 75 Ø
100
. inlet pipe laid at gradient 200mm thick layer
200
not less than 1/200 of granular fill
1,200
C 150 Ø
G G
1,000
200mm thick honeycomb
block work
200
200 1,000 200
200 1,000 200
block work
SOAK PIT PLAN A SOAK PIT SECTION G - G

block work
inlet pipe laid at gradient
not less than 1/200
200
G. C 150 Ø G.
1,000
200
200 1,000 200
SOAK PIT PLAN

Urine Soak Pit Details Edward Kung'u All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified.
Technical Handbook
73
6.1.10 Septic tank
UBSUP
600x450 M.H 150mm suspended R.C cover slab

Cover & Frame 600x450 M.H cover & frame .
600
300
150 450
150mm baffle wall 100 150mm dia pvc pipe
Y
Inlet M.H Outlet M.H
750
300
100mm mass concrete To sub soil irrigation
class x slab or soak away pit
150 x 300mm suspended RC beam 200mm masonry Wall With

.
F2
carrying 150mm thick masonry wall 10mm plastering on both sides
F2
plastered on both sides 100mm concrete partition wall with E
10mm plastering on both sides
10mm water proofed

200mm Masonry Wall With .
Rendering to the inside
mass concrete class Q

.
foundation footing
mass concrete class Q mass concrete class Q

foundation footing ground slab footing .
Section G-G Section H-H

150 x 300mm suspended RC beam
carrying 150mm thick masonry wall
plastered on both sides
H
200mm Masonry Wall With
Outlet M.H
600x450 M.H
Cover & Frame
Capacity in Desludging Dimensions In mm

E No Of
200
Litres Persons Intervals (Yrs) A B C D E F1 F2
G G
600
1,000
A B C 3,000 10 3 800 1,000 1,000 3,000 1,400 1,500 1,400
200
6,000 20 3 800 1,400 1,200 3,600 1,400 1,500 1,400
Outlet M.H 200 600 200 200 600 200

9,000 30 3 800 1,400 1,200 3,600 1,800 1,500 1,300
D
12,000 40 3 800 1,600 1,400 4,000 2,000 1,500 1,300
15,000 50 3 800 1,600 1,400 4,000 2,400 1,500 1,200

100mm concrete partition wall with
H
Plan

Project Title: Drawing Title: Drawn by: Dividing wall to be 100mm thick concrete class 20/20 All slabs at ground level to be poured over 1000 gauge polythene 07/02/2013
Cover slab to be reinforced with 10mm
Date:
reinforced with weld mesh no. 65 sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Septic Tank Details Drawings Edward Kung'u diameter bars @ 10cm c/c (conc. 20/20 mix 1:2:4. 'GL' denotes unfinished ground level.
Up-scaling Basic Sanitation All soil under slabs and around external foundations to be poisoned
Base slab to be concrete class Q mix 1:3:6. All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified. Scale: 1 : 50
for Urban Poor Approved by: for termite control.
Outlet and inlet pipes to be 100mm diameter cast iron. Drawings are not to be scaled. Only figured dimensions to be used.
(UBSUP) All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Scum baffle to be 100mm diameter thick reinforced The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before the natural angle of repose. page: 1/1
with 2no. 10mm at both ends (conc 20/20 mix 1:2:4) commencement of any work. For all R.C. work, refer to Structural Engineer's details.
Technical Handbook
74
6.1.11 Conservancy tan
UBSUP
100mm thick pvc pipe

connecting the tanks
450 x 600mm
450 x 600mm
manhole cover
manhole cover
Y
200mm thick 100mm dia. vent pipe
975 450 975 975 450 930 645
masonry wall plaster
in both sides 1nlet manhole
GL GL GL
200 2,000 200 500 200 2,000 200 600
350
water level when full 100mm diameter
250
pvc pipe
200
200
Secondary tank Primary tank 200mm thick
2,000
in both sides
1,650
1,750
1,500
mass concrete
Secondary tank Primary tank slab class 20/20
400
200
100
100
200 2,000 200 450 200 2,000 200

X X
600
4,000
4,400
SECTION X - X
inlet manhole
200
450 x 600mm
1,500
manhole cover
1,900 600 1,900
GL GL 200mm thick
in both sides
200
200
200 2,000 200 500 200 2,000 200
100mm thick pvc pipe 100mm diameter
connecting the tanks inlet PVC pipe
2,000
Y
Primary tank
GROUND LAYOUT PLAN mass concrete
slab class 20/20
400
200 4,000 200
SECTION Y - Y

'GL' denotes finished ground level.
Conservancy Tanks Edward Kung'u 'L' denotes length of the drying bed. to be determined on site.
All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified. Scale: 1 : 50
for Urban Poor Details Approved by: C.I pipe shall confirm to is 3456 for termite control.
Drawings are not to be scaled. Only figured dimensions to be used.
Version 1.0 upon the sub soil water table the natural angle of repose. page: 1/1
Technical Handbook
75
6.1.12 Bio digester
UBSUP
800
78
250
600 600 600
Tap
125
1,000
700
267
1,500
IC 150
Y Y 375 150
1,500
NECK DETAIL. (Scale 1: 15)
Bio-Digester Expansion Chamber
Ground layout plan Y8 Y8 Y12

3
28
R8-250-C/C
350
350
Inlet pipe
1,200 900mm Dia. precast concrete culvert
12Y
gas out let ( used as a formwork for concrete 600 x 600mm concrete cover 300mm Ø RC column
150
around the neck)

