Thinking Training Aims to Develop

Students’ High-order Thinking Skills

Analyse the Essence of Thinking Training from the View of Marzano

New Educational Objectives Taxonomy

Guoqing Zhao Qiong Wang Ningyi Xu

Beijing Normal University
School of Educational
Technology
Beijing,China
E-mail:guoqingzh@163.com
Beijing Normal University Beijing Normal University
School of Educational School of Educational
Technology Technology
Beijing,China Beijing,China
E-mail:bnuwangqiong@163.com E-mail:xnyMichelle@gmail.com

Abstract—In the beginning of the 21st Century, based on the Ў䅸䆚ᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘᴀ䋼ᦤߎњϔϾܼᮄⱘ㾚㾦ˈЎᗱ㓈䆁

disadvantages of Bloom’ educational objectives taxonomy, 㒗ᦤկњ⾥ᄺ⧚䆎ᬃᣕDŽ䆹⧚䆎ᇍ᥶おᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘⳂⱘǃ
Robert J. Marzano carried out a new one. The core of the new ‫ݙ‬ᆍǃᮍᓣҹঞᬜᵰ䆘Ӌ᳝䞡㽕ⱘᣛᇐᛣНDŽᴀ᭛ህ㒧ড়
taxonomy is thinking system, aiming to develop students’ s ᮄⳂᷛߚ㉏ᄺᇍᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘᴀ䋼䖯㸠њ䕗ܼ䴶ⱘࠪᵤˈг
high-order thinking skills. Based on the new taxonomy, this Ў䖯㸠ᗱ㓈䆁㒗⌏ࡼᦤߎњৃ᪡԰ᗻᛣ㾕੠ᓎ䆂DŽᑊ㒧ড়
thesis analysed the essence of thinking training deeply from the 㞾䑿ⱘᬭᄺᅲ䏉㒣偠ˈҹᖋम䇎ᗱ㓈䆁㒗䇒⿟Ў՟ˈ䇈ᯢ
four aspects:why do thinking training, what does it train, how to њᗱ㓈䆁㒗ᇍ෍‫ݏ‬ᄺд㗙催䰊ᗱ㓈㛑࡯ⱘ䞡㽕԰⫼DŽ
train and how to evaluate. Also, it analysed Edward de Bono’
II. 偀ᠢ䇎ᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺ
Thinking Training specifically as an example, pointing out that
thinking training is very important to develop students’ 㕢೑ᄺ㗙偀ᠢ䇎ᰃ࿕ᮃᒋ䕯Ꮂ໻ᄺࡃᬭᥜˈৠᯊгᰃ
high-order thinking abilities. ϔԡ䴲ᐌ㨫ৡⱘ䇒⿟ᬍ䴽ϧᆊˈ䖥ᑈᴹҪϔⳈ㟈࡯Ѣᇚᬭ
Keywords- new taxonomy of educational objectives; thinking ᄺ⧚䆎Ϣⷨお䕀࣪Ў᳝ᬜ䇒ූᅲ䏉DŽ೼Ҫ䭓ᳳⱘ⧚䆎ⷨお
trianing; essence ੠ᅲ䏉㒣偠ⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈ偀ᠢ䇎ⱘᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺᓎゟ೼
ᇍ᳝݇Ҏⱘᄺд㸠Ў῵ᓣⱘ䅸䆚ϞˈҢҎⱘ㸠Ў῵ᓣߎথ
I. ᓩ㿔 ᭈԧ㗗㰥ᄺдⱘᴎࠊˈϔᴵ䞡㾚ᄺд㗙ᗱ㓈㛑࡯੠㞾៥䇗
ᄺдᮍᓣ⬅ॳᴹⱘ㊒ࡴᎹᄺд῵ᓣ䕀বЎ䌃䗮ᄺд῵ 㡖㛑࡯ⱘЏ㒓䌃こ݊Ёˈ㾚㾦⣀⡍ǃࡵᅲ㊒‫ޚ‬DŽ䆹ߚ㉏ᄺ
ᓣˈᇍᄺд㗙ⱘ催㑻ᗱ㓈㛑࡯ᦤߎњ᳈催ⱘ㽕∖DŽ2010 ᑈ ⊼䞡෍‫ݏ‬ᄺд㗙ⱘᗱ㓈㛑࡯ˈヺড়ᯊҷⱘথሩ㽕∖ˈᓹ㸹
៥೑೑ᆊЁ䭓ᳳҎᠡথሩ㾘ߦ㒆㽕(2010-2020 ᑈ)Ёᯢ⹂ њᏗ剕ྚҹঞ݊ᅗᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺⱘϡ䎇DŽ
ᣛߎҎᠡ䯳ӡᓎ䆒ⱘӏࡵПϔህᰃさߎ෍‫ݏ‬䗴ህ߯ᮄൟ⾥
A. Ҏⱘᄺд㸠Ў῵ᓣ
ᡔҎᠡDŽ಴ℸ៥Ӏⱘᬭ㚆ᖙ乏ᬭᄺ⫳ᄺӮᄺдǃᄺӮᗱ㓈DŽ
偀ᠢ䇎ᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺᰃҹҎⱘᄺд㸠Ў῵ᓣЎ෎
ҹᬭᥜᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑ЎⳂᷛⱘᗱ㓈䆁㒗ˈᰃᦤ催ᄺ⫳ᄺд࡯੠
⸔ⱘDŽ೒ 1 ᰃ偀ᠢ䇎݇ѢҎⱘ㸠Ў῵ᓣ೒DŽ
ᗱ㓈࡯ⱘϔ⾡ᮍᓣDŽ✊㗠ˈ⬅ѢҎӀ೼䅸䆚Ϟᄬ೼䇃ऎˈ
Փᕫᗱ㓈䆁㒗䖬≵᳝ᓩ䍋໻ᆊⱘ䎇໳䞡㾚ˈᑊϨ೼ᅲᮑⱘ
䖛⿟Ё䖬᳝ϡড়⧚ⱘഄᮍˈ᳔㒜ᇐ㟈ᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘᬭᄺᬜᵰ
ϡ⧚ᛇDŽৃ୰ⱘᰃˈ㕢೑ᄺ㗙偀ᠢ䇎ⱘᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺ

978-1-4244-8165-1/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

7024
 ೒ 偀ᠢ䇎݇
ѢҎⱘ㸠Ў῵ᓣ೒
Ң䖭Ͼ೒ৃҹⳟߎᄺд㗙೼᥹ফϔϾᮄӏࡵᯊⱘᖗ⧚
⌏ࡼˈҹঞᄺ⫳᥹ফњᮄӏࡵҹৢˈབԩ໘⧚ֵᙃDŽ䖭䞠
᠔䇈ⱘĀᮄӏࡵāᰃᣛᬍবҎ೼ᶤϾ‫݋‬ԧᯊ䯈ℷ೼‫ⱘخ‬џ
ᚙⱘᶤϾᴎӮDŽ՟བˈϔϾᄺ⫳೼㣅䇁䇒ූϞℷ೼ᇍेᇚ
ࠄᴹⱘ਼᳿ᛇܹ䴲䴲ˈℸᯊᬭᏜℷ㽕䆆㾷ϔϾ䞡㽕ⱘ䯙䇏
ᡔᎻˈᑊᦤ䝦ᄺ⫳Ӏ䲚Ё⊼ᛣ࡯਀䆆DŽ䙷Мˈ᥹ϟᴹ䖭Ͼ
ᄺд㗙ⱘĀ㞾៥㋏㒳āህ㽕‫ߎخ‬ϔϾ‫އ‬ㄪˈेᰃ᥹ফ㗕Ꮬ
ⱘᦤ䝦ˈϧᖗ਀䆆ˈ䖬ᰃ㒻㓁䆒ᛇ਼᳿⌏ࡼ˗䖭Ͼ‫އ‬ㄪህ
ᰃĀᮄӏࡵāDŽབᵰᄺд㗙᥹ফњ䖭Ͼᮄӏࡵˈ
Ā‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏
㒳āᇚখϢ䆹ӏࡵⳌ݇ⱘⳂᷛ
䆒ᅮˈㄪ⬹䗝ᢽˈ䖛⿟ⲥ᥻ㄝ⌏ࡼ˗㗠Ā䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ā߭䋳
䋷ᅠ៤ᦤপǃ乚ӮǃߚᵤㄝⳌֵ݇ᙃ໘⧚⌏ࡼDŽ಴ℸˈ
Āᮄ
ӏࡵāⱘᅠ៤ᰃ㞾៥㋏㒳ǃ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ǃ䅸ⶹ㋏㒳੠ⶹ䆚
㋏㒳П䯈ⱘ݅ৠ԰⫼ⱘ㒧ᵰDŽ݊Ёⶹ䆚㋏㒳ᰃ෎⸔ˈ᠔᳝
⌏ࡼ䛑ᰃᓎゟ೼ᄺд㗙ॳ᳝ⶹ䆚ⱘ෎⸔Ϟ䖯㸠ⱘDŽ
B. 偀ᠢ䇎ᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺ
೼Ҏⱘ㸠Ў῵ᓣⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈ偀ᠢ䇎࣒ࢦњᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ
㉏ⱘѠ㓈Ḛᶊ˖䖭ϸϾ㓈ᑺߚ߿Ўⶹ䆚㋏㒳੠ᗱ㓈㋏㒳ˈ
བ೒ 2 ᠔⼎DŽ݊Ёⶹ䆚乚ඳᰃᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛⱘ෎⸔ˈ㗠ᗱ㓈乚
ඳᰃḌᖗDŽ೼ⶹ䆚㋏㒳䖭ϔϾ㓈ᑺЁজߚЎϝ⾡ϡৠⱘⶹ
䆚㉏ൟ˖ֵᙃ乚ඳⶹ䆚˄䰜䗄ᗻⶹ䆚˅ǃᖗᱎ䖛⿟乚ඳⶹ䆚
˄⿟ᑣᗻⶹ䆚˅੠ᖗ಴ᗻࡼ԰䖛⿟乚ඳⶹ䆚˄ण䇗᮹ᐌ⫳
⌏ⱘ䑿ԧ⌏ࡼ੠Ꮉ԰ϢစФЁҢџⱘ໡ᴖⱘ䑿ԧ⌏ࡼ˅DŽᗱ
㓈乚ඳгߚЎϝ໻ᗱ㓈㋏㒳˖㞾៥㋏㒳ˈ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳੠䅸
ⶹ㋏㒳DŽ಴ℸˈ偀ᠢ䇎ᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ⱘЏ㽕⡍⚍ᰃˈᇚ৘
⾡ϡৠⱘⶹ䆚㉏ൟϢᱎ࡯⌏ࡼऎߚᓔᴹˈᓎゟњϔϾѠ㓈
ⱘᬭ㚆ⳂᷛDŽ
7025
೒  偀ᠢ
䇎ᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺ
ᗱ㓈乚ඳᰃᮄߚ㉏ᄺⱘḌᖗˈгᰃߦߚᮄߚ㉏ᄺሖ⃵
㒧ᵘⱘձ᥂DŽ᠔ҹˈ䖭䞠䞡⚍ќҹҟ㒡DŽᗱ㓈乚ඳ⬅ϝ໻
