The Contacts Between Karl Marx and Charles Darwin

Author(s): Ralph Colp, Jr.

Source: Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1974), pp. 329-338
Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708767
Accessed: 17-07-2019 09:58 UTC

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 THE CONTACTS BETWEEN KARL MARX AND CHARLES
DARWIN

BY RALPH COLP, JR.

During most of their adult lives the two men, who-in different w
perhaps the most revolutionary and enduring thinkers of the nineteen
lived in England less than 20 miles apart. They never met. However, K
and Charles Darwin became aware of each other in direct and indirect
history of their relations has been told differently, and only in part.1 W
will assemble the available facts and suggest some interpretations.
Marx first read Darwin's The Origin of Species a year after its pub
December 1860. Marx was then 42 years old, living in London, and at
of his intellectual powers: he had already formulated his main ideas o
terialistic conception of history, the class struggle, and the theory
value. In the spring of 1862 he reread The Origin. In the fall of 1862,
pany of Wilhelm Liebknecht, a German Communist friend, he attend
of six lectures, in which Thomas Huxley popularized and explaine
ideas to an audience of English workers.2 "We," Liebknecht later w
of nothing else for months but Darwin and the enormous signific

'The reactions of Marx and Engels to Darwinism are described in the follow
V. L. Komaroz, "Marx and Engels on Biology," Marxism and Modern Th
York, 1935), 190-234; Conway Zirkle, Evolution, Marxian Biology, and th
(Philadelphia, 1959), "The Beginnings of Marxian Biology," hereafter "Be
Marxian Biology"; Erhard Lucas, "Marx' und Engels' Auseinandersetzung
zur Differenz Zwischen Marx und Engels," International Review of Socia
(1964), 433-69, hereafter "Marx' und Engels' Auseinandersetzung mit Darw
these accounts discuss Das Kapital's footnotes on Darwin, or mention Marx
inscription to Darwin. Several authors make confused and vague statemen
direct relations between Marx and Darwin. 1) "He (Marx) sought to dedicate
Kapital) to Darwin.... Darwin hastily declined the honour in a polite, cauti
letter, saying that he was unhappily ignorant of economic science, but offered t
good wishes in what he assumed to be their common end-the advancemen
knowledge." Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx (London, 1949), 232. This passage
contents of Darwin's two letters to Marx. 2) "As the story goes, he (Marx
to dedicate . . . Das Kapital to Darwin ...." "Beginnings of Marxian B
3) "Marx's intended dedication of Das Kapital to Darwin was evidently ma
cheek ..." Shlomo Avineri, "From Hoax to Dogma: A Footnote on Marx an
Encounter (March 1967), 32; hereafter "From Hoax to Dogma."
2The lectures are described by Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of Thom
(New York, 1913), I, 222-24. The English journalist, Frederic Harrison, atten
tures and he may have described Marx and Liebknecht, among others in the aud
he wrote to a friend: "I never saw an audience more intent, intelligent, and
They were all literally thirsting for knowledge. As I looked round I could not b
with the vigor and acuteness of their looks. It was a perfect study of heads, su
and such expression of hungry inquiry." Frederic Harrison, Autobiograp
(London, 1911), I, 283.

329

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 330 RALPH COLP, JR.