GL 0 Outlet pipe
Tap
700
650
700
Y12
860
Y8 Y8 Y12 R8-250-C/C
Compressed 750 200 200
Backfilling
129
Compressed Expansion Chamber
1,450
Backfilling
DETAIL B
850
1,533
150mm Sanitation Pipe PVC DETAIL C
2,300
150mm Ø at 45° gradience
2,547
Y12 Y12
C C
850
BRC A-142
3,150
4,289
1,479
Bio-Digester
850
600
300
5 R8-250-C/C
17
4,001
4,000
4,
2,660
4,301
300
350
B B
intermediate
350
ring beam
1,298
842
Y12 Y12
997
5,299
3,200 3,200
5,299
300
200
5,499
592
Ø at 45° A
5,934
957
DETAIL A
936
936
6,256
6,256
165
2 Y8
2,700 1,000 2,700
R6-250 C/C
Diameter Excavation 7,200
2 Y8
SECTION ALONG
Cross Section Y-Y THE BEAMS
'PV' denotes permanent Veneration sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
124m3 Bio-digester Edward Kung'u Measurement 'Y' depends on the ground soil condition
Measurement 'X' depends on the width of the bricks Scale: 1 : 25
(UBSUP) Version 1.0 The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before All soils on cut embankments to be stabilized. The slope not to exceed
Clay bricks = 100mm
commencement of any work. the natural angle of repose. page:
Technical Handbook
76
6.1.13 Baffled reactor
UBSUP
X
25mm dia. GI vent 25mm dia. GI vent
pipe with gate valve pipe with gate valve .
for gas release for gas release
200 400 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200
200 7,800
200 x 100mm
8,000 8,000
gas vent hole 200 x 100mm
200
200
200
200
200
gas vent hole
250
250
200
200
100mm PVC
50
50
150mm PVC
200
200
in let pipe in let pipe
800
800
500
500
900
900
200 800
inlet trench
1,400
1,400
200mm PVC.
1,400
1,400
200
200
out pipe
500
500
Y Y Y. Y.
IC
500
500
IC IC manhole cover IC
1,100
1,100
3,400
200mm PVC to detail
200
200
200
200
1,000
200 1,000
200 1,000
in let pipe
500
500
1,400
1,400
150mm PVC
900
900
1,400
1,400
500
500
150mm PVC in let pipe
800
800
800 200
in let pipe
inlet trench
50
50
250
250
200mm thick
200
200
partition wall
250
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200 1,200 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 957 350 200 1,600 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200
100mm PVC
in let pipe
X
INTERNAL PLAN TOP VIEW
25mm dia. GI vent

pipe with gate valve
for gas release 200 x 100mm
25mm dia. GI vent pipe with manholes
gate valve for gas release gas vent hole
100mm PVC 100mm PVC pipe 200 x 100mm gas vent hole manholes lid to detail A
in let pipe 200 950 1,100 950 200
100 450 100 100 450 100 100 450 100 100 450 100
175
120 210 120 120 210 120 120 210 120
30
175
GL GL
100mm dia pvc tee pipe
400 25 400 25 400
300
150 75
150
100
inlet
500
IC
200
840
trench 150mm PVC out let pipe
150mm PVC
215
40
40
in let pipe
100
200mm thick masonry wall
110
300
800 140
450
150mm PVC 800 200 300 300 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 1,000
2,425
170
2,425
100mm PVC pipe.
in let pipe
2,200
2,425
140
2,000
1,825
200mm thick 100 100 100 100
200 400 400 310
masonry wall 150mm thick concrete slab.
150
400
200 750
150 150
150
150
100mm PVC pipe

25mm thick blinding layer.
350 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,050 100 200 900 700 1,400 200 100
300mm thick hardcore layer.

1,400 7,400 800
300 3,000 300
200mm thick baffler wall
BAFFLED REACTOR SECTION Y-Y BAFFLED REACTOR SECTION X-X MANHOLE COVER

64m3 Baffled Reactor The filling of brick bats in soak pit shall be done simultaneously with sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Edward Kung'u All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified.
Version 1.0 The Contractor must check and verify all dimensions on site before
Technical Handbook
77
UBSUP
25mm dia. GI vent pipe with

25mm dia. GI vent gate valve for gas release
pipe with gate valve . 8,000
25mm dia. GI vent
8,000
X.
X,
for gas release
for gas release 200 7,800
200 400 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200
200
200
200
750
200
200
200
200
200
200
750
1,050
1,050
500
500
200 x 100mm
200 x 100mm
2,300
gas vent hole
2,300
2,300
gas vent hole
500
500
900
900
2,900
2,900
2,900
2,900
inlet trench
150mm PVC
500
500
in let pipe
200
200mm PVC
.
out pipe
500
500
Y, Y, Y' IC Y'
500
500
IC IC IC
2,100
2,100
6,400
1,000 200
1,000 200
200
200
200
1,000
200
200mm PVC
500
500
in let pipe
200
200
200
150mm PVC
500
500
in let pipe
inlet trench
200
1,200
500
500
200mm thick
900
900
partition wall
2,900
2,900
2,900
2,900
500
500
2,300
2,300
2,300
100mm PVC
750
500
in let pipe 1,050
1,050
400 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 800 350
250
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200 1,600 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200
900 140
450
X.
X,
170
INTERNAL PLAN TOP VIEW 140
25mm dia. GI vent pipe with

25mm dia. GI vent gate valve for gas release
310
for gas release 100mm PVC pipe 200 x 100mm 200 x 100mm
gas vent hole gas vent hole 400
200 800
100 450 100 100mm dia pvc tee pipe

100mm PVC manholes
100 450 100 100 450 100
1,350 900 2,000 900 1,250
in let pipe 100 450 100
MANHOLE COVER
119 210 119 120 210 120 119 210 119 200mm PVC out let pipe
30
GL GL GL GL
400 25 400 25 400
250
300
150 75
150
inlet
500
IC
200
840
trench
150mm PVC
215
40
40
in let pipe
100
manholes lid to detail A
110
300
2,425
150mm PVC in let pipe 200mm thick masonry wall
2,025
2,425
2,200
2,200
2,000
200mm thick
1,825
masonry wall 800 200 300 300 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 1,000 100mm PVC pipe 100 100 100 100 100 100
700 400 400 400 400
150mm thick concrete slab .
150
150
150
100mm PVC pipe
150
150
150

25mm thick blinding layer . 100 200 2,400 700 2,900 200 100
350 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,050
1,400 7,400 800

300 6,000 300
300mm thick hardcore layer .
SECTION Y-Y SECTION X-X

124m3 Baffled Reactor Edward Kung'u All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified.
Technical Handbook
78
6.1.14 Drying bed
UBSUP
X
25mm dia. GI vent 25mm dia. GI vent
pipe with gate valve pipe with gate valve .
for gas release for gas release
200 400 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200
200 7,800
200 x 100mm
8,000 8,000
gas vent hole 200 x 100mm
200
200
200
200
200
gas vent hole
250
250
200
200
100mm PVC
50
50
150mm PVC
200
200
in let pipe in let pipe
800
800
500
500
900
900
200 800
inlet trench
1,400
1,400
200mm PVC.
1,400
1,400
200
200
out pipe
500
500
Y Y Y. Y.
IC
500
500
IC IC manhole cover IC
1,100
1,100
3,400
200mm PVC to detail
200
200
200
200
1,000
200 1,000
200 1,000
in let pipe
500
500
1,400
1,400
150mm PVC
900
900
1,400
1,400
500
500
800
800
800 200
in let pipe
inlet trench
50
50
250
250
200mm thick
200
200
partition wall
250
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200 1,200 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 957 350 200 1,600 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200
100mm PVC
in let pipe
X
INTERNAL PLAN TOP VIEW
25mm dia. GI vent

for gas release 200 x 100mm
25mm dia. GI vent pipe with manholes
gate valve for gas release gas vent hole
100mm PVC 100mm PVC pipe 200 x 100mm gas vent hole manholes lid to detail A
in let pipe 200 950 1,100 950 200
100 450 100 100 450 100 100 450 100 100 450 100
175
120 210 120 120 210 120 120 210 120
30
175
GL GL
100mm dia pvc tee pipe
400 25 400 25 400
300
150 75
150
100
inlet
500
IC
200
840
trench 150mm PVC out let pipe
150mm PVC
215
40
40
in let pipe
100
200mm thick masonry wall
110
300
800 140
450
150mm PVC 800 200 300 300 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 200 1,000 1,000
2,425
170
2,425
100mm PVC pipe.
in let pipe
2,200
2,425
140
2,000
1,825
200mm thick 100 100 100 100
200 400 400 310
masonry wall 150mm thick concrete slab.
150
400
200 750
150 150
150
150
100mm PVC pipe

25mm thick blinding layer.
350 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,050 100 200 900 700 1,400 200 100
300mm thick hardcore layer.