ᗱ㓈㋏㒳㒘៤ˈձ⃵ᰃ䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ǃ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳੠㞾៥㋏㒳DŽ
ϝ໻㋏㒳ⱘሖ㑻ϡᮁᦤ催ˈᇍᱎ࡯ⱘ㽕∖гձ⃵ᦤ催DŽे
䖭ϝϾᗱ㓈㋏㒳ᰃᣝ✻ㄝ㑻䖯㸠ᥦ߫ⱘˈ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳↨䅸
ⶹ㋏㒳䳔㽕᳈໮ⱘᛣ䆚ᗱ㓈ˈ㗠㞾៥㋏㒳↨‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳䳔
㽕᳈໮ⱘᛣ䆚ᗱ㓈DŽ ˄1˅䅸ⶹ㋏㒳
䅸ⶹ㋏㒳Ёࣙ৿њᮄֵᙃẔ㋶ߚ㉏ᄺЁⱘࠡಯϾሖ⃵˖
ᦤপǃ⧚㾷ǃߚᵤ੠ⶹ䆚ᑨ⫼DŽ
˄2˅‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳
‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹᰃᇍ䅸ⶹⱘ䅸ⶹˈᰃᇍ᳝ᬜᅠ៤ӏࡵ᠔䳔ⱘᡔ
㛑ǃㄪ⬹ঞ݊ᴹ⑤ⱘ䅸䆚ˈ䖤⫼㞾៥᥻ࠊᴎࠊᴹ⹂ֱӏࡵ
㛑໳៤ࡳⱘᅠ៤ˈⶹ䘧ԩᯊǃབԩ‫خ‬ҔМˈ䳔㽕Џԧ೼䅸
ⶹ⌏ࡼⱘᭈϾ䖛⿟Ёϡᮁⱘ䖯㸠⿃ᵕǃ㞾㾝ⱘⲥ᥻੠䇗㡖DŽ
‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ᥻ࠊ䖛⿟ࣙᣀ˖Ⳃᷛ䆒ᅮˈ䖛⿟ⲥ᥻ˈⲥ᥻⏙᱄ᑺˈ
ⲥ᥻㊒⹂ᑺDŽ
˄3˅㞾៥㋏㒳
㞾៥㋏㒳ᅠܼҢ㞾䑿ⱘ㾖⚍ߎথˈձ䌪Ѣ㞾䑿ⱘᛳফ
‫߸ߎخ‬ᮁDŽᰃϔϾ⬅Ͼԧⱘᗕᑺǃֵᗉҹঞᚙᛳ㒘៤ⱘⳌ
Ѧ㘨㋏ⱘ㋏㒳ˈᅗᇚ‫އ‬ᅮᰃ৺ҢџᶤϾᮄӏࡵঞ݊ࡾ࡯⿟
ᑺDŽ㞾៥㋏㒳ࣙᣀಯϾᮍ䴶˖Ẕ偠䞡㽕ᗻˈẔ偠ᬜ㛑ˈẔ
偠ᚙᛳড᯴੠Ẕ偠ᘏԧࡼᴎDŽ
III. Ңᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺⳟᗱ㓈䆁㒗ᴀ䋼
偀ᠢ䇎ᰃϔԡⷨおᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑Ϣᬭ㚆ˈᑊ⊼䞡ᇚⷨお៤
ᵰҬ䇌ᅲ䰙ⱘ⧚䆎ᆊϢᅲ䏉ᆊDŽ೼Ҫⳟᴹˈᬭ㚆ⱘ䞡㽕Ⳃ
ᷛᰃᬍ୘ᄺ⫳ⱘᗱ㓈㛑࡯੠䅸ⶹ㛑࡯ˈথሩᄺ⫳ⱘ催ሖ⃵
ᗱ㓈㛑࡯DŽ೼ᮄߚ㉏ᄺЁҹⶹ䆚Ў෎⸔ⱘϝϾᗱ㓈㋏㒳ᰃ
ḍ᥂᥻ࠊϢ㹿᥻ࠊⱘ݇㋏ߦߚⱘˈヺড়Ҏⱘ‫ݙ‬䚼ᗱ㓈⌕⿟
乎ᑣDŽৠᯊˈҪ䖬ᇍ䖭ѯᗱ㓈ⱘ⌕⿟䖯㸠њ㒚࣪ˈЎ䆁㒗
ᄺ⫳ⱘᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑ᦤկњϔϾ⏙᱄ⱘ㒓䏃೒DŽৠᯊˈᮄᬭ㚆
Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺЎܼ䴶ࠪᵤᗱ㓈䆁㒗ᴀ䋼ᦤկњϔϾܼᮄⱘ⧚
䆎෎⸔੠⾥ᄺⱘ㾚㾦ˈᇍᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘᅲ䏉‫݋‬᳝䞡㽕ⱘᣛᇐ
԰⫼DŽৃҹᘏ㒧ЎĀ2W2Hā
˄WhyˈWhatˈHow to teach,How
to evaluate˅ˈेЎҔМ㽕䖯㸠ᗱ㓈䆁㒗ˈ䆁㒗ҔМˈབԩ