scientific discoveries. ..."3 During these years M

respondences with his friends, expressed three
cepted its theory of organic evolution; and he ad
arguments, and its being against "teleology" in th
Darwin's belief in Malthus's theory of populati
hated Malthus) and Darwin's use of this theory to
species. Then he wrote to his friend and co-th
Origin "contains the basis in natural history for
reported: "Darwin's book is very important and
science for the class struggle."4 How, precisely
lection be shown to be the "basis" for the theory
this time, did not attempt to answer this questio
him one of the most important questions about t
In 1865 a Frenchman, Pierre Tremaux, publi
that the evolution of organic beings was due to g
soil and crust. This theory made practically
opinion-then intensely debating the causes of evo
ten and lacks even historical significance.5 M
Tremaux in August 1866, wrote Engels that in
was superior to Darwin, and that: "In the his
Tremaux is much more important and fruitful th
a natural basis for certain questions, as of nation
was convinced that Tremaux did not understan
"nothing to his theory." Marx wrote back de
"Tremaux's basic idea on the influence of the soil
needs only to be announced to secure for itsel
citizenship in science. .. ." Engels-who was usu
by Darwin than was Marx-replied by contr
"Darwin and others have never failed to recognise
it happened that they did not stress it especially i
about it-what effect the soil has, etc.-except
vourable effect. And Tremaux does not know much more either." Marx did not
answer this; and there was no further mention of Tremaux in the Marx-Engels
correspondence.6
About one year later, in September 1867, Marx published the first volume of
Das Kapital. In this volume he did not mention Tremaux, and he criticized
Malthus in several footnotes but did not connect Malthus with Darwin. It has
been suggested that, in the historical sections of his book, his imagery of the evo-
lution of societies was influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory7; yet he does
not acknowledge this influence, and the evidences for it are not definite. In the

3Liebknecht, "Reminiscences of Marx," Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Moscow

n.d.), 106.
4"Beginnings of Marxian Biology," 86-87.
5Robert E. Stebbins, French Reactions to Darwin, 1859-1882 (Michigan University,
1969), mentions Tr6maux only once, 285-86, and in passing.
6"Beginnings of Marxian Biology," 91-95. The differences in the reactions to Darwin
of Marx and Engels are discussed in "Marx' und Engels' Auseinandersetzung mit Darwin."
7"Marx' und Engels' Auseinandersetzung mit Darwin," 443-50.

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 MARX AND DARWIN 331

section of Das Kapital where he discusses the

tools, each adapted "to the exclusively specia
he inserts this footnote: "Darwin in his e
species, remarks with reference to the natu
long as one and the same organ has differen
for its changeability may possibly be fo
preserves or suppresses each small variation
organ were destined for one special purpose
to cut all sorts of things, may on the whole
destined to be used exclusively in one way m
different use'."8
This quotation is from a German trans
sumably, added it to Das Kapital as a late
pared for printing.9
In another section of Das Kapital, in the co
between tools and machines, there is thi
technology would show how little any of the
work of a single individual. Hitherto there i
us in the history of Nature's Technology, i.e
plants and animals, which organs serve a
sustaining life. Does not the history of the
that are the material basis of all social organ
would not such a history be easier to compil
differs from natural history in this, that we
ter?"10
These two footnotes-unaltered in Das
(1872) and first French edition (1875), in e
sions-represent Marx's public, and final,
terpret this reaction as follows. Marx's ob
latter's reliance on Malthus-still exist, bu

8Marx, Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalis

Edward Aveling, ed. Frederick Engels (New York
9Marx's original version of this quotation is in
324, note 3, and is in German. This quotation may
of The Origin (the first German edit., 1860, Stut
German edit., 1863, same publisher and transl
English and he usually quoted a book in its origin
second English edition of The Origin. It thus see
April-May 1867. At this time, supervizing the p
Hanover, Germany, in the house of his frien
separated from his library and from English bo
would have been available in Kugelmann's well s
original English version of this passage is in the f
as the same part has to perform diversified work,
variable, that is, why natural selection should ha
tion of form less carefully than when the part has
the same way that a knife which has to cut all sor
whilst a tool for some particular object had better
'?Capital, 372.

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 332 RALPH COLP, JR.

