DR.

DY PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

1.HIGH RISE STRUCTURES

2.EARTHQUAKE RESISANT STRUCTURES

Shiraz Vir Singh.

15106
HIGH-RISE STRUCTURES

Definition
Various bodies have defined "high-rise":

 According to the building code of Hyderabad, India, a high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or 15 to 18 meters or more in height.
 The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a high-rise as "a building having many storeys".
 The International Conference on Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings defined a high-rise as "any structure where the height can have a serious impact on
evacuation"
 In the U.S., the National Fire Protection Association defines a high-rise as being higher than 75 feet (23 meters), or about 7 stories.
 Most building engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professionals define a high-rise as a building that is at least 75 feet (23 m) tall.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Can be classified based on the structural material used such as concrete or steel. Structural systems of tall buildings can also be
divided into two broad categories:

1)INTERIOR STRUCTURES

2)EXTERIOR STRUCURES

This classification is based on the distribution of the components of the primary lateral load-resisting system over the building. A
system is categorized as an interior structure when the major part of the lateral load resisting system is located within the
interior of the building. Likewise, if the major part of the lateral load-resisting system is located at the building perimeter, a
system is categorized as an exterior structure. It should be noted, however, that any interior structure is likely to have some
minor components of the lateral load-resisting system at the building perimeter, and any exterior structure may have some
minor components within the interior of the building.

INTERIOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

1. Rigid frame structural system

 In rigid frame structure, beams and columns are constructed monolithically to withstand
moments imposed due to loads.
 The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame depends on the bending stiffness of the columns, girders
and connections in-plane
 It is suitable for reinforced concrete buildings.
  It may be used in steel construction as well, but the connections will be costly.
 One of the advantages of rigid frames is the likelihood of planning and fitting of windows due to open rectangular
arrangement.
 Members of rigid frame system withstand bending moment, shear force, and axial loads.
 20 to 25 storey buildings can be constructed using rigid frame system.
 Advantages of rigid frame include ease of construction, labors can learn construction skills easily, construct rapidly, and
can be designed economically.
 Maximum beam span is 12.2m and larger span beams would suffer lateral deflection.
 A disadvantage is that the self-weight is resisted by the action from rigid frames.
 Finally, Burj Al Khalifa which is the tallest structure in the world is constructed using rigid frame system.

2. Shear wall system

 It is a continuous vertical wall constructed from reinforced concrete or masonry wall.

 Shear walls withstand both gravity and lateral loads, and it acts as narrow deep cantilever beam.
 Commonly, constructed as a core of buildings
 It is highly suitable for bracing tall buildings either reinforced concrete or steel structure. This because shear walls have
substantial in plane stiffness and strength.
 Shear wall system is appropriate for hotel and residential buildings where the floor-by floor repetitive planning allows the
walls to be vertically continuous.
 It may serve as excellent acoustic and fire insulators between rooms and apartments.
 shear wall structural system can be economical up to 35 stories building structure.
 Shear walls need not to be symmetrical in plan, but symmetry is preferred in order to avoid torsional effects.
3. Core and outrigger structural system

 Outrigger are rigid horizontal structures designed to improve building overturning stiffness and strength by connecting
the core or spine to closely spaced outer columns
 The central core contains shear walls or braced frames.
 Outrigger systems functions by tying together two structural systems (core system and a perimeter system), and render
the building to behave nearly as composite cantilever.
 The outriggers are in form of walls in reinforced concrete building and trusses in steel structures.
 Multilevel outrigger systems can provide up to five times the moment resistance of a single outrigger system.
 Practically, Outrigger systems used for buildings up to 70 stories. Nonetheless, it can be used for higher buildings.
 Not only does the outrigger system decline building deformations resulting from the overturning moments but also
greater efficiency is achieved in resisting forces.
EXTERIOR STRUCTURES
1)Tube system:

 This system consists of exterior columns and beams that create rigid frame, and interior part of the system which is simple
frame designed to support gravity loads.
 The building behaves like equivalent hollow tube.
 It is substantially economic and need half of material required for the construction of ordinary framed buildings.
 Lateral loads are resisted by various connections, rigid or semi-rigid, supplemented where necessary by bracing and truss
elements.
 It is used for the construction of buildings up to 60 storeys.
 Types of tube structure system include framed tube system trussed tube system, bundled tube system , and tube in tube
system.
 Trussed tube system is formed when external bracing added to make a structure stiffer. This structure type suitable for
building up to 100 storeys.
 Bundled tube system consists of connected tubes and it withstand massive loads.
 A tube-in-tube system (hull core) is obtained, if the core is placed inside the tube frame structure.
2) Diagrid systems: With their structural efficiency as a varied version of the tubular systems, diagrid structures have been
emerging as a new aesthetic trend for tall buildings in this era of pluralistic styles.Early designs of tall buildings recognized the
effectiveness of diagonal bracing members in resisting lateral forces.Most of the structural systems deployed for early tall
buildings were steel frames with diagonal bracings of various configurations such as X, K, and chevron.

Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in the diagonal members but have Complicated joints.

3)Space truss: Space truss structures are modified braced tubes with diagonals connecting the exterior to interior.

In a typical braced tube structure, all the diagonals, which connect the chord members – vertical corner columns in general, are
located on the plane parallel to the facades.

However, in space trusses, some diagonals penetrate the interior of the building.
4)Exo skeleton structure: In exoskeleton structures, lateral load-resisting systems are placed outside the building lines away from
their facades.

Due to the system’s compositional characteristics, it acts as a primary building identifier – one of the major roles of building
facades in general cases.

Fire proofing of the system is not a serious issue due to its location outside the building line.
5)Super frame structures:Superframe structures can create ultra-high-rise buildings up to 160 floors.Superframes or Megaframes
assume the form of a portal which is provided on the exterior of a building.

The frames resist all wind forces as an exterior tubular structure. The portal frame of the Superframe is composed of vertical legs
in each corner of the building which are linked by horizontal elements at about every 12 to 14 floors. Since the vertical elements
are concentrated in the corner areas of the building, maximum efficiency is obtained for resisting wind forces.