1,400 7,400 800
300 3,000 300
BAFFLED REACTOR SECTION Y-Y BAFFLED REACTOR SECTION X-X MANHOLE COVER

64m3 Baffled Reactor The filling of brick bats in soak pit shall be done simultaneously with sheeting on 50mm thick murram blinding on hard-core
Edward Kung'u All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified.
Technical Handbook
79
6.1.15 Composting bed
UBSUP
6,600
steel sheet ridge cap.
100 3,150 100 3,150 100
100 x 100 x 4mm thick steel
3,200 3,200 column painted to approval
steel trusses to struct's
engineer's specification .
4,034
100 x 50 x 2mm thick "Z" purlins
fix on the steel truss.
948
1,865
1,148
100
1,150
455
02
100 x 100 x 4mm thick steel
column painted to approval
1,990
concrete coping
roof fall 15% roof fall 15%
4,200
200mm thick, 500mm high
4,150
masonry wall
plastered on the insides
550
class Q floor slab with
B.R.C. mesh type A145
150
ELEVATION 01
8,600
100
translucent roofing
pvc roofing sheet .
Corrugated G Iroofing sheet
4,200
4,150
roof fall 15% roof fall 15% 100 x 100 x 4mm thick steel
column painted to approval
200mm thick, 500mm high

masonry wall
02 plastered on the insides
100
class Q floor slab with
01 01 B.R.C. mesh type A145
FLOOR PLAN ELEVATION 02

'GL' denotes finished ground level.
Co-composting Edward Kung'u 'L' denotes length of the drying bed. to be determined on site.
Facility All dimensions are shown in mm unless otherwise specified. Scale: 1 : 50
Drawings are not to be scaled. Only figured dimensions to be used.
Version 1.0 upon the sub soil water table the natural angle of repose. page: 1/1
Technical Handbook
80
UBSUP
soak pit Aerobic baffle reactor.

underground underground
6,000 4,000
4,600
Sludge Treated sludge
4,600
drying bed demonstration point
above the ground
12,200
Expansion
Parking Bay Bio-digester
chamber
200 3,800 12,400

200 16,200
Sludge Treatment Facility Site Layout Plan
Technical Handbook
81
UBSUP
6.1.16 Bills of Quantity

6.1.16.1 BoQ single door urine diversion dry toilet
BILL OF QUANTITIES single door, squatting

Building Material: Burnt Clay Bricks
Name and Tel. of Landlord/land lady:
Name and Tel. of Owner:
Location / District:
Code &UTM coordinates
Item Description Size Unit Quantity Unit cost Total Contribution Subsidy
in Ksh Landlord/Lady UBSUP
CONCRETE WORKS
1 Portland cement 50kg bags 6
2 Building sand tonnes 2
3 Ballast 1/4" tonnes 1
4 Hardcore tonnes 1
5 Burnt Bricks 9"X6"X4" pcs 500
6 BRC mesh (commercial) Medium gauge ms 2
7 Shuttering Timber 6"x1" ft 60
8 Poles for shuttering 3ft x dia 3" pcs 2
9 Poles for scaffolding 8ft x dia 3" pcs 2
10 Y8 Reinforcement bars 12m pcs 1
SANITATION WARE
1 Plastic squatting pan pcs 1
2 Plastic nipple 3/4'' external dia pcs 1
3 Transparent hose pipe for squatting pan 1'' internal dia ft 6
4 Prefabricated plastic urinal pcs 1
5 Transparent hose pipe for urinal 1'' internal dia ft 6
VENTILATION
1 PVC Vent pipe Class B 4"x10ft pcs 0,5
2 PVC Vent pipe cover pcs 1
DOORS
1 Door with frame and wall pass 2000m x 0.8m pcs 1
2 Door hinges 4" pcs 2
3 Tower bolt 4" pcs 1
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 20
6 Back door steel panels and steel frame painted 75cm X 80cm pcs 2
ROOFING
1 Corrugated iron sheets 2m x 32gauge pcs 3
2 Roofing timber 4"X2" ft 35
3 Roofing nails Standard kg 0,5
HAND WASHING FACILITY
1 Complete hand washing facility 20 ltr 1
GENERAL
1 Wire nails 4" kg 0,5
3 Wire nails 1 1/2'' kg 0,5
4 Wall-pass kg 3
5 Urine soak pit Lump sum 1
6 Thread seal Tape pcs 1
7 Transport Lump sum 1
Sub Total (material)
A Skilled labour Man days 5
B Unskilled labour Man days 5
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Landlords/Lady signature and date % %
WSP Tech. Manager signature and date
Technical Handbook
82
UBSUP

Building Material: Quarry Stones
CONCRETE WORKS
1 Portland Cement 50kg bags 5
4 Hardcore tonnes 1
5 Quarry stones 14"X6"X6" MS 10
6 BRC mesh (commercial) Medium gauge MS 2
SANITATION WARE
3 Transparent hose pipe for squatting pan
1'' internal dia ft 6
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 20
6 Back door steel panels and steel frame75cm
painted
X 80cm pcs 2
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
83
UBSUP

Building Material: Concrete bricks
CONCRETE WORKS
3 Ballast 3/4'' and 1/2'' tonnes 1
4 Hardcore tonnes 1
5 Concrete bricks 14"X6"X6" MS 10
6 BRC mesh (commercial) Medium gauge MS 2
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 20
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
84
UBSUP
6.1.16.2 BoQ double door urine diversion dry toilet
BILL OF QUANTITIES double door, squatting

Building Material: Burnt clay bricks
in Ksh Landlord/Lady UBSUB
CONCRETE WORKS
2 Building sand tonnes 3,5
3 Ballast 1/4" tonnes 1,5
4 Hardcore tonnes 2
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
1 PVC Vent pipe Class B 4"x10ft pcs 1
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 40
ROOFING
3 Roofing nails Standard kg 1
GENERAL
1 Wire nails 4" kg 1
3 Wire nails 1 1/2'' kg 1
4 Wall-pass kg 6
A Skilled Labour Man days 9
B Unskilled Labour Man days 9
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
85
UBSUP