regard Darwin as "epoch-making." By "epoch-

that The Origin-in causing him to alter his vie
more than most books; perhaps as deeply as any
both of these footnotes Marx contrasts his view
with Darwin's view of the history of organic nat
try to relate one directly to the other, and to se
for the class struggle. Rather he sees the two vie
They are separate, as separate as man from a
from natural history in ... that we have made th
They possess some general similarities: each w
time; and each-because it is deeply insightfu
may, perhaps, pose questions, not for Marx hi
"Darwin has interested us in the history of N
the history of the productive organs of man
would not such a history be easier to compile
Marx's insistence on the separateness of Marxis
to express angry criticisms of those who applied
and, almost immediately after The Origin was
terialistic thinkers responded to its ideas as (in t
veritable Whitworth gun in the armoury of li
thinkers took different forms.
On December 7, 1867 he wrote Engels a lette
for a German newspaper, whose editor, Mayer
Marx, intent on gaining a German audience fo
pander to Mayer and to state that Das Kapital
ciety, economically considered, is pregnant w
shows socially the same universal process of c
natural sciences by Darwin. The liberal doctrine o
pur) implies this... ."1 Engels wrote the rev
review which has aptly been described as "spi
For other Social Darwinists Marx expressed op
read Ludwig Btichner's book Darwinism and S
was "superficial nonsense," and that its author
and probably that is why he is called 'Buichne
pressed by Bfichner's knowledge of the Germ

"A similar view is expressed by Maurice Mandel

second Das Kapital footnote on Darwin, comments: "I
seen by Marx as analogous to a fundamental problem
did not himself attempt to solve. To be sure, neither
Marx suggest that the Darwinian theory should be ap
social change is to be construed as an extension of
however, a parallel was drawn between Marxism and
Man, & Reason: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Thou
'2Thomas H. Huxley, "The Origin of Species, 1860
1912), 23.
3"From Hoax to Dogma," 31. '4lbid., 31.
5Marx, Letters to Dr. Kugelmann (New York, 19

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 MARX AND DARWIN 333

Darwinism,16 and he would have been int

some of Biichner's books.17
In 1870 he read a book by Friedrich A. Lange, which applied Darwinism to
social struggles, and implied that Marx agreed with this. "Herr Lange," Marx
wrote to a friend, "sings my praise loudly, but with the object of making himself
important. Herr Lange, you see, has made a great discovery. The whole of his-
tory can be brought under a single great natural law. This natural law is the
phrase (in this application Darwin's expression becomes nothing but a phrase)
'the struggle for life,' and the content of this phrase is the Malthusian law of
population or, rather, over-population. So, instead of analyzing the struggle for
life as represented historically in varying and definite forms of society, all that
has to be done is to translate every concrete struggle into the phrase, 'struggle for
life,' and this phrase itself into the Malthusian population fantasy."'
In each of these comments on Mayer, Biichner, and Lange, Marx was
criticizing what he held to be the misapplication of Darwinism to human affairs-
as he commented on Lange, "in this application Darwin's expression becomes
nothing but a phrase"-he was not criticizing Darwinism as a scientific theory of
nature.

Several years later Marx performed a small yet striking action. In the sp
of 1873 he sent Darwin a copy of the second German edition of Das Ka
which had recently been published-with an inscription and a letter. His
has not survived, but the volume of Das Kapital has been preserved.' M
inscription reads:

Mr. Charles Darwin/On the part of his sincere admirer/(signed) Karl M

London 16 June 1873/[illegible number] Modena Villas20/Maitland Park.21

Marx, as in his dealings with Mayer, could perform hypocritical acti

16V. L. Komarov, "Marx and Engels on Biology," Marxism and Modern Tho
(New York, 1935), 196-97.
17Darwin possessed the following books by Ludwig Biichner: A us Natur und W
schaft (Leipzig, 1862); the first two editions of Sechs Vorlesungen iber die Darw
Theorie von der Verwandlung der Arten, &c. (Leipzig, 1868); Conferences sur la Th
Darwinienne, trans. A. Jacquot (Leipzig, 1869); the first 3 editions of Die Stellu
Menschen in der Natur, &c. (Leipzig, 1870); Man in the Past, Present and Future,
W. S. Dallas (London, 1872); Die Darwin'sche Theorie von der Entstehung und
wandlung der Lebe- Welt (Leipzig, 1876); Die Macht der Vererbung (Leipzig, 1882).
book, The Descent of Man, Darwin referred to the discussions of self-consciousness and
use of the foot as a prehensile organ in Conferences sur la Theorie Darwinienne (D
[1871], 1, 62, 142). In November 1873, when he was preparing a second edition o
Descent, he read through Man in the Past, Present and Future and decided that "N
need be quoted." I thank Mr. Peter Gautrey, of the Cambridge University Librar
answering some of my questions about Darwin's books, and guiding me through Da
Library.
'8Marx, Letters to Dr. Kugelmann (New York, 1934), 30.
'9This volume is kept in Darwin's Down House home.
20At this time Marx lived at No. 1 Modena Villas. Yvonne Kapp, Eleanor Marx:
Family Life (1855-1883), (London, 1972), I, 56-57.
2Howard E. Gruber, "Darwin and Das Kapital," Isis, 52 (1961), 582.