䆁㒗ˈ䆁㒗ⱘᬜᵰབԩ䆘ӋDŽϟ䴶ᇍ䖭ಯϾᮍ䴶ϔϔሩᓔ
ᴹߚᵤDŽ
A. ЎҔМ㽕䖯㸠䆁㒗ᗱ㓈˄Why˅
៥ӀҢᇣህᓔྟᗱ㓈⌏ࡼˈᓔྟᄺⴔ㾷‫އ‬৘⾡䯂乬DŽ
೼㾷‫އ‬䯂乬ⱘ䖛⿟Ёг೼ϡᮁⱘᄺдᗱ㓈ⱘᡔ㛑DŽԚ䖭ḋ
ⱘᄺдᕜ໮ᰃ᮴ᛣ䆚ⱘˈҎӀᕜᇥ‫ذ‬ϟᴹᗱ㗗݇Ѣᗱ㓈䖭
ӊџ˗ᕜᇥᗱ㗗བԩᠡ㛑ᦤ催ᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑ˈ᳈དⱘ㾷‫އ‬䯂乬DŽ
೼᮹ᐌ⫳⌏Ёᔶ៤ⱘᗱ㓈ᮍᓣ೼ᗱ㓈ⱘϝ໻㋏㒳Ϟ䛑᳝ϔ
ѯᯢᰒⱘᔅ⚍DŽ
೼ᗱ㓈ⱘ㞾៥㋏㒳ᮍ䴶˖
˄1˅ᗱ㓈Џࡼᗻ੠㞾㾝ᗻϡ
催ˈᆍᯧ⌙ᇱ䕘ℶˈ㔎У⏅ܹᗱ㗗ⱘ㛑࡯DŽҎӀᕜᆍᯧϡ
㞾㾝ⱘ୰⃶䙷ѯϡ䌍਍♄П࡯ⱘᗱ㓈䖛⿟ˈབⳈ㾝៪㗙ᛇ
䈵˗ؒ৥Ѣ⫼ᛃᐌⱘᗱ㓈ᮍᓣ㾷‫އ‬䯂乬ˈϡᜓᛣ໮ࡼ㛥ᄤˈ
ϡᜓᛣᡞ䯂乬ⱘ৘Ͼᮍ䴶ǃ৘Ͼሖ⃵ǃ৘Ͼℹ偸䛑ᛇ਼ᆚǃ
ᓘ⏙ἮDŽ˄2˅ᗱ㓈ᆍᯧফࠄⴐ߽ࠡⲞⱘᕅડDŽे㗗㰥䯂乬
ᯊϡ㛑Ңܼሔ੠䭓䖰ⱘ߽Ⲟⴔⴐˈ㗠ᆍᯧ㹿ⴐࠡⱘϔᯊП
ᖿ᠔਌ᓩDŽབ䈵ẟⱘ߱ᄺ㗙ᘏᰃᕜ⠅ৗᇍ᠟ⱘẟᄤˈᆍᯧ
㹿ϔϸϾẟᄤⱘᕫ༅䗋ᚥDŽ
೼ᗱ㓈ⱘ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ᮍ䴶˖ᗱ㓈ᅮ࢓ˈ㾷‫އ‬䯂乬ᯊᆍ
ᯧফࠄࠎ▔⠽ᴀ䑿ⱘᑆᡄDŽ՟བˈ៥Ӏϔ㠀䅸Ў⥿⩄㢅া
㛑⫼ᴹ㾖䌣ⱘˈ䖭ህᰃϔϾᅮ࢓DŽ᠔ҹˈϔᮺথ⦄⫼⎔㉝
ㄝ亳કᴤ᭭‫خ‬៤ⱘৃҹৗⱘ⥿⩄㢅ᯊˈህ㾝ᕫᕜϡৃᗱ䆂DŽ
ᔧ✊ˈᗱ㓈ᅮ࢓ᴀ䑿ᑊ≵᳝དണПߚˈ᳝ᯊᅗӮ䰏⹡䯂乬
ⱘ㾷‫ˈއ‬᳝ᯊ‫׭‬гӮ֗䖯䯂乬ⱘ㾷‫އ‬DŽ
೼ᗱ㓈ⱘ䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ᮍ䴶˖ᗱ㓈⌏ࡼফࠄ䆄ᖚᆍ䞣ⱘᕅ
ડˈ೼ৠϔᯊ䯈䞠া㛑ᛇᕜᇥ᭄䞣ⱘϰ㽓DŽ䴶ᇍ໡ᴖ䯂乬
ᯊˈ໻㛥ህᕜ䲒㚰ӏDŽ
B. ᗱ㓈䆁㒗䆁㒗ҔМ˄What˅
೼ϝ໻ᗱ㓈㋏㒳Ёˈ㞾៥㋏㒳੠‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ᇍᗱ㓈ક
䋼ⱘᕅડ᳔໻DŽ಴ℸ䖭ϸ໻㋏㒳гᰃᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘ䞡⚍DŽ
˄1˅䆁㒗ᗱ㓈ⱘ㞾៥㋏㒳
ᐂࡽᄺ⫳ᷥゟ㞾ֵᖗˈᦤ催㞾៥ᬜ㛑ᛳDŽϔϾҎⳌֵ
ϡⳌֵ㞾Ꮕⱘ㛑࡯ˈӮѻ⫳ᅠܼϡৠⱘ㒧ᵰDŽ㞾៥ᬜ㛑ᛳ
催ⱘҎᬶѢᛇ䈵ǃᬶѢᇱ䆩ǃ᳝↙࡯ᑊമֵ㞾Ꮕ㛑໳៤ࡳˈ
䖭ᰃϔϾҎ៤ࡳⱘ⑤ࡼ࡯DŽ
ᓩᇐᄺ⫳㞾៥㋏㒳৥⿃ᵕᮍ৥থሩDŽϔᮍ䴶ˈ೼䴶ᇍ
䯂乬ᯊˈᄺ⫳㛑໳⫼⧚ᗻⱘߚᵤᴹᐂࡽ㞾Ꮕ‫ߎخ‬䗝ᢽDŽҢ
ܼሔ੠䭓䖰ⱘ߽Ⲟߎথᗱ㗗䯂乬ˈϡ㽕㹿ⴐࠡⱘ᱖ᯊ߽Ⲟ
㩭㬑DŽབϡ㛑೒ϔᯊПᖿএ⃷䌣㞾Ꮕ୰⃶ⱘ䖲⦃⬏㗠ϡ䅸
ⳳ਀䇒DŽ঺໪ϔᮍ䴶ˈᄺ⫳䳔㽕⧚ᗻⱘ䴶ᇍҪҎⱘᖴਞ˄ᮍ
Ḝǃᦤ䆂ㄝ˅
ˈϡ㛑ϔॶᚙᜓⱘⳌֵ㞾Ꮕ୰⃶ⱘᛇ⊩˗㽕೼
ᅲ䰙ⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈᅶ㾖ⱘপ䭓㸹ⷁDŽ
ᐂࡽᄺд㗙এ෍‫ݏ‬ᗱ㗗ⱘ݈䍷DŽ᮴䆎‫خ‬ҔМџˈ݈䍷
ᘏᰃ᳔དⱘ㗕ᏜDŽ݈䍷ᦤ催њˈᗱ㗗ⱘ㞾㾝ᗻ੠⿃ᵕᗻ䛑
ӮⳌᑨᦤ催DŽ