Building Material: Quarry stones
Item Description Size Unit Quantity Contribution Subsidy

Landlord/Lady UBSUB
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tonnes 2
5 Quarry stones 13"X6"X6" ms 17
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 40
6 Back door steel panels and steel frame painted
75cm X 80cm pcs 4
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 6
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total

Technical Handbook
86
UBSUP

Item Description Size Unit Quantity Contribution Subsidy

Landlord/Lady UBSUP
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tonnes 2
5 Concrete bricks 13"X6"X6" ms 17
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 40
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 6
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
87
UBSUP
6.1.16.3 BoQ cistern flush toilet

BILL OF QUANTITIES, Cistern Flush, sitting
Building Material: Clay bricks
in Ksh Landlord/Lady UBSUB
CONCRETE WORKS
3 Ballast 1/4" tonnes 0.5
4 Hardcore tonnes 0.5
SANITATION WARE
1 Cistern flush sitting toilet pcs 1
3 Transparent hose pipe for urinal 1'' internal dia ft. 3
4 Prefabricated Plastic urinal pcs 1
VENTILATION
1 Black PVC Vent pipe Class B 4"x10ft pcs 0.5
DOORS
1 Steel door with frame 2000m x 0.8m pcs 1
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30
ROOFING
1 Corrugated Iron Sheets 2m x 32gauge pcs 2
2 Roofing Timber 4"X2" ft. 45
3 Roofing Nails Standard kg 0.5
1 Complete Hand washing facility 20 ltr 1
GENERAL
1 Wire nails 4" kg 0.5
3 Wire nails 1 1/2'' kg 0.5
4 Wall-pass kg 3
5 Urine Soak pit pcs 1
6 Thread seal Tape Lump sum 1
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
88
UBSUP

CONCRETE WORKS
5 Quarry stone 15"X6"X8" ms 8
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
5 Urine Soak pit Lump sum 1
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
89
UBSUP

Building Material: Concrete Bricks
CONCRETE WORKS
5 Concrete Bricks 15"X6"X8" ms 8
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
90
UBSUP
BILL OF QUANTITIES, cistern flush, squatting

CONCRETE WORKS
SANITATION WARE
1 Squatting toilet with a cistern pcs 1
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
5 Urine Soak pit sum 1
6 Thread seal Tape Lump pcs 1
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
91
UBSUP

CONCRETE WORKS
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
92
UBSUP

CONCRETE WORKS
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
93
UBSUP
6.1.16.4 BoQ pour flush toilet

BILL OF QUANTITIES, pour flush, sitting
CONCRETE WORKS
SANITATION WARE
1 Pour flush sitting toilet pcs 1
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
5 Urine Soak pit sum 1
6 Thread seal Tape Lump pcs 1
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
94
UBSUP

CONCRETE WORKS
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
95
UBSUP

CONCRETE WORKS
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30
ROOFING
GENERAL
4 Wall-pass kg 3
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
96
UBSUP
BILL OF QUANTITIES, pour flush, squatting

CONCRETE WORKS
1 Portland Cement 50kg bags 6 900 5,400
2 Building sand tonnes 3 1,200 3,600
3 Ballast 1/4" tonnes 0.5 1,200 600
4 Hardcore tonnes 0.5 700 350
5 Burnt Bricks 9"X6"X4" pcs 450 6 2,700
SANITATION WARE
1 Pour flush squatting toilet pcs 1 3,500 3,500
2 Plastic nipple 3/4'' external dia pcs 1 50 50
3 Transparent hose pipe for urinal 1'' internal dia ft. 3 50 150
4 Prefabricated Plastic urinal pcs 1 1,200 1,200
VENTILATION
1 PVC Vent pipe Class B 4"x10ft pcs 0.5 1,600 800
2 PVC Vent pipe cover pcs 1 50 50
DOORS
1 Steel door with frame 2000m x 0.8m pcs 1 1,800 1,800
2 Door hinges 4" pcs 2 100 200
3 Tower bolt 4" pcs 1 100 100
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30 5 150
ROOFING
1 Corrugated Iron Sheets 2m x 32gauge pcs 2 500 1,000
2 Roofing Timber 4"X2" ft. 45 50 2,250
3 Roofing Nails Standard kg 0.5 150 75
1 Complete Hand washing facility 20 ltr 1 1,500 1,500.00
GENERAL
1 Wire nails 4" kg 0.5 120 60.00
2 Wire nails 2" kg 0.5 120 60.00
3 Wire nails 1 1/2'' kg 0.5 120 60.00
4 Wall-pass kg 3 150 450
5 Urine Soak pit sum 1 2,000 2,000
6 Thread seal Tape Lump pcs 1 25.00 25
7 Transport Lump sum 1 3,000 3000
A Skilled labour Man days 5 800 4,000
B Unskilled labour Man days 5 400 2,000
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
97
UBSUP

CONCRETE WORKS
3 Ballast 1/4" tonnes 0.5 1,200 600
5 Quarry stone 15"X6"X8" ms 8 450 3,600
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30 5 150
ROOFING
GENERAL
1 Wire nails 4" kg 0.5 120 60.00
2 Wire nails 2" kg 0.5 120 60.00
3 Wire nails 1 1/2'' kg 0.5 120 60.00
5 Urine Soak pit Lump sum 1 2,000 2,000
6 Thread seal Tape pcs 1 25.00 25
A Skilled Labour Man days 5 800 4,000
B Unskilled Labour Man days 5 400 2,000
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
98
UBSUP

CONCRETE WORKS
3 Ballast 1/4" tonnes 0.5 1,200 600
5 Concrete Bricks 15"X6"X8" ms 8 550 4,400
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
5 Screws 1 3/4'' pcs 30 5 150
ROOFING
GENERAL
1 Wire nails 4" kg 0.5 120 60.00
2 Wire nails 2" kg 0.5 120 60.00
3 Wire nails 1 1/2'' kg 0.5 120 60.00
5 Urine Soak pit Lump sum 1 2,000 2,000
6 Thread seal Tape pcs 1 25.00 25
A Skilled Labour Man days 5 800 4,000
B Unskilled Labour Man days 5 400 2,000
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
99
UBSUP
6.1.16.5 BoQ PPR frame urine diversion dry toilet

BILL OF QUANTITIES, pour flush, sitting, plastic pipe frame
Building material: PPR pipes and Mabati
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tonnes 0,5
5 Quarry stone 15"X6"X8" sm 3
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
ROOFING
2 Iron sheet clips Standard kg 3
GENERAL
1 PPR Pipe 3/4" pcs 7
2 Elbow 3/4" pcs 6
3 Tee 3/4" pcs 21
4 Pop rivets kg 2
Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
100
UBSUP
6.1.16.6 BoQ steel tube urine diversion dry toilet