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 334 RALPH COLP, JR.

order to advance his ideas. Usually, however

is no reason to suppose that his Das Kapital
at gaining a favor from Darwin. He was, we
new printing of what he regarded as his
sincere admiration-the author of another
tion may have had two further meaning
"sincere" in his admiration for Darwin th
that he had come to minimize some of his doubts about Darwinism.
In June 1873 Charles Darwin was 64 years old (nine years older than Marx)
living with his family in his country home at Down, Kent, and compulsively
following a daily schedule of rigidly alternating periods of rest and work. Having
given up theoretical and controversial writing, he was mainly devoting himself to
botany, and since the middle of June he had been studying the digestive actions of
the sundew plant Drosera-Drosera, he told his friend Hooker, was his
"passion."22 He had established a rule that, in order to conserve his time, he
thanked those who sent him books, but not pamphlets (he was surprised that he
received few letters of thanks from those to whom he sent copies of his books).23
After a delay of a few months, on Oct. 1, 1873, he wrote Marx the following
letter, from Down in Kent:

Dear Sir
I thank you for the honour which you have done me by sending me your great
work on Capital; & I heartily wish that I was more worthy to receive it, by under-
standing more of the deep & important subject of political Economy. Though our
studies have been so different, I believe that we both Earnestly desire the ex-
tension of Knowledge, & ("that" added) this in the long run is sure to add to the
happiness of Mankind.
I remain Dear Sir/Yours faithfully/Charles Darwin24

Darwin, in his letter, conveys a double message: he openly states that he is

"honoured" to have received a copy of Marx's "great work"; he, also, infers that
he does not want to discuss this book, or have any further contact with its author.
His copy of Das Kapital has none of the pencil annotations which he made in
books he owned and read, and its pages are cut as far as page 105, but uncut from
there to the end page 822.25 It was pages 352 and 385-86 that contained the two
footnotes which referred to him. Thus, although Darwin could (with difficulty)
read German, he evidently did not try to read Das Kapital.
About the time he received Darwin's letter, Marx, with his wife and daughter
Eleanor, attended a lecture on "Insects and Flowers," by Edward Aveling-a
young science teacher-which illustrated some aspects of Natural Selection. Af-
terwards Marx spoke to Aveling and congratulated him on his talk.26

22Darwin to Hooker, July 1, 1873, Box 150, Darwin Papers, Cambridge University Li-
brary. Darwin's activities for 1873 are chronicled in Darwin's Journal, ed. Sir Gavin De
Beer (London, 1959), 19.
23Francis Darwin, ed., Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (New York, n.d.), I, 98.
24For the bibliographic history of this letter see Appendix, below.
25Gruber, "Darwin and Das Kapital," loc. cit., 582.
2"Edward Aveling, "Charles Darwin and Carl Marx," New Century Review, 1 (Jan.-
June 1897), 321. According to Aveling the meeting between him and Marx occurred in 1872

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 MARX AND DARWIN 335

For the next seven years there was no fur

Marx. Darwin went on with his daily sche
no interest in Marxism. In 1879 he criticized some of the German Social
Darwinists: "What a foolish idea seems to prevail in Germany on the connec
between Socialism and Evolution through Natural Selection."27 Marx
wrote Darwin another letter which has not survived.
Darwin replied with the following letter, dated Oct. 13, 1880, from Down,
Kent:

Dear Sir
I am much obliged by your kind letter & the Enclosure.-the publication in any
form of your remarks on my writings really requires no consent on my part, & it
would be ridiculous in me to give consent to what requires none.-I Shd. prefer
the Part or Volume not be dedicated to me (though I thank you for the intended
honour) as this implies to a certain extent my approval of the general publication,
about which I know nothing.-Moreover though I am a strong advocate for free
thought on all subjects, yet it appears to me (whether rightly or wrongly) that
direct arguments against christianity & theism produce hardly any effect on the
public; & freedom of thought is best promoted by the ("gradual"
added) illumination of ("the" deleted, "men's" added) minds', which follow from
the advance of science. It has, therefore, been always my object to avoid writing
on religion, & I have confined myself to science. I may, however, have been un-
duly biassed by the pain which it would give some members of my family, if I
aided in any way direct attacks on religion. -I am sorry to refuse you any
request, but I am old & have very little strength, & looking over proof-sheets (as
I know by present experience) fatigues me much. 28
I remain Dear Sir/yours faithfully/Ch. Darwin29

Let us now consider what Marx may have written Darwin, and then Darwin's
reply. From the available evidence the contents of Marx's letter cannot be
definitely known, and one can only offer speculations. Marx may have written
Darwin that he wished to dedicate to him the future English translation of volume
one of Das Kapital-what Darwin called "the part or volume." Marx had long
hoped for this English translation. Darwin, in his letter of October 1873, had
stated his approval of Das Kapital. Marx may have thought that, dedicating an
English translation to Darwin would give his book an English appeal, and
demonstrate his admiration for the author of The Origin. In his letter Marx in-
cluded what Darwin called "the Enclosure," which may have been Marx's
English translation of his second Das Kapital footnote on Darwin. Marx wanted
to know Darwin's opinion on this footnote because of his proposed dedication,
and because Darwin had avoided expressing an opinion in his 1873 letter. By en-

or 1873. The authors of "Die Tochter von Marx," date the meeting October 1873. Chus-
hichi Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx, 1855-1898: A Socialist Tragedy (Oxford, 1967),
94, note 2.
27Francis Darwin, op. cit., 2, 413.
28At this time Darwin was correcting the proofs of his book The Power of Movement in
Plants. Sir Gavin De Beer, op. cit., 21.
29For the bibliographic history of this letter see Appendix, below.

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 336 RALPH COLP, JR.

closing an English version of the footnote M

understand, and respond to his views.30
Marx's footnote, after referring to Darwi
and the need for a similar history of huma
gion. "Technology discloses man's mode o
lays bare the mode of formation of his soci
tions that flow from them. Every history o
count of this material basis, is uncritical. It
by analysis the earthly core of the misty cr
is, to develop from the actual relations o
forms of those relations. The latter met
therefore the only scientific one. The weak
natural science, a materialism that excludes
evident from the abstract and ideological co
they venture beyond the bounds of their ow
When Darwin read this passage he seem
view of history, but by what he regarded a
tianity & Theism." Such arguments elicite
could sympathize and identify with anti-Ch
years, he had become more anti-Christian.3
views would offend his religious friends, an
voted and who was deeply religious. Now
spokenly anti-Christian book, he disassociat
this disassociation to Marx by making a
.... been always my object to avoid writin
unduly biassed by the pain which it would g
aided in any way direct attacks on religion.
Near the end of his letter, when Darwin w
becomes half as large as the preceding "I"; a
This pictorially demonstrates the fatigue he
of the possible influence of the unconscious o
Darwin's October 1880 letter was the last contact between him and Marx. A
year after writing to Marx, Darwin was visited in his Down home by Edward
Aveling and Ludwig Biichner. On Darwin's insistence they talked about religion.
Biichner and Aveling explained their atheistic views. Darwin smiled and then

30It has been suggested by Erhard Lucas (loc. cit., 468-69), that the "Enclosure" may
have been a French translation of the sections of Das Kapital where Marx comments on
Darwinism (this French translation had been published in serial sections from 1872-75).
Marx, however, wanted to confront Darwin with his ideas, and this was best done by
presenting these ideas in English; not by sending Darwin another non-English version of
Das Kapital.
31Capital, 372-73.
32For two different, yet complementary, accounts of the evolution of Darwin's anti-
Christian views: Maurice Mandelbaum, "Darwin's Religious Views," JHI, 19 (June 1958),
363-78; Gertrude Himmelfarb, Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution (New York,
1959), 362-68.
33This observation was made by Mr. Karl Aschaffenberg, handwriting expert, to whom
I showed a copy of Darwin's letter.