˄2˅䆁㒗‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳
থሩᄺ⫳ⱘᛳⶹ㛑࡯ˈेথሩᗱ㓈ⱘᑓᑺ੠⏅ᑺˈՓ
ᄺ⫳㛑໳Ңϡৠⱘ㾦ᑺǃҹϡৠⱘᮍᓣᴹⳟᕙ䯂乬DŽ
䆁㒗ᄺ⫳ⱘ‫އ‬ㄪ㛑࡯ˈे䗝ᢽ᳔ՇᮍḜⱘ㛑࡯DŽᕜ໮
ᯊ‫׭‬៥ӀӮ䴶Ј໮䞡Ⳃᷛⱘ䗝ᢽǃ໮䞡ࠡ᱃ⱘ‫އ‬ㄪㄝDŽབ
ԩ䗝ᢽϔϾ᳔ৃ㛑៤ᵰᑊ㛑᳔໻䰤ᑺⱘ‫ޣ‬ᇥৃ㛑䗴៤ⱘᤳ
༅ⱘⳂᷛᰃϔϾ䴲ᐌ໡ᴖⱘ䯂乬DŽ䳔㽕ᇍ৘ϾᮍḜⱘ߽ᓞ
ᕫ༅䖯㸠ߚᵤǃ㓐ড়ˈҢ㗠ࡴҹᴗ㸵DŽ
෍‫ݏ‬ᄺ⫳ᗱ㓈ⱘ㞾៥ⲥ᥻㛑࡯੠䇗㡖㛑࡯ˈे೼ᗱ㓈䖛
⿟Ёˈᄺ⫳㛑໳᳝ᛣ䆚ⱘⲥ᥻㞾Ꮕⱘᗱ㓈䖛⿟ˈᑊ೼ᖙ㽕
ⱘᯊ‫׭‬䇗ᭈ㞾Ꮕⱘᗱ㓈ᮍ⊩DŽ
෍‫ݏ‬ᄺ⫳߯䗴ᗻᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑DŽ哧ࢅᄺ⫳ᗱ㗗੠ᛇ䈵ˈᬭ
㒭ᄺ⫳ϔѯ▔থ߯䗴ᗻᗱ㓈ⱘᗱ㓈Ꮉ‫݋‬DŽՓҪӀ㛑໳さ⸈
ᐌ㾘ᗱ㓈ˈϡ᢬ϔḐⱘ䖤⫼߯䗴ᗻⱘᮍ⊩ᴹᗱ㗗੠㾷‫އ‬䯂
乬DŽ
C. ᗢМ䖯㸠ᗱ㓈䆁㒗˄How˅
ҎӀ೼ᗱ㓈⌏ࡼЁᄺӮᗱ㓈DŽ಴ℸˈᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑ⱘ䆁㒗
੠ᦤ催ᔦḍ㒧ᑩ㽕೼ᗱ㓈⌏ࡼЁ䖯㸠ˈ䖭ᰃᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘϔ
Ͼ෎ᴀॳ߭DŽৠᯊˈা㽕᳝ᗱ㓈⌏ࡼⱘᯊ‫׭‬ህৃҹ䖯㸠ᗱ
㓈䆁㒗DŽᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘᮍᓣЏ㽕ⱘ᳝ϸ໻㉏˖Ⳉ᥹䆁㒗ᗱ㓈
ᡔ㛑੠೼ᄺ⾥ᬭᄺЁ䆁㒗ᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑DŽ៥Ӏ䖭䞠䇜ⱘᰃⳈ᥹
䆁㒗ᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑DŽ
˄1˅ҹᄺ⫳݇ᖗⱘ䯂乬Ў偅ࡼ䖯㸠ᗱ㓈䆁㒗
೼ᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈϡ㛑Ңᗱ㓈Ꮉ‫݋‬ᴀ䑿ᴹᇏᡒ䯂
乬ˈ㗠㽕Ң⦄ᅲⱘ䯂乬ᚙ๗Ёএᇏᡒৃҹᐂࡽ㾷‫އ‬䯂乬ⱘ
Ꮉ‫݋‬DŽৠᯊˈ䯂乬ᖙ乏ᰃ㽕ᄺ⫳䴲ᐌ❳ᙝⱘǃ݇ᖗⱘǃᛳ
݈䍷ⱘџᚙDŽᇚᗱ㓈Ꮉ‫ⱘ݋‬䆁㒗㵡ড়೼ᄺ⫳䳔㽕㾷‫ⱘއ‬䯂
乬ᔧЁˈҹ䯂乬䅼䆎ǃ䯂乬㾷‫އ‬Ў偅ࡼˈ䖒ࠄ㒗дᗱ㓈Ꮉ
‫ᦤˈ݋‬催ᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑ⱘⳂⱘDŽ
˄2˅ᇍϝ໻ᗱ㓈㋏㒳ⱘ৘㽕㋴ߚ߿䖯㸠䆁㒗
ҎӀᑇᯊᗱ㓈ϔϾᰒ㨫ϡ䎇ህᰃᗱ㓈⏋хDŽ಴ℸˈᗱ
㓈䆁㒗ৠḋϡ㛑ߎ⦄⏋хˈ
Āⳝ↯㚵ᄤϔᡞᡧāᰃϡߛᅲ䰙
ⱘDŽᇍ㞾៥㋏㒳ǃ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳੠䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ҹঞ৘㋏㒳‫ݙ‬䚼
ⱘ㒘៤䚼ߚ䛑㽕ߚ߿ᴹ䖯㸠ᗱ㓈䆁㒗DŽ䖭ϝ໻㋏㒳ᰃⳌѦ