Building material: Steel Tubes and Mabati
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tonnes 0,5
5 Quarry stone 15"X6"X8" sm 3
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
ROOFING
2 Iron sheet crips Standard kg 3
GENERAL
1 Steel square tube 3/4" gauge 16 no 8
2 Door bushes no 4
4 pop rivets kg 2
5 Transport Lamp sum 1

Sub Total (labour)
Grant total
Technical Handbook
101
UBSUP
6.1.16.7 BoQ double vault for urine diversion dry toilet

BILL OF QUANTITIES (BoQ) double vault Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
Code & UTM coordinates:
CONCRETE WORKS
2 Building sand tones 1
3 Ballast 1/4" tones 1
4 Hardcore tones 1
6 BRC Mesh (commercial) Medium gauge ms 2
9 Poles for Scaffolding 8ft x dia 3" pcs 2
10 Y8 Reinforcement pars 12m pcs 1
SANITATION WARE
3 Transparent hose pipe for Squatting Pan 1'' internal dia ft 6
VENTILATION
DOORS
Steel door panels and steel frame painted
1 75cm X 80cm pcs 2
black with 2no. hinges and a wedge
Transport Item 1
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant

Technical Handbook
102
UBSUP
BILL OF QUANTITIES (BoQ) for double vaultr Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
Item Description Size Unit
CONCRETE WORKS
1 Portland Cement 50kg bags
2 Building sand tones
3 Ballast 1/4" tones
4 Hardcore tones
5 Quarry stones 6"X6"X12" pcs
6 BRC Mesh (commercial) Medium gauge ms
7 Shuttering Timber 6"x1" ft
8 Poles for shuttering 3ft x dia 3" pcs
9 Poles for Scaffolding 8ft x dia 3" pcs
10 Y8 Reinforcement pars 12m pcs
SANITATION WARE
1 Plastic squatting pan pcs
2 Plastic nipple 3/4'' external dia pcs
3 Transparent hose pipe for Squatting Pan 1'' internal dia ft
VENTILATION
1 PVC Vent pipe Class B 4"x10ft pcs
2 PVC Vent pipe cover pcs
DOORS
Steel door panels and steel frame painted black
1 75cm X 80cm pcs
with 2no. hinges and a wedge
Transport Item
A Skilled Labour Man days
B Unskilled Labour Man days
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant
Landlords/Lady signature and date
Technical Handbook
103
et (UDDT)
UBSUP
Quantity Unit cost Total Contribution Subsidy

4
1
1
1
72
2
60
2
2
1
1
1
6
1
1
2
2
% %
Technical Handbook
104
UBSUP
BILL OF QUANTITIES (BoQ) Quadruple Vaults Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tonnes 1
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
1 75cm X 80cm pcs 4
black with 2no. Hinges and a wedge
Transport Item 1
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant

Technical Handbook
105
UBSUP
BILL OF QUANTITIES (BoQ) for Quadruple Vaultr Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tonnes 1
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
Steel door panels and steel frame painted black
1 75cm X 80cm pcs 4
with 2no. Hinges and a wedge
Transport Item 1
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
106
UBSUP
BILL OF QUANTITIES (BoQ) Quadruple Vaults Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tonnes 1
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
1 75cm X 80cm pcs 4
black with 2no. Hinges and a wedge
Transport Item 1
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant

Technical Handbook
107
UBSUP
6.1.16.8 BoQ underground vault for urine diversion dry toilet

BILL OF QUANTITIES (BoQ) double vault Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tones 1
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
1 75cm X 80cm pcs 2
Transport Item 1
Excavation Item 1
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant

Technical Handbook
108
UBSUP
BILL OF QUANTITIES (BoQ) for double vaultr Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tones 1
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
1 75cm X 80cm pcs 2
Transport Item 1
Excavation Item 1
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
109
UBSUP
BILL OF QUANTITIES (BoQ) for double Vault Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
CONCRETE WORKS
4 Hardcore tonnes 1
5 Concrete bricks 15"X6"X8" ms 4
SANITATION WARE
VENTILATION
DOORS
1 75cm X 80cm pcs 2
Transport Item 1
Excavation Item 1
Sub Total (labour)
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
110
UBSUP
6.1.16.9 BoQ soak away pits
BILL OF QUANTITIES large soak away pit

No Item Description Size Unit Quantity Unit cost Total

in Ksh
1 Cement bags 5
2 Fine River Sand tonnes 1
3 Ballast 3/4''x 1/2'' tonnes 0
4 Concrete blocks or quarry stones 15"X6"X8" feet 110
5 Reinforcement bars R8 pcs 1
6 Reinforcement bars Y8 pcs 1
7 Binding wire kg 4
8 PVC pipe 6'' length 1
9 PVC elbow,45 ° 6'' pcs 1
10 Excavation item 1
11 Transport item 1
12 Labour (skilled) man days 4
13 Labour (un skilled) man days 4
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
111
UBSUP
6.1.16.9 BoQ soak away pits
BILL OF QUANTITIES small soak away pit

No Item Description Size Unit Quantity
1 Cement bags 3
2 Fine River Sand kg 250
3 Ballast 3/4''x 1/2'' kg 12,5
4 Concrete blocks or quarry stones 15"X6"X8" feet 60
8 PVC pipe 6'' length 0,2
9 PVC elbow ,45 ° 6'' pcs 1
11 Transport item 1
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
112
UBSUP
6.1.16.11 BoQ conservancy tanks
BILL OF QUANTITIES conservancy tank


in Ksh
1 Cement bags 40
4 Concrete blocks or quarry stones feet 165
5 Reinforcement bars R8 pcs 5
8 BRC mesh commercial ms 18
9 Binding wire pcs 25
10 PVC pipe 6'' pcs 2
11 PVC Tee pcs 4
12 Nails 3'' kg 4
13 Nails 2'' kg 5
14 Timber for scaffold 6'' x1'' feet 450
15 props 4'' x2'' pcs 40
16 Timber for scaffold feet 128
18 Transport item 1
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
113
UBSUP
6.1.16.12 BoQ biodigester
BILL OF QUANTITIES 124m3 bio digester


in Ksh
1 Cement 50kg bags 141
4 Ballast,6 mm (chippings) tonnes 7
5 Lime bags 9
6 Water proof cement kg 25
7 Concrete blocks or quarry stones feet 1100
8 Bricks, made on site 24x11x9cm feet 2100
9 Reinforcement bars R8 length 25
12 Binding wire kg 20
14 PVC elbow ,45 ° 6'' pcs 1
15 Nails 3'' kg 6
16 Nails 2'' kg 8
17 Wire mesh m² 1
20 Wooden bars 2''x2'' feet 8
21 Plywood 8''x 4'' pcs 6
22 Galvanized pipe 1'' length 1
23 Paint Brush 6'' pcs 4
24 Wire brush pcs 5
25 Clay bucket 2
26 Pipes and piping materials item 1
27 Excavation of the digester pit item 1
28 Transport item 1
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
114
UBSUP
6.1.16.13 BoQ baffled reactor
BILL OF QUANTITIES 124m3 Baffled Reactor

