JEYA MALIK

 If h(x) = g(f(x)), then h'(x) = g'(f(x))f'(x).

 The Chain Rule deals with the idea of
composition functions and it is helpful to think
about an outside and an inside function when
using The Chain Rule.
 In other words: The derivative when using the
Chain Rule is the derivative of the outside
leaving the inside unchanged times the
derivative of the inside.
 If f is differentiable at the point u=g(x), and g
is differentiable at x, then the composite
function (fog)(x)=f{g(x)} is differentiable at x,
and
(fog)'(x)=f'{g(x)}.g'(x)
In Leibniz notation, if y=f(u) and u=g(x),then

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

 Where dy/du evaluated at u=g(x).

 We know how to differentiate sinx and x² - 4,
but how do we differentiate a composite like
sin (x² - 4)?
 The answer is the Chain Rule.
 TheChain Rule is probably the most widely
used differentiation rule in mathematics.
 Iff and g are differentiable function, then its
composition function fog, and
d
[ f og( x)]  [ f '{g ( x)}]g '
dx

 Let y=F(x) =fog(x) = f{g(x)}

 If u =g(x)
 y = F(x) = f(u)
 ∆y= F(x+∆x)-f(x)
 ∆y=f{g(x+∆x)}-f{g(x)}----------(1)
 ∆u=g(x+∆x)-g(x)
 ∆u+g(x)=g(x+∆x) This value we put in eq 1
 ∆y=f{∆u+g(x)}-f{g(x)}
 ∆y=f(∆u+u)-f(u)
 Dividing both sides by ∆x
 y f ( u  u )  f (u )

x x

 Divide and multiply both sides by ∆u, we get

y f (u  u )  f (u ) u
 
x u x
 Applying limits ∆x—>0 & ∆u—>0
y f ( u  u )  f (u ) u
lim  lim  lim
x o x u 0 u x 0 x

 Putting the value of ∆u , we get

y f (u  u )  f (u ) g ( x  x)  g ( x)
lim  lim  lim
x 0 x u o u x 0 x
dy
 f ' (u ) g ' ( x)
dx
 Putting value of u we get
dy
 f '{g ( x)}g ' ( x) proved
dx
1) f ( x)  (3x  5x2 )7

du
u  3x  5 x 2   3  10 x
dx
dy
yu  7
 7u 6
du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
dy
 7u 6  (3  10 x)
dx
dy
 7(3x  2 x 2 )6 (3  10 x)
dx
 An object moves along the x-axis so that its
position at any time t ≥ 0 is given by x(t) =
cos(t²+1). Find the velocity of the object as a
function of t.
 x= cos(u) and u= t² + 1
dx du
  sin(u )  2t
du dt

dx

dx du
   sin(u )  2t
dt du dt

  sin(t 2  1)  2t

 2t sin(t  1)
2
d d
(sin  )  (sin )  f {g ( x)} g ( x)
3 3

dx dx

d 2 d
 sin    3 sin  
3
 sin  
dx dx

 3sin  cos
2
4) f ( x)  sin(2 x)

du
u  2x  2
dx
dy
y  sin(u )   cos(u )
du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
dy
 2cos(u)  2cos(2 x)
dx
5) f ( x)  tan( x2  1)

du
u  x2  1   2x
dx
dy
y  tan(u )   sec 2 (u )
du

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
dy
 sec2 (u)(2 x)  2 x sec2 ( x 2  1)
dx
 2
ye x

u  x2  y  eu
du dy 2
dx
 2x e e
u x
du

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

dy 2
  2 xe x
dx
Find dy/dx x  y  ( x 2  y 2 )2
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x,
treating y as a function of x. This requires the chain rule.
dy dy
1  2( x 2  y 2 )(2 x  2 y )
dx dx

dy dy dy
1  4 x3  4 x 2 y  4 xy 2  4 y 3
dx dx dx
2. Collect terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
dy dy dy
 4 x2 y  4 y3  1  4 x3  4 xy 2
dx dx dx
dy
3. Factor dy/dx (1  4 x 2 y  4 y 3 )  1  4 x3  4 xy 2
dx
dy 1  4 x 3  4 xy 2
4. Solve for dy/dx 
dx 1  4 x 2 y  4 y 3
Find dy/dx y 2  x 2  sin( xy)
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x,
treating y as a function of x. This requires the chain rule.