7026
㘨㋏ǃⳌѦᕅડⱘˈ݊ЁϔϾᗱ㓈㋏㒳㛑࡯ⱘথሩӮᕅડ ϡৠⱘᎹ‫݋‬㒘ড়೼ϔ䍋Փ⫼DŽབ‫އخ‬ㄪᯊˈ᠔⍝ঞⱘᎹ‫݋‬
݊Ҫ㋏㒳ˈ֗䖯ᗱ㓈㛑࡯ᭈԧⱘᦤ催DŽ ৃ㛑᳝ CAF˄㗗㰥᠔᳝಴㋴˅
ǃAGO˄Ⳃᷛ˅
ǃFIP˄Ӭ‫ܜ‬㗗
㰥ⱘ಴㋴˅
ǃC&S˄㒧ᵰ˅
ǃAPC˄݊ᅗⱘৃ㛑ᗻ˅ᔧ✊䖬᳝
D. ᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘᬜᵰབԩ䆘Ӌ˄How˅
DŽ
PMI˄᳝߽಴㋴ǃϡ߽಴㋴ǃ݈䍷⚍˅
佪‫݇ˈܜ‬Ѣ䆘Ӌ‫ݙ‬ᆍˈϝ໻ᗱ㓈㋏㒳䛑㽕䖯㸠䆘ӋDŽ
ϡ㛑ऩ㒃䆘Ӌᗱ㓈ⱘᶤϔϾᮍ䴶DŽ৺߭ˈᇍᗱ㓈ⱘ䆘Ӌ㒧 C. ᷃ᇨ⡍Ϣᗱ㓈㋏㒳ⱘ݇㋏
ᵰᖙ✊ᰃϡܼ䴶ⱘDŽ ˄1˅᷃ᇨ⡍Ϣ㞾៥㋏㒳
݊⃵ˈᇍѢ䆘Ӌ᠟↉DŽ䆘Ӌ᠟↉㽕䙓‫ܡ‬ऩϔˈ㽕ԧ⦄ ೼ᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺЁˈ㞾៥㋏㒳ࣙᣀಯϾᮍ䴶˖Ẕ
䆘Ӌᮍ⊩ⱘ໮ḋᗻ੠䗖ᅰᗻDŽᄺ⫳ⱘ㞾៥ᛳফǃখϢ⌏ࡼ 偠䞡㽕ᗻˈẔ偠ᬜ㛑ˈẔ偠ᚙᛳ੠Ẕ偠ᘏԧࡼᴎDŽ
ⱘᚙ‫މ‬ǃᆊ䭓ⱘড作ᛣ㾕ǃᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑⌟䞣ⱘ㒧ᵰㄝㄝ䛑ৃ Ẕ偠䞡㽕ᗻⱘ㞾៥㋏㒳䖛⿟Ёˈৃҹ䖤⫼ PMI ੠ CAF
ҹ԰Ў䆘Ӌⱘձ᥂DŽ Ꮉ‫݋‬এ䆘Ԅᔧࠡৃ䗝ᢽⱘӏࡵ˗ᇍ䗝ᢽདⱘӏࡵ䖤⫼ C&S
‫݇ˈ⃵ݡ‬Ѣ䆘Ӌⱘᅲᮑ㗙ˈϡҙҙሔ䰤ѢᬭᏜˈ䖬᳝ Ꮉ‫݋‬এ乘⌟Ң䆹ӏࡵЁৃ㛑䖯ℹㄝDŽ
ᄺ⫳㞾Ꮕǃᇣ㒘݊Ҫ៤ਬǃᆊ䭓ㄝㄝ䛑ৃҹ԰Ў䆘Ӌ㗙DŽ Ẕ偠ᬜ㛑ᰃᇍᅠ៤ӏࡵৃ㛑ᗻ໻ᇣⱘϔ⾡Џ㾖߸ᮁDŽ
᳔ৢˈԩᯊ䖯㸠䆘ӋгᰃϔϾᕜ䞡㽕ⱘ䯂乬DŽ೼ᯊ䯈 PMI ੠ CAF Ꮉ‫ৃ݋‬ҹᐂࡽᄺд㗙ᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ⦄᳝㛑࡯ǃ䌘⑤
Ϟˈ䳔㽕‫خ‬䭓ᳳⱘ䎳䏾⌟䞣DŽᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑ⱘᦤ催ˈᇸ݊ᰃ㞾 ‫خ‬ϔϾᅶ㾖ⱘ䆘Ӌ;AGO ੠ FIP Ꮉ‫⫼݋‬Ѣ⹂ᅮᕅડᅠ៤ӏࡵ
៥㋏㒳ⱘথሩϡᰃϔ䑈㗠ህⱘˈᅗᰃϔϾᕾᑣ⏤䖯ⱘ䖛⿟ˈ ᳔݇䬂ⱘ಴㋴DŽ
䳔㽕䭓ᯊ䯈ഄ໮⃵ഄ䎳䏾⌟䞣DŽ ᘏПˈᇚ䖭ѯᎹ‫݋‬㒘ড়䖤⫼ࠄ㞾៥㋏㒳ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈৃ
ҹᇚ⊼ᛣ࡯ߚ߿㘮⛺ࠄ৘Ͼ㾦ᑺDŽՓᄺд㗙ᇍ㞾៥ҹঞᇍ