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 MARX AND DARWIN 337

expressed some of the same thoughts he h

so aggressive? Is anything gained by trying
of mankind .... are the masses yet ripe f
Christianity after he was forty because it
On April 19, 1882 Darwin died in his D
died in his London home. At Marx's fun
Engels said: "Just as Darwin discovered
nature, so Marx discovered the law of
Whereas Marx in his last published tho
between Marxism and Darwinism, Engel
originated in the theory of Dialectical
was Edward Aveling,36 the one man w
Aveling would, later, live with Marx's d
into English, and write expositions of
Aveling would publish an article, "Char
perhaps taking his cue from Engels, he w
contradiction whatever" between Marxi
is indeed the logical outcome of evolution,
is derived from the teachings of Darwin."
the relations between Marx and Darwin.

APPENDIX

The Bibliographic History of Darwin's Two Letters to Marx

After Marx's death Darwin's letters were, probably, first held by Marx'
who may have shown them to Edward Aveling. Aveling then published
the October 1, 1873 letter, in his article "Charles Darwin and Carl M
This transcription contained stylistic errors. Aveling said nothing abou
Darwin's second letter. Both letters then passed into the archives of
Democrats in Berlin. In the 1920's the Social Democrats sent the Marx-
Moscow photocopies of some of Marx's documents; and these may have
October 13, 1880 letter for this letter was first published in a Russi
Professor Ernst Kolman, in the Russian Communist magazine, Un
Marxism (Jan.-Feb. 1931), 203-04. German translations were then
German Communist magazine, Der Rote Aufbau, 4 (1931), and the Ge
newspaper Welt am Abend. None of these three publications cited the Eng
tioned where the original letter was. Then The Times of London,

34Edward Aveling, The Religious Views of Charles Darwin (Lond

Francis Darwin, who was present when Aveling, Biichner, and Charles D
religion, comments that Aveling "gives quite fairly his impression of m
Francis Darwin, op. cit., I, 286'note.
35Frederick Engels, "Karl Marx's Funeral," Reminiscences of Marx an
36Aveling's presence at Marx's funeral was reported in Progress, a m
which Aveling edited; Chushichi Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx (Ox
has, however, been suggested that Aveling, who frequently falsified facts
at the funeral; Yvonne Kapp, Eleanor Marx (London, 1972), I, 246-48.
37His publications included: The Student's Darwin (London, 1881
Theory. Its Meaning, Difficulties, Evidence, History (London, 1884);
(London, 1887); The Student's Marx (London, 1891).
38Edward Aveling, "Charles Darwin and Carl Marx," loc. cit., 243.

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 338 RALPH COLP, JR.

published an English translation of the German version

is now in the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow." In
remained in Berlin; the Marx-Engels Institute posses
translation, containing many stylistic errors, was th
munist magazine, The Labour Monthly (Nov. 1931), 7
by Sir Arthur Keith, Darwin Revalued (London, 19
The Tangled Bank: Darwin, Marx, Frazier and Freud
1962), 123. Keith and Hyman both stated that Darw
Lenin Institute in Moscow.
After World War II the Darwin letters came into the possession of the International In-
stitute of Social History, Amsterdam, Holland, where they remain today. In 1964 Erhard
Lucas loc. cit., 464-69, published transcriptions of the letters based on the originals, and
gave some of their bibliographical history. For this article I have made my own transcrip-
tion of each letter, differing slightly from that of Lucas, and following the method of
transcribing Darwin's letters which has been used by Lady Nora Barlow. I should like to
thank Mr. G6tz Langkau, of the International Institute of Social History, for sending me
copies of these two letters, and for answering my queries.
New York City.

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