No Item Description Size Unit Quantity
1 Cement bags 140

4 Lime bags 9
5 Water proof cement kg 25
6 manhole cover Item 36
7 Concrete blocks or quarry stones feet 2.100
10 Reinforcement bars Y8 length 30
12 Binding wire kg 25
14 PVC Tee pcs 72
15 Nails 3'' kg 8
17 Nails 2'' kg 8
18 Timber for scaffold 6'' x1'' feet 1.100
26 Wooden bars 2''x2'' feet 8
27 Excavation of the baffled pit item 1
28 Transport item 1
Total Grant
Technical Handbook
115
UBSUP
Unit cost Total

in Ksh
Technical Handbook
116
UBSUP

6.1.16.14 BoQ drying bed
6.1.16.14 BoQ
6.1.16.14 BoQ ddrying
rying bbed
ed

6.1.16.15
6.1.16.15 BoQ composting
BoQ composition bed bed
6.1.16.15 BoQ composting bed

Technical Handbook
117
UBSUP
6.2 Construction manual

6.2.1. concrete panel toilet
October
2012
Technical Handbook
118
UBSUP
Name procedure: Construction instruction concrete panel toilet_v0.3
When: This instruction is meant for fundi constructing a concrete panel double vault toilet.

For whom: Fundi and supervisors constructing the toilets.
Aim: To guarantee the quality of the construction works and minimise the construction time.
Tools/equipment needed: Jembe, crowbar (Tarimbo), shovel/spade, metal sheet, bucket, Karai, mortar board, cement
trowel, spirit level, hosepipe, tape measure 5m, manila string (roll), masons hammer, hack
saw, welding machine, generator (optional).
Materials needed: PVC glue, 6 steel nails, 12x50 mm steel nails, 12x100 mm nails, 24x roofing nails with washers, 2 bags
cement, 300kg sand, 600kg ballast.
Toilet components:
Posts: 3x l =3300mm, 2x l=3000mm, 2x l=1200mm;
Panels: 5x 1300 x 300 x 25, 1xvent panel 1300 x 300 x 25,
18x 1100 x 300 x 25, 2x 750 x 300 x 25, 8x 450 x300 x 25;
Slabs: 1x vault slab 1550 x 1350 x 50 mm (2 sections),
1x pan slab 1475 x 1275 x 50 mm (2 sections)
Other components: 1 x squatting pan (plastic with 2 covers), 1x steps,
1x main door, 2x steel vault doors 600 x 600mm,
4x wall plate brackets 100 x 100 x 75 mm with prongs (steel), 1xPVC vent pipe, 2 PVC
100mm elbows,
1 PVC vent pipe cowl 100 mm, 2xtimbers 1450 x 100 x 75mm (wall plates), 3 timbers 1800 x
50 x 50mm (purlins), 3x corrugated steel sheets 1500 x 700mm.
Personal protection: Construction gloves
Technical Handbook
119
UBSUP
Introduction
To ensure the required quality of the SafiSan toilet

and to be able to construct the toilet within the a
minimium of time, the following procedure should be
followed.
Before going to the construction site, assure yourself

that you have the proper tools.
1. Concrete panel toilet

Preparation
1. Collected all the tools and materials needed.
2. To prevent any delays, check if all the required components are on site.
Safety regulations
WARNING
Always use the required personal protection measures.
Technical Handbook
120
UBSUP
Steps
3. Site preparation
• Clear and prepare an area of level

ground 4 x 4m;
• Dig 6 holes 800mm deep x 450mm
diameter;
• Level and flatten the area within the
holes.
2. Dig 6 holes
4. Placing posts
• Lay the 2 sections of base slab on the

leveled area with the notches over
the centres of the holes.
3. No gap in between slabs
Technical Handbook
121
UBSUP
Note
Ensure that the two slab halfs are firmly in contact. There should be no gap in between the
two halfs.
Mix concrete: ratio of 1:3:6

1 5 4 3
Post 1 (long)
• Add concrete to the bottom of one
front corner hole to a depth of
100mm.
• Place a 3300 mm long front post
onto the concrete. Ensure the post is
vertical.
• Add concrete around the post, 6 7 2
100mm deep at a time, tamping it
down with a crowbar. Continue up 4. Sequence of placing posts
to ground level.
Note
Ensure that the grooves are facing the INSIDE of the toilet. If placed wrongly, panels can not be
placed later on.
Post 2 (medium)
• Add concrete to the bottom of the
corner hole diagonally opposite the
first post to a depth of 200mm.
• Place a 3000 mm long rear post into
the hole.
• Add concrete around the post,
down with a crowbar. Continue up to
ground level.
5. Place post
Technical Handbook
122
UBSUP
Post 3, 4 & 5
• Install a long post (3)in the front right
1 5 4 3
corner.
• Install the last 3300mm (4) long front
post in the right of thecentre hole

together with a1200mm (5) short
post at the left in the same manner
as above.

2
1. Place post
6.3, 4Place
&5 post 3, 4 &5

Note
Ensure that the top of the short post is exactly 600 mm above the base slab. If it is higher, the slab of
the toilet will not fit. If it is lower, there will be a gap under the slab.
Post 6 & 7

• Install the last 3000mm (6) long rear 1 5 4 3
post in the rear left corner.
• Install the last 1200mm (7) into the

rear central hole.

6 7 2

7. Place post 6 & 7
1. Place post 6 & 7
Note
Ensure that all posts are exactly vertical and adjust if necessary! If the posts are not vertical, panels
will not fit or will fall out of the toilet.
IMPORTANT
Leave the concrete to set for a week. During this period moist the concrete with water in the morn-
ing, noon and evening.
Technical Handbook
123
UBSUP
5. Inserting panels
Note
Place panels with the thick part at the bottom and the smooth part facing outwards.
Place the panels in the following sequence:

• 2x 1100mm panels left Panel 9&10

Panel 7&8

• 2x 1100mm panels centre Panel 3&4

• 2x 1100mm panels right Panel 1&2 Panel 5&6
• 2x 450mm panels front


• Slide the steps into post in front of the 8 .Sequence
1. Sequence ofpplacing
of placing anels panels
750 mm panels.