IV. ᖋ⊶䇎ᗱ㓈䆁㒗ঞ݊ᴀ䋼ߚᵤ
㞾៥᠔খϢⱘӏࡵ᳝ϔϾ⾥ᄺⱘ䅸䆚ˈՓ݊㞾៥㋏㒳৥⿃
ᴀҎᇍᖋ⊶䇎ᗱ㓈䆁㒗ԧ㋏䖯㸠њ䕗໮ⱘ⧚䆎ᄺд੠ ᵕᮍ৥থሩDŽ
ᬭᄺᅲ䏉DŽҢᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺⱘ㾚㾦ⳟˈ䆹ᗱ㓈䆁㒗ԧ ˄2˅᷃ᇨ⡍Ϣ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳
㋏ᮼ೼ᦤ催ᄺ⫳ⱘ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳੠㞾៥㋏㒳ⱘ㛑࡯DŽ ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ⱘಯϾ෎ᴀ䖛⿟˄Ⳃᷛ䆒ᅮˈ䖛⿟ⲥ᥻ˈ
A. ᖋम䇎ᗱ㓈䆁㒗䇒⿟ ⲥ᥻⏙᱄ᑺ੠ⲥ᥻㊒⹂ᑺ˅䛑ৃҹ㒘ড়䖤⫼᷃ᇨ⡍˄ϔ˅
ⱘᎹ‫݋‬ᴹ㾷‫އ‬DŽ៥Ӏৃҹᇍ݊䖯㸠ϔ㠀ᚙ‫ߚⱘމ‬ᵤˈབ೒
ᖋम䇎ᗱ㓈䆁㒗䇒⿟ᰃ⠅ᖋढ·ᖋ·म䇎(Edward de
3 ᠔⼎DŽ೼Ⳃᷛ䆒ᅮᯊˈ䳔㽕㗗㰥᠔᳝಴㋴˄CAF˅ˈ㗗㰥
Bono)ⱘⷨお៤ᵰDŽᰃĀ݁乊ᗱ㗗ᐑā
ǃĀ∈ᑇᗱ㗗⊩āǃ
ĀDATTāǃ
Ⳃᷛ˄AGO˅
ˈ⹂ᅮӬ‫ܜ‬㗗㰥ⱘ᳔䞡㽕಴㋴(FIP)ˈ䖯㸠乘⌟
Ā᷃ᇨ⡍ᬭ㚆ᗱ㓈āⱘ߯ྟҎDŽ݊ЁҹĀ᷃ᇨ⡍ᗱ㓈ᬭ⿟ā
ߚᵤ˄PMI˅;㗠䖛⿟ⲥ᥻ᯊˈ䳔㽕䰊↉ᗻⱘ䖯㸠ডᗱˈᯢ
੠Ā݁乊ᗱ㗗ᐑā೼ᬭ㚆乚ඳᑨ⫼᳔໮DŽ
⹂Ⳃᷛ˄AGO˅
ˈᰃ৺䳔㽕ᬍবϔϟㄪ⬹˄APC˅
ˈᑊ䖯㸠乘
B. ᷃ᇨ⡍ㅔҟ ⌟ߚᵤ˄PMI˅˗ⲥ᥻⏙᱄ᑺᯊˈ㽕ϡᮁ䆶䯂㞾Ꮕ⢊ᗕབԩˈ
೼ᖋम䇎ᗱ㓈䆁㒗䇒⿟ˈ᷃ᇨ⡍ᗱ㓈ᬭ⿟ᰃϧ䮼Ўᬭ 㗗㰥৘ᮍ䴶ⱘ಴㋴˄CAF˅ˈߚᵤৃ㛑ⱘ㒧ᵰ˄C&S˅
˗ⲥ᥻
㚆乚ඳᓔথⱘᗱ㓈䆁㒗ᬭ⿟DŽ䆹䇒⿟ᓎゟ೼ᅲ䏉㒣偠ⱘ෎ ㊒⹂ᑺˈ⹂ֱֵᙃⱘ‫⹂ޚ‬ᗻ˄CAF˅ˈᇚ‫ݙ‬ᆍ⹂ᅮ೼᳔䞡㽕
⸔Ϟˈ݊ᮍ⊩੠ॳ߭ᰃᇚᗱ㓈ⱘ৘Ͼջ䴶‫݋‬ԧ࣪Ўϔѯ⏙ ᳔⹂ᅮⱘⶹ䆚Ϟ(FIP)
᱄ⱘᗱ㓈Ꮉ‫݋‬DŽ⎉Ⲫњᢧሩǃ㒘㒛ǃѸѦǃ߯䗴࡯ǃֵᙃ
Ϣᛳ㾝੠㸠ࡼㄝ݁Ͼᮍ䴶ˈܼᬭ⿟݅ 60 ϾᎹ‫݋‬DŽϟ䴶ㅔऩ
ҟ㒡ऩ‫ܗ‬ϔЁ݁Ͼᐌ⫼ⱘᗱ㓈Ꮉ‫݋‬
¾ PMI˖᳝߽಴㋴ǃϡ߽಴㋴ǃ݈䍷⚍
¾ CAF˖㗗㰥᠔᳝಴㋴
¾ AGO˖Ⳃᷛ
¾ FIP˖Ӭ‫ܜ‬㗗㰥ⱘ಴㋴
¾ C&S˖㒧ᵰ˄ߚᯊ䯈↉ᴹ乘⌟ৃ㛑ⱘ㒧ᵰ˅
¾ APC˖݊ᅗⱘৃ㛑ᗻ
೼ᗱ㗗ᅲ䰙䯂乬ⱘᯊ‫ৃ׭‬ҹऩ⣀Փ⫼݊ЁⱘᶤϔϾᎹ
‫ˈ݋‬Ԛ᳈໮ⱘᯊ‫׭‬ᇸ݊ᰃ䴶ᇍ໡ᴖ䯂乬ᯊˈᄺд㗙䳔㽕ᇚ

