 History of Pump

Mesopotamians

 The ancient empire of Mesopotamia is accredited with several

modern-day inventions. The Mesopotamians were indeed an
intelligent lot and had plenty of scientific thinking. Agriculture,
writing, wine, the wheel, and domestication of animals are just a
few of the things that this civilization introduced to the world.
 The ancient civilization of Mesopotamia lived in the regions of
modern-day Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Syria. Though their invention
wasn’t a pump by today’s definition, it’s worth mentioning here.
 They used a wooden lever that was placed adjacent to a water
bank. On one end of the lever was a bucket and to the opposite
end was attached a counterweight. When the lever was pushed
down, the bucket filled with water and the counterweight
bounced back the lever, bringing the bucket up. This was then
emptied into a trough.
Egyptians

 The first pump invented by mankind was the Shadoof. And, the
Egyptians are the ones who are credited for this invention,
millennia back in 2000 BC. The Shadoof is a bucket that was tied to
a rod or a rope and was used to raise water from deep wells.

Greeks

 The next big advances to pumps came during the era of the Greek
civilization. Between the third and first centuries BC, the Greeks
were at the zenith of their civilization and significant advances were
made in science, technology, warfare and arts.
 It was during this period in history, that Archimedes came up with
one of the best inventions of all mankind – the screw pump. It’s a
simple but ingenious invention that is still seen today in various
parts of the world. Rural areas that don’t have electricity use the
screw pumps to raise water for irrigation.
 Archimedes screw pump

Few Modern Day Pumps

 Gear Pump – In the year 1593, a Frenchman named Nicolas Grollier

de Serviere charted the early designs for a gear pump. Later in 1636, a
German engineer named Pappenheim invented the double, deep-
toothed rotary gear pump, that is still used for lubricating engines
even today.
 Centrifugal Pump – This is one of the most common types of pumps
used today and it was invented in the 17th century by Denis Papin, a
French inventor. He used straight vanes for drainage. The centrifugal
pump is a motor driven pump that pulls water by creating a suction
force.

• Savery Pump – In the year, 1698, an inventor Thomas Avery created a

pump that used steam for operation. The steam generated a vacuum
which in turn pulled up water.
 Steam Powered Pump - Thomas Newcomen was an English inventor
who created the first practical steam engine in 1712, the Newcomen
Atmospheric Engine.
 Newcomen's great achievement was his steam engine, developed
around 1712; combining the ideas of Thomas Savery and Denis Papin,
he created a steam engine for the purpose of lifting water out of a tin
mine.

 Axial Flow Pump (Denis Papin) -Axial Flow Pump – Since the 1940s,
axial pumps are a constant presence in water services. Apart from this
application, the axial flow pump is also used extensively in the
industrial and commercial sectors
 Jet Pump – This is similar to the centrifugal pump but is mainly used to
raise water up from deep wells.

 Electromagnetic Pumps (Oliver Owen Pulley) - This is mainly used in

advanced applications like nuclear reactors. This is because
electromagnetic pumps can handle very high temperatures. Hence, it’s
ideal for applications that move
liquid metals and other electrically
conducive liquids. It uses an
electromagnetic force to displace
the liquids.
 Air Pump (Otto von Guericke) - An air pump is a pump for pushing air.
Examples include a bicycle pump, pumps that are used to aerate
an aquarium or a pond via an airstone ; a gas compressor . All air
pumps contain a part that moves (vane, piston, impeller, diaphragm
etc.) which drives the flow of air. When the air gets moved, an area of
low pressure gets created which fills up with more air.

 Slurry Pump (Charles Warman) - A slurry pump is a type of pump

designed for pumping liquid containing solid particles. Slurry pumps
changes in design and construction to adjust to multiple type of slurry
which varies in concentration of solids, size of solids, weight of solids,
shape of solids and chemistry
Pump

A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or

slurries. It increases the mechanical energy of the fluid. The additional
energy can be used to increase -

 Velocity (flow rate)

 Pressure

 Elevation

Pump Classification

Positive Displacement Pump

Positive Displacement pumps apply pressure directly to the liquid by a

reciprocating piston, or by rotating members.
 Uses:

1. Can handle shear sensitive liquid.

2. Use for high pressure application

3. Use for variable viscosity applications.

Types-

 Reciprocating pump

 Rotary pump

Reciprocating Pump

In Reciprocating pumps, the chamber is a stationary cylinder that contains a

piston or plunger.

Types of Reciprocating Pump

Piston Pump Plunger Pump

 Diaphragm Pump

Rotary Pump

In Rotary pumps, the chamber moves from inlet to discharge and back to
the inlet. A wide variety of rotary pumps are available like

Gear pumps, lobe pumps, screw pumps, cam pumps, vane pumps.

 Most popular: gear pumps

 Relatively constant output

Types of Rotary Pump

 Single Rotor

 Multiple Rotor

Gear Pump
 Screw Pump

Lobe Pump

Centrifugal Pumps

This pump generates high rotational velocities. Then, it converts the

resulting kinetic energy of the liquid to pressure energy.

2 parts: It contains impeller and casing.

 Use:

1. Centrifugal pumps are generally used where high flow rates and
moderate head increases are required.

2. Can handle fluids containing suspended solids

Centrifugal Pumps

How do they work?

• Liquid forced into impeller

• Vanes pass kinetic energy to liquid : liquid rotates and leaves

impeller

• Volute casing converts kinetic energy into pressure energy

 Centrifugal Pump

Pump Head

Head: The term head is used to measure the kinetic energy created by
the pump

Different Types of Pump Head

 Total Static Head - Total head when the pump is not running

 Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) - Total head when the
pump is running

 Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the
head is higher than the pump impeller

 Static Suction Lift - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the
head is lower than the pump impeller
  Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with the
pump off

 Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side of pump with pump

on

 Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side

of pump with pump on

Pump Head

Suction Head

 Pumps do not SUCK.

 It is not possible to PULL afluid

 A pump simply lowers the pressure at its inletand

 the fluid is pushedin

Net Positive Suction Head

The pump has a NPSH requirement in order to prevent cavitation damage

occurring and causing severe damage.

The NPSH increases with flow due to pump internal losses - friction, impeller
losses etc.
The requirement is that:

NPSHA > NPSH

Otherwise (if NPSHA <NPSH pump) the pressure at the pump inlet will drop to
that of the vapor pressure of the fluid being moved and the fluid will boil.

The resulting gas bubbles will collapse inside the pump as the pressure rises
again. These implosions occur at the impeller and can lead to pump damage
and decreased efficiency.