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X Hn (x) n
exp −s2 + 2xs = s ,
n
n!
(a) Show that the Hermite polynomials obey the dierential equation
Hn00 (x) − 2xHn0 (x) + 2nHn (x) = 0
and ξ = mω/~x,
p
1
(a) Compute uncertainties σx and σP in position and momentum. [Hint: To calculate
expectation values, rst write X̂ and P̂ in terms of the lowering operator â and its
adjoint.]
(b) Show that the average kinetic energy is equal to the average potential energy (Virial
Theorem).
8. A particle of mass m in the harmonic oscillator potential, starts out at t = 0, in the state
2
Ψ(x, 0) = A (1 − 2ξ)2 e−ξ
where A is a constant and ξ = mω/~x.
p
Solutions:
1. Since V (x) = ∞ for x ≤ 0, ψ(x) = 0 for x ≤ 0. The Schrodinger time-independent
equation is then
~2 00 1
− ψ + mω 2 x2 ψ = Eψ x≥0
2m 2
ψ(0) = 0
and ψ must be square integrable. This problem is same as usual harmonic oscillator except
that we must choose only those eigenfunction which satisfy the bc of the half harmonic
oscillator, that is ψ(0) = 0. If φn (x) = Hn (ξ) exp(−ξ 2 /2), then we know that φn satises
the above de and bc if n is odd. Thus, the energy eigenvalues of the half harmonic oscillator
are
1
En = n+ ~ω n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
2
2
2. The potential energy can be written as
1
V (x) = mω 2 x2 − qE0 x
2
qE0 2 q 2 E02
1 2
= mω x − −
2 mω 2 mω 2
Let x0 = qE0 /mω 2 and H0 = −q 2 E02 /mω 2 . Let x − x0 = z and H1 = H − H0 . Then the
hamiltonian 2
P 1
H1 = + mω 2 z 2 .
2m 2
The eigenvalues of H1 are En = n + 21 ~ω , then the eigenvalues of H are En + H0 . Note
H0 is just a number.
3. Then ~ω = 2170 cm−1 = 2170 × 1.24 × 10−4 eV. Calculate force constant K = mω 2 .
4. See Arfken.
5. Prove this by using the recurrence relations given in problem 4.
6. Note
r
~
X̂ = a + a†
2mω
r
mω~
P̂ = 1
i a − a†
2
The matrix elements are
D E
X̂mn = φm , X̂φn
r
~ D E
= φm , a + a† φn
2mω
r
~
√ √
= φm , nφn−1 + n + 1φn+1
2mω
r
~ √ √
= = nδm,n−1 + n + 1δm,n+1
2mω
Simillarly
D E
P̂m,n = φm , P̂ φn
r
mω~ √ √
= (−i) nδm,n−1 − n + 1δm,n+1
2
7. Note
r
~
X̂ = a + a†
2mω
r
mω~
P̂ = 1
i a − a† .
2
Then D E
X̂ = X̂n,n = 0
and D E
P̂ = P̂n,n = 0.
3
Now
D E ~ D E
X̂ 2 = φn , a + a† a + a† φn
2mω
~ D E
= φn , a2 + a†2 + aa† + a† a φn
2mω
~ ~
= (0 + 0 + (n + 1) + n) = (2n + 1).
2mω 2mω
Simillarly D E ~mω
P̂ 2 = (2n + 1)
2
(a) Thus,
1
σX σP = n + ~
2
(b) Note:
1 D 2 E ~ω 1
hKi = P̂ = (n + )
2m 2 2
and
1 D E ~ω 1
hV i = mω 2 X̂ 2 = (n + )
2 2 2
8. Now,
1 √ √
ψ(x, 0) = 3φ0 − 2 2φ1 + 2 2φ2
5
where φn is the nth eigenfunction of energy operator.
1 √ √ 1 √ √
3φ0 e−iωT /2 − 2 2φ1 e−iω3T /2 + 2 2φ2 e−iω5T /2 = 3φ0 + 2 2φ1 + 2 2φ2
5 5
Must nd T such that e−iωT /2 = e−i5ωT /2 = 1 and e−i3ωT /2 = −1. when, ωT = π,
exp (−iωT /2) = −i
exp (−i3ωT /2) = i
exp (−iωT /2) = −i
9. Given: ∞
|µ|2 X µn
χµ = e − 2 √ φn
n=0 n!
4
(a) Now
∞
−
|µ|2 X µn
âχµ = e 2 √ âφn
n=0 n!
∞
−
|µ|2 X µn
= e 2 √ nφn−1
n=1 n!
∞
−
|µ|2 X µn−1
= µe 2 p φn−1
n=1 (n − 1)!
= µχµ
Then,
hχµ , âχµ i = µ
D E
χµ , ↠χµ = hâχµ , χµ i = µ̄.
q
Now, X̂ = â + ↠,
~
2mω
D E r
~ D E
χµ , X̂χµ = χµ , â + ↠χµ
2mω
r r
~ 2~
= (µ + µ̄) = (Reµ)
2mω mω
And, Xˆ2 = â2 + ↠+ 2↠â + 1 , so
2 2
~
2mω â + ↠= 2mω
~
D E ~
X̂ 2 µ2 + µ̄2 + 2|µ|2 + 1
=
2mω
~
= (2Reµ)2 + 1
2mω
Finally,
~ 2~
σx2 = (2Reµ)2 + 1 − (Reµ)2
2mω mω
~
=
2mω
~
σx σp = .
2
Here the product of uncertainties is as minimum as it can get!
5
(c) If Ψ(0) = χµ , then
∞
X µn
−
|µ|21
Ψ(t) = e √ e−iω(n+ 2 )t φn
2
n=0 n!
∞ −iωt n
|µ|2 X µe
−iωt/2 − 2
= e e √ φn
n=0 n!
= e−iωt/2 χµ0
where µ0 = µe−iωt .
(d) Now if we write χµ (x) in space represenetation, we need to substitute
α 1/2 1
2
φn (x) = √ √ e−ξ /2 Hn (ξ)
π n
2 n!
1/2
(−1)n ξ2 /2 dn −ξ2
α
= = √ √ e e
π 2n n! dxn