dy  dy 
2y  2 x  cos( xy )  x  y (1) 
dx  dx 
2. Collect terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
dy dy
2 y  2 x  cos( xy)( x )  cos( xy) y
dx dx
dy dy
2y  cos( xy)( x )  2 x  cos( xy) y
dx dx
dy
3. Factor dy/dx (2 y  x cos( xy))  2 x  y cos( xy)
dx
dy 2 x  y cos( xy )
4. Solve for dy/dx 
dx 2 y  x cos( xy )
 1
y  3 x  4  (3 x  4) 2
1
u  3x  4  y  u2
du dy 1  12 1 1
3  u  ( 3 x  4) 2
dx du 2 2

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

dy 3 1
  ( 3 x  4) 2
dx 2
 Here the outside function is the natural
logarithm and the inside function is stuff on
the inside of the logarithm
 A very helpful technique is to recognize that a function
that we are trying to integrate is of a form given by the
differentiation of a composite function. This is sometimes
called integration by recognition.
 Let y = (f ( x ))n+1
dy
 By the chain rule = ( n +1)( f ( x ))n f '( x )
dx


n n+1
 So, ( n +1)( f ( x )) f '( x ) dx = ( f ( x )) +c

 Its follows that for n≠1

1

n n+1
( f ( x )) f '( x ) dx = ( f ( x )) +c
( n +1)
 In general, you can integrate any linear function
raised to a power using the formula:
n 1
   n+1
( ax b ) dx = ( ax b ) +c
a( n +1)
Integrals of this type can be written down directly. For example
1
 ( x  5) dx = ( x  5)9 + c
8
9

1

2 3
(4 x + 7) dx = (4 x + 7) +c
12
5 1
 10
   (3 2 x ) +c
9 10
5(3 2 x ) dx = (3 2 x ) + c =
20 4
Let’s look at some more integrals of functions of the
form k(f(x))n f ’(x).

Integrate y = x(3x2 + 4)3 with respect to x.

Notice that the derivative of 3x2 + 4 is 6x.

Now consider the derivative of y = (3x2 + 4)4.

dy
Using the chain rule: = 4(3 x 2 + 4)3 × 6 x = 24x(3x2 + 4)3
dx


2 3 2 4
So 24 x(3 x + 4) dx = (3 x + 4) +c

1
  x(3 x + 4) dx =
2 3
(3 x 2 + 4)4 + c
24
Find
  . 2 dx
2 3
7 x (2 x 9)

Notice that the derivative of 2x3 – 9 is 6x2.

Now consider the derivative of y = (2x3 – 9)3.

dy
Using the chain rule: = 3(2 x 3  9)2 × 6 x 2 = 18x2(2x3 – 9)2
dx

  
2 3 2 3 3
So 18 x (2 x 9) dx = (2 x 9) +c

1
   (2 x 3  9)3 + c
2 3 2
x (2 x 9) dx =
18

7
  7 x 2 (2 x 3  9)2 dx = (2 x 3  9)3 + c
18
 6 .
Find
 e3 x dx
6
 e3 x  dx
3 x
dx = 6 e

6 3 x
= e +c
3
3 x
= 2e +c
2
=  3x + c
e
 When we applied the chain rule to functions of the
form ln f(x) we obtained the following
generalization:
dy f '( x )
If y = ln f ( x ) then =
dx f ( x )
We can reverse this to integrate functions of the form kf '( x )
For example:
f ( x)
1 1 5
 5 x + 4 dx = 
5 5x + 4
dx Remove a factor of
to write the function
in the form .
1
= ln 5 x + 4 + c
5
 sin x
We can find the integral of tan x by writing it as and
cos x
recognizing that this fraction is of the form f '( x ).
f ( x)

sin x
 tan x dx =  cos x dx
=  ln cos x + c
 When we applied the chain rule to functions of the form
sin f(x) and cos f(x) we obtained the following
generalizations:
dy
If y = sin f ( x ) then = f '( x )cos f ( x )
dx
dy
If y = cos f ( x ) then = f '( x )sin f ( x )
dx
We can reverse these to integrate functions of the form
f ’(x) cos f(x) and f ’(x) sin f(x). For example:

 3cos3 x dx = sin3 x + c
  2 2
2 x sin x dx = cos x +c