Northern Ireland

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For the electoral constituency, see Northern Ireland (European Parliament
constituency).
Northern Ireland
Tuaisceart �ireann (Irish)
Norlin Airlann (Ulster Scots)
Location of Northern Ireland (dark green) � in Europe (green & dark grey) � in the
United Kingdom (green)
Location of Northern Ireland (dark green)
� in Europe (green & dark grey)
� in the United Kingdom (green)

Status Country (constituent unit)

Capital
and largest city
Belfast
54�36'N 5�55'W
Languages[b] English
Regional languages
IrishUlster-Scots
Ethnic groups (2011)
98.28% White
1.06% Asian
0.20% Black
0.46% other[1]
Sovereign state
Legal jurisdiction
United Kingdom
Northern Ireland
Government Consociational devolved legislature within unitary constitutional
monarchy
� Monarch
Elizabeth II
� First Minister
Vacant
� Deputy First Minister
Vacant
Parliament of the United Kingdom
� Secretary of State Julian Smith
� House of Commons 18 MPs (of 650)
Legislature Northern Ireland Assembly
Devolution
� Government of Ireland Act
3 May 1921
� Constitution Act
18 July 1973
� Northern Ireland Act
17 July 1974
� Northern Ireland Act
19 November 1998
Area
� Total
14,130 km2 (5,460 sq mi)[2]
Population
� 2019 estimate
Increase 1,885,400[3]
� 2011 census
1,810,863[4]
� Density
133/km2 (344.5/sq mi)
GVA 2016 estimate
� Total �37 billion[5]
� Per capita �20,000
HDI (2017) 0.899[6]
very high
Currency Pound sterling (GBP; �)
Time zone UTC? (Greenwich Mean Time)
� Summer (DST)
UTC+1 (British Summer Time)
Date format dd/mm/yyyy (AD)
Driving side left
Calling code +44[c]
ISO 3166 code GB-NIR
The official flag of Northern Ireland is the Union Jack de jure. However, the
Ulster Banner was used by the Parliament of Northern Ireland from 1953 to 1973 and
is still used by some organisations and entities, and is seen as the unofficial
flag of the region by unionists but its use is controversial. See Flag of Northern
Ireland for more.
^ Northern Ireland has no official language. English serves as the de facto
language of government and diplomacy and has been established through precedent.
Irish and Ulster Scots are officially recognised by Her Majesty's Government as
minority languages.
^ +44 is always followed by 28 when calling landlines. The code is 028 within the
UK and 048 from the Republic of Ireland where it is treated as a domestic call.
Northern Ireland (Irish: Tuaisceart �ireann ['t??u??c???t?? 'e????n??] (About this
soundlisten);[7] Ulster-Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom in
the north-east of the island of Ireland,[8][9] variously described as a country,
province or region.[10][11][12] Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and
west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863,[4]
constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the UK's
population. Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday
Agreement, the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of
devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the British government.
Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas, and the
Agreement granted the Republic the ability to "put forward views and proposals"
with "determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments".[13]

Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned between Northern
Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Unlike Southern
Ireland, which would become the Irish Free State in 1922, the majority of Northern
Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United
Kingdom.[14] Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great
Britain. However, a significant minority, mostly Catholics, were nationalists who
wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule.[15][16][17][18] Today, the
former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves
as Irish, while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a
large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-
aligned.[19]

For most of the 20th century, when it came into existence, Northern Ireland was
marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First
Minister of Northern Ireland, David Trimble, called a "cold house" for Catholics.
In the late 1960s, conflict between state forces and chiefly Protestant unionists
on the one hand, and chiefly Catholic nationalists on the other, erupted into three
decades of violence known as the Troubles, which claimed over 3,500 lives and
caused over 50,000 casualties.[20][21] The 1998 Good Friday Agreement was a major
step in the peace process, including the decommissioning of weapons and security
normalisation, although sectarianism and religious segregation still remain major
social problems, and sporadic violence has continued.[22]

Northern Ireland has historically been the most industrialised region of Ireland.
After declining as a result of the political and social turmoil of the Troubles,
[23] its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. The initial growth
came from the "peace dividend" and the links which increased trade with the
Republic of Ireland, continuing with a significant increase in tourism, investment
and business from around the world. Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at
17.2% in 1986, dropping to 6.1% for June�August 2014 and down by 1.2 percentage
points over the year,[24] similar to the UK figure of 6.2%.[25] 58.2% of those
unemployed had been unemployed for over a year.

Prominent artists and sportspeople from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison, Rory
McIlroy, Joey Dunlop, Wayne McCullough and George Best. Some people from Northern
Ireland prefer to identify as Irish (e.g., poet Seamus Heaney and actor Liam
Neeson) while others prefer to identify as British (e.g. actor Sir Kenneth
Branagh). Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the
rest of the UK are complex, with Northern Ireland sharing both the culture of
Ireland and the culture of the United Kingdom. In many sports, the island of
Ireland fields a single team, a notable exception being association football.
Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games, and people from
Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic
Games.

Contents
1 History
1.1 Partition of Ireland
1.2 Northern Ireland
1.2.1 The Troubles
1.2.2 Peace process
2 Politics
2.1 Background
2.2 Governance
2.3 Descriptions
2.4 Alternative names
2.4.1 Unionist
2.4.2 Nationalist
2.4.3 Other
3 Geography and climate
3.1 Counties
4 Economy
5 Transport
6 Demographics
6.1 Religion
6.2 Cities
6.3 Citizenship and identity
6.4 Languages
6.4.1 English
6.4.2 Irish
6.4.3 Ulster Scots
6.4.4 Sign languages
7 Culture
7.1 Symbols
8 Sport
8.1 Field sports
8.1.1 Association football
8.1.2 Rugby union
8.1.3 Cricket
8.1.4 Gaelic games
8.2 Golf
8.3 Snooker
8.4 Motor sports
8.5 Rugby league
8.6 Professional wrestling
9 Education
10 Wildlife
11 Media and communications
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links