WARNING
• Panels are very heavy. Be careful not to jam your fingers.
• Panels break easily. Treat them with care.
Slide the panels inside the groove of

the posts.
9. Slide in the panels gently
Technical Handbook
124
UBSUP
Note
Ensure that all the gaps in the base panel joint and between panels and post are sealed with a mix of
1:5 cement:sand and appropriate water.
6. Installing the vault doors
• Slide the vault

doors into the
grooves in the
posts at the
rear. Ensure the
flat bar is at the
bottom.
10. Vault doors

Note
Ensure the vault doors close tight on the base slab and that all panels are seated firmly on
each other. Any holes will result in leaking of the vault and consequently pollution of the
environment.
7. Installing the base slab
• Lay the 2 sections of pan slab on top

of the panels ensuring they are firmly
interlocked.
11. Placing the two sections of the pan slab

• Slide 5 panels of 1300mm into the
groves in the posts at the rear.
• Finalize the wall at the rear by sliding

1x 1400mm vent panel.
12. Completion of rear wall of toilet
Technical Handbook
125
UBSUP
8 Installing the vent pipe
• Cut the vent pipe into 3 pieces:

1x 1700mm,
1x 500mm and
1x 400mm.
• Glue an elbow onto one end of the
1700mm pipe;
• Insert the 500mm long piece of vent
pipe into the right hand hole in the
vent panel.
13. Insert pipe in vent panel
• Insert the end without the elbow of

the 1700 long vent pipe into the hole
in the pan slab and glue the elbow to
the pipe in the vent panel.
• Glue the remaining elbow to the vent
pipe in the vent panel ensuring it is
pointing upwards.
• Glue the 400 long vent pipe the
elbow ensuring it is still pointing up-
wards.
• Glue the vent pipe cowl onto the top
of the vent pipe.
14. Completion of the vent pipe
Technical Handbook
126
UBSUP
9. Installing the door
• Slide in the main door frame en-

suring the door opens outwards.
• Slide in all remaining panels.
13. Slide in the doorframe from above + slide in remaining

panels
10. Installing the roof
• Fit 4 metal U shaped brackets

onto the tops of the posts. Ensure
the channel is in line with the side
walls.
• Fix the brackets with a steel nail.
• Fit the 100 x 75mm timbers into
the brackets so they overhang the
front and rear of the side walls
equally.
• Fix the timbers to the brackets
with 50mm nails through the
holes in the brackets. 14. Fix the 4 U-shaped brackets
Technical Handbook
127
UBSUP
• Fix a 50 x 50mm purlin across the

front at the ends of the wall plates.
Use 100mm nails to secure them and
ensure even overhang at each side.
• Fix a 50 x 50mm purlin across the rear
in the manner as the front.
• Fix the last 50 x 50mm purlin across
the centre..
15. Fixing of the centre purlin and timber
• Arrange the 3 corrugated steel sheets

(mabati) evenly and cover all the tim-
bers with an overhang of 25 mm.
• Fix the mabati sheets in place with
the standard roofing nails with wash-
ers.
16. Fixing of the mabati sheets
Note
Ensure the groves in the mabati run from front to rear. Otherwise water will run off in the wrong
direction.
11. Installing the squatting pan
• Dig a 250mm (10”) deep trench with a length of 1500mm

(60”);
• Fill the bottom of the trench with a layer of pebbles;
• Drill holes in the flexible hose over a length of 1000mm;
• Place the part of the hose with the holes inside the
trench;
• Fill the trench with a 80mm (3”) layer of pebbles;
• Guide the other end of the hose through the vault and
the base pan;
• Connect the flexible hose to the funnel of the squatting
pan;
• Fit the squatting pan inside the hole of the pan slab; 17. Fit the squatting pan.
Technical Handbook
128
UBSUP
• Apply silicone gel underneath the

edges of the squatting pan.
18. Apply silicone gel.

12. Cleaning up
• Before leaving the construction

site, check if you have collected all
your tools;
• Remove all rubble and garbage

from the site.
19. Clean up the site
END OF PROCEDURE
Technical Handbook
129
UBSUP
6.2.2 Construction manual concrete vault
February
2013
Prepared by UBSUP team
Technical Handbook
130
UBSUP
Name procedure: Construction instruction concrete panel vault_v0.1

When: This instruction is meant for fundi constructing a concrete panel vault.
For whom: Fundi and supervisors constructing the vaults.
Aim: To guarantee the quality of the construction works and minimise the construction time.
Tools/equipment needed: Jembe, crowbar (Tarimbo), shovel/spade, metal sheet, bucket, Karai, mortar board, cement
trowel, spirit level, hosepipe, tape measure 5m, manila string (roll), masons hammer, hack
saw, welding machine, generator (optional).
Materials needed: PVC glue, 6 steel nails, 12x50 mm steel nails, 12x100 mm nails, 24x roofing nails with washers, 2
bags cement, 300kg sand, 600kg ballast.
Vault components:
Posts: 5x l=1200mm;
Panels: 8x 1500 x 300 x 25;
Slabs: Single unit: 1x pan slab 1750 x 800 x 50 mm (2 sections)
Other components: 2 x squatting pan (plastic with 2 covers),
1x steps,
2x steel vault doors 600 x 600mm incl. steel support,
Grease
Personal protection: Construction gloves
Technical Handbook
131
UBSUP
Introduction
To ensure the required quality of the SafiSan toilet

and to be able to construct the vault within the a
minimium of time, the following procedure should
be followed.
Before going to the construction site, assure your-

self that you have the proper tools.
1. Concrete vault
Preparation
1. Collected all the tools and materials needed.
2. To prevent any delays, check if all the required components are on site.
Safety regulations
WARNING
Always use the required personal protection measures.
Technical Handbook
132
UBSUP
Steps
3. Site preparation
• Clear and prepare an area of level

ground 4 x 4m;
• Dig 5 holes 800mm deep x 450mm
diameter;
• Level, flatten and compact the soil in
between the holes.
23 .Dig 5 holes
4. Placing posts
• Mix concrete: ratio of 1:3:6