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 [3]Robert J.Marzano,John S.Kendall.The New Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives:Second Edition.Thousand Oaks,CA:Corwin Press,2007
[4]Liqun Sheng, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives in 21th
century.CA:Zhejiang Education Press,2008(In Chinese)
[5]Edward de Bono,More Than Knowledge.CA:Enterprise Management
Press.2004(In Chinese)
[6]Edward de Bono,Six Thinking Hats. CA :Shanxi People Press ,March
2008(In Chinese)

೒ ᷃ᇨ⡍˄ϔ˅Ϣ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ⱘ݇㋏

䖭ḋ㛑໳䙓‫ܡ‬ᗱ㓈⏋хˈᦤ催ᗱ㗗ⱘᬜ⥛੠ᬜ࡯DŽᔧ
✊䖭㽕∖ᄺд㗙೼ᄺдᗱ㓈Ꮉ‫݋‬䰊↉ϡᮁⱘ㒗дˈ䇭❳৘
Ͼᗱ㗗Ꮉ‫ˈ݋‬Փ䖭ѯᗱ㓈ᡔᎻ៤Ў㞾䑿ᗱ㓈ⱘϔ䚼ߚˈᔶ
៤㡃དⱘᗱ㓈дᛃDŽ䖭⾡ᗱ㓈ᡔ㛑䆁㒗ⱘⳂⱘ೼Ѣᐂࡽᄺ
д㗙䖯㸠‫އ‬ㄪ੠䅵ߦˈᑊⲥ᥻⌏ࡼ䖛⿟ˈϡᮁⱘ‫ߎخ‬䇗ᭈˈ
থሩᄺд㗙ⱘ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ᗱ㓈㛑࡯DŽ

V. 㒧䇁
ᗱ㓈乚ඳᰃ偀ᠢ䇎ᮄᬭ㚆Ⳃᷛߚ㉏ᄺⱘḌᖗDŽ㗠ᗱ㓈
乚ඳⱘϝ໻ᗱ㓈㋏㒳ЁҢ䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ǃ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳ࠄ㞾៥㋏
㒳ˈᇍᱎ࡯ⱘ㽕∖ձ⃵ᦤ催DŽᄺ⾥ᬭᄺ㱑✊㛑Փᄺ⫳ⱘ䅸
ⶹ㋏㒳ϡᮁᕫࠄᔎ࣪੠ᦤ催ˈԚ㒭ќ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳੠㞾៥㋏
㒳থሩⱘᴎӮैⳌᇍ䕗ᇥDŽ䗮䖛ᇍᗱ㓈䆁㒗ⱘⷨおথ⦄ˈ
݊ᴀ䋼ᰃЎњথሩᄺ⫳ⱘ‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳੠㞾៥㋏㒳㛑࡯ˈ෍
‫ݏ‬ᄺ⫳ⱘ催ሖ⃵ᗱ㓈㛑࡯DŽ݊Ёˈᖋम䇎ᗱ㓈Ꮉ‫݋‬ህᰃϔ
Ͼᕜདⱘ՟䆕DŽ᠔ҹˈ䴶ᇍᗱ㓈䆁㒗ˈ៥Ӏ㽕‫ⱘخ‬ϡᰃএ
䋼⭥䆹ϡ䆹‫ˈخ‬㗠ᰃᑨ䆹ᗱ㗗བԩᡞᗱ㓈䆁㒗‫خ‬དˈབԩ
ᡞᅗ೼থሩᄺ⫳‫ܗ‬䅸ⶹ㋏㒳੠㞾៥㋏㒳㛑࡯ⱘᬜ࡯থ᣹ഄ
⎟ⓧሑ㟈DŽ

㟈䇶

ᴀⷨおফࠄ 2009 ᑈᑺܼ೑ᬭ㚆⾥ᄺ㾘ߦᬭ㚆䚼䴦

ᑈ෎䞥䇒乬“ⶹ䆚ৃ㾚࣪೼Ёᄺ⫳䯂乬㾷‫އ‬㛑࡯෍‫ݏ‬Ё
ⱘᑨ⫼ⷨお”˄乍Ⳃ㓪ো˖ECA090443˅ⱘ䌘ࡽDŽ

REFERENCES
[1]Zhifang Shao,Thinking Psychology.CA: East China Normal University
Press, pp.184–198.June 2007 (In Chinese)
[2]Jiahou Li, Generality of The New Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives.CA:Shanghai Education Press,pp.1–34.April 2010(In Chinese)

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