1 5 3
First post
• Add concrete to the bottom of hole 1
to a depth of 100mm.
• Place a post onto the concrete.
down with a crowbar. Continue up to 4 2
ground level.
24. Sequence of placing posts
Note
Ensure that:
1. the grooves in the post are facing the INSIDE of the vault. If placed wrongly, panels can not
be placed later on.
2. the post is placed vertically. If placed wrongly, panels will not fit or will fall out after con-
struction.
3. Ensure that the top of the short post is exactly 630 mm above ground level. If it is higher,
the slab of the toilet will not fit. If it is lower, there will be a gap under the slab.
Technical Handbook
133
UBSUP
Post 2
• Add concrete to the bottom of the 1 5 3
corner hole diagonally opposite the
first post to a depth of 200mm.
• Place post into the hole.
• Ensure that the distance between
post 1 and 2 is exactly 2260mm (cen-
tre to centre)
down with a crowbar. Continue up to 4 2
ground level.
25. Measurement between post 3 and 4
Post 3, 4 and 5
Post 3.
post 1 and 3 and post 2 and 3 is ex-
actly 1600mm (centre to centre)
Post 4.
post 3 and 4 is exactly 2260mm (cen-
tre to centre)
Post 5
• Ensure that the distance between 26. Placing post 3, 4 and 5
post 1 and 5 and post 3 and 5 is ex-
actly 800mm (centre to centre)
Note
Ensure that all posts are exactly vertical and adjust if necessary! If the posts are not vertical, panels
will not fit or will fall out of the toilet.
IMPORTANT
Leave the concrete to set for a week. During this period moist the concrete with water in the morn-
ing, noon and evening.
5. Inserting panels
Note
Place panels with the thick part at the bottom and the smooth part facing outwards.
Technical Handbook
134
UBSUP
Place the panels in the following sequence:

• 2x 1100mm panels left Panel 9&10
Panel 7&8
• 2x 1100mm panels centre
Panel 3&4
• 2x 1100mm panels right
Panel 1&2 Panel 5&6
• Slide the steps into post in front of the
750 mm panels.
27. Sequence of placing the 5 panels
WARNING
• Panels are very heavy. Be careful not to jam your fingers.
• Panels break easily. Treat them with care.
Note
Ensure that all the gaps in the base panel joint and between panels and post are sealed with a mix of
1:5 cement:sand and appropriate water.
Technical Handbook
135
UBSUP
6. Installing the vault doors
• Apply some grease on the inside of

the rail, guiding the vault door. Slide
the vault doors into the grooves in
the posts at the rear. Ensure the flat
bar is at the bottom.
28 Apply grease to vault doors
Note
Ensure the vault doors close tight on the base slab and that all panels are seated firmly on
each other. Any holes will result in leaking of the vault and consequently pollution of the
environment.
Installing the base slab

• Lay the 2 sections of pan slab on top
of the panels ensuring they are firmly
interlocked.
29. Placing the two sections of the pan slab
7. Digging the soak away pit
• Dig a 250mm (10”) deep trench with

a length of 1500mm (60”);
• Fill the bottom of the trench with a
layer of pebbles;
• Drill holes in the flexible hose over a
length of 1000mm;
• Place the part of the hose with the
holes inside the trench;
• Fill the trench with a 80mm (3”) layer
30. Hosepipe for urine soak away.
of pebbles;
• Guide the other end of the hose
through the vault and the base pan;
Technical Handbook
136
UBSUP
8. Odor trap
• Cut the bottom of a condom.

• Fix the condom over the end of the
funnel of the squatting pan
• Fix the pipe over the condom and
connect firmly to the squatting pan.
• Fit the squatting pan inside the hole
of the pan slab;
31. Fix condom.
32. Fix pipe over condom.
• Apply silicone gel under the edges

of the squatting pan.
33. Apply silicone gel.
Technical Handbook
137
UBSUP
9. Cleaning up
• Before leaving the construction site,

check if you have collected all your
tools;
• Remove all rubble and garbage from
the site.
34. Clean up the site
END OF PROCEDURE
Technical Handbook
138
UBSUP
6.3 Toilet instructions

6.3.1 How to use your toilet
Technical Handbook
139
UBSUP
6.3.2 How to clean your toilet
HOW TO CLEAN THIS TOILET

step 1 step 2
Sweep the Dip mop in

floor of bucket.
your toilet.
step 3 step 4
Remove
excess Clean the
water toilet
from mop. floor.
step 5 step 6
clean..... ...and dry

mop again.
step 7 step 8
clean Wash your
inside of hands
toilet.
Water Services Trust Fund P.O. Box 49699-00100 Nairobi 1st Flr CIC Plaza, Mara Rd
Tel: 2720696/2729017-9 Email: info@wstfkenya.org www. wstfkenya.org
Technical Handbook
140
UBSUP
Technical Handbook
141
UBSUP
Technical Handbook
142

1a. Technical Handbook On Sanitation in Poor Countries

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

1a. Technical Handbook On Sanitation in Poor Countries

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Technical Handbook

Up-scaling Basic Sanitation for the Urban Poor

Constructing and maintaining SafiSan facilities

v.1.0 Technical Handbook May 2013

Acronyms and Abbreviations

1. Section 1: SafiSan and the sanitation chain

Figure 1 – The entire sanitation chain

The urine can be collected and stored and later

When stored long enough (that is more than 6

1.2.2 Squatting pan & sitting pedestal

Urine hole Urine hole

Figure 3 – UDDT squatting pan and UDDT toilet seat

1.2.3 The double vault, above or underground?

After sealing the vault, no faeces should be added to

Figure 4 – A double vault with squatting pan

Above ground Underground

1.2.4 The superstructure

Figure 5 – Prefab toilet Figure 6 In-situ constructed toilet

The cistern flush toilet

When pressing the flushing handle or button, water is re-

Figure 7 – Cistern flush toilet

Septic tanks are also simple in design, which makes

A conservancy tank is basically just an underground

Figure 10 – Conservancy tank

Each module reduces part of the waste from the

Figure 11 – DEWAT system

A photo documentary of manual pit emptiers in Korogocho can be found on:

1.5.4 Sludge drying bed

Wet sludge coming from the bio-digesters and an-

1.6. SafiSan: disposal or reuse?

1.6.2 Landfill disposal

2. Section 2: Technical drawings and Bills of Quantity of SafiSan sanitation facilities

2,290 1,500 1,500

300 200 1,100 200 200 1,100 200

ventilation gap Ventilation holes left on

plastic bowl urinal

ceramic pedestal toilet

GIS roof at 10 degrees

above the door pv

GIS roof at 10 degrees ceramic pedestal toilet

Xmm thick brick/blocks

to manufacturer spec's plastic bowl urinal

steel door hinges

100mm thick mass

mass concrete class X timber door

Figure 13 Technical drawings and BoQs in appendix 6.1.

3. Section 3: Construction and working procedures

For people working directly in sanitation such as ex-

Figure 14 Appropriate masks for toilet emptying

Figure 15 – Always use protective gear.

• Always use protective gear such as

Figure 17 – As emptier, never leave your ‘shit’ behind.

Figure 17 – Always clean up after the vault has been emptied

Figure 18 – Good work sells itself

Figure 19 – Use tools only where they are intended for.

Tools list Construction use

3.2.2 Construction materials

For a complete material list and BOQs, see Appendix 6.1.

3.2.3 Construction steps

3.2.3.1 General requirements

The basic design rules for constructing UDDTs:

3.2.3.2 Site selection and preparation

• In-situ toilets require foundations.