Differential Calculus PDF

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Vidyamandir Classes Differential

Differential Calculus
Calculus-- 11
Differential Calculus - 1
LIMITS Section - 1
1.1 Some basic concepts regarding Limits

1. If a variable x takes values which are more and more close to a finite number a, then we say
that x approaches a (written as x  a).
(i) If values of x come closer to a but are always greater than a, then we say that x approaches
a from right (x  a+).
(ii) If values of x come closer to a but are always less than a, then x approaches a from left
(x  a– ).
For e.g. : If x  2, then ‘x’ can approach to ‘2’ from two sides :
(i) From right side :
In notation we writes (x  2+) means x is coming closer to ‘2’ from right.
(i.e. it is more than ‘2’).
i.e. x  2+
i.e. x = 2.1
2.01
2.001

(ii) From left side :
In notation we write as (x  2– ) means ‘x’ is coming closer to 2 from left.
(or it is less than ‘2’)
i.e. x  2–
i.e. x = 1.9
1.99
1.999
1.2 Meaning of a limiting value

Let f (x) be a function of x. If the expression f (x) comes close to l as x approaches a then we say
that l is the limit of f (x) as x approaches a.
In notation, it is written that lim f  x   l

xa
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Differential Calculus - 1 Vidyamandir Classes
1.3 Right Hand Limit

If f (x) approaches l1 as x approaches a from right, then l1 is called as the right hand limit of f (x).
Right hand limit can be expressed as : lim f  x   l1

x  a
Right hand limit can also be expressed as lim f  a  h  [Put x = a + h in the above result]
h0
Here h is infinitely small positive number approaching to 0 .
1.4 Left Hand Limit

If f (x) approaches l2 as x approaches a from left, then l2 is as called as the left hand limit of f (x).
Left hand limit can be expressed as : lim f  x   l2


xa
lim f (a  h)
Left hand limit can also be expressed as h0 [Put x = a – h in the above result]
Here h is infinitely small positive number approaching to 0 .
1.5 Existence of Limit

i.e. For existence of limit at x = a
 LHL = RHL
 l1 = l 2
lim f  x   lim f  x
 x  a x  a
Note : If x increases endlessly or can be made larger than any number, then we say that x approaches infinity.
In mathematical notation, we write x .
(i) Infinity () is not a fixed number on the number line. Hence no variable can be equal to infinity
(). A variable or an expression can approach .
(ii) Ordinary laws of algebra cannot be applied to .

e.g.  –  0 , 1

Illustrating the concept of Limit :
x2  4
If y  f ( x)  , then evaluate lim f ( x) .
x2 x2
x2  4  x  2 x2
The compound form of f (x) is y  f  x   
x  2 undefined x=2
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Vidyamandir Classes Differential Calculus - 1
x2  4
We need to evaluate, lim
x2 x2
x2  4
L.H.L. = lim :
x  2 x  2
i.e. x is coming closer and closer to 2 but it is less than ‘2’. So, observe the situatiuon in the table
given below :
x 2–x f (x)
1.9 0.1 3.9
1.99 0.01 3.99
1.999 0.001 3.999
  
Coming closer Coming closer
to 2 but less then 2 to 4 but less then 4
Consider x = 1.9, then as x  2 so the definition of f (x) to be considered is x + 2 which gives the
value as 3.9 at x = 1.9 and similarly for other values of ‘x’, we can find f (x) as shown in the table.
It is clear from the above table that as x increases and come close to ‘2’ from left hand side of 2,
value of f (x) increases and comes close to 4 but less then 4.
We can say,
as, x  2–, then f (x)  4–
L.H.L. = lim f ( x)  4 . . . (i)
x  2
Graphical meaning of L.H.L.
From above graph, you can observe that as x approaches ‘2’ on x-axis from left, y approaches ‘4’ on
y-axis from below.

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Now,
R.H.L. = lim f ( x )  4 :
x  2
x x–2 f (x)
2.1 0.1 4.1
2.01 0.01 4.01
2.001 0.001 4.001
  
Coming closer Coming closer
to 2 but more than 2 to 4 but more than 4
From the above table we observe that as x decreases and come close to 2 from right hand side of 2,
the value of f (x) decreases and come close to 4.
We can say,
as x  2+, then f (x)  4+
 R.H.L. = lim f ( x)  4 . . . (ii)

x  2
Graphical meaning of R.H.L.
From above graph, you can observe that as x approaches ‘2’ on x-axis from right, y approaches ‘4’
on Y-axis from above.

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Now coming figure (i) and (ii) we get :
From (i) and (ii)
lim f ( x )  4  lim f ( x)
i.e. x  2 x  2
 Limit exists at x = 2 and the limiting value of f (x) is ‘4’.
2
i.e. lim f ( x) = lim x  4  4 .
x2 x2 x2
Algorithm to check existence of a limit
To check whether limit of f (x) as x approaches a exists i.e. lim f ( x ) exists, we proceed as follows.
xa
(i) Find L.H.L. at x = a using L.H.L. = lim f ( a  h)

h0
(ii) Find R.H.L. at x = a using R.H.L.= lim f ( a  h)

h0
(iii) If both L.H.L. and R.H.L. are finite and equal, then limit at x = a i.e. lim f ( x ) exists and
xa
equals to the value obtained from LHL or RHL else we say “limit does not exist”.

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Illustrating the Concepts :

2 x  1 ; x  1
(i) Show that the limit of : f ( x)   at x = 1 exists.
 x ; x 1
Left hand limit : Right hand limit :
= lim f  x   lim f 1  h  = lim f  x   lim f 1  h 

x  1 h0 x  1 h0
= lim 1  h   1
= lim 2 1  h   1  lim 1  2h  1 h0
h0 h0
 L.H.L. = R.H.L. = 1.
Hence limit exists and is equal to 1.
(ii) Evaluate the left hand and right hand limits of the function defined by
 x2 , x 1


f  x    x3 , 1 x  4
4  x , x4

at x = 1, 4 and hence check existence of limit at x = 1, 4.
Left hand limit at x = 1 :  L.H.L = lim f  x 

x  4
For x < 1, f (x) = x2
= lim  4  h 
 L.H.L = lim f  x  h 0
x  1
3
= lim f 1  h  = lim  4  h 
h 0 h 0
= (1 – h)2 = (1 – 0)2 = 1 = (4 – 0)3 = 43 = 64

Right hand limit at x = 1 : Right hand limit at x = 4 :
For x > 1, f (x) = x3 For x > 4, f (x) = 4 – x
 R.H.L = lim f  x 
 R.H.L = lim f  x  = lim f 1  h  x  4
x  1 h 0
= (1 + h)3 = (1 + 0)3 = 1 = lim f  4  h 

h 0
Left hand limit at x = 4 
= lim 4   4  h 
For x < 4, f (x) = x3 h 0
= lim   h  = 0
h 0

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As L .H.L . at x = 1 = R.H.L. at x 

Hence lim f  x   1, lim f  x   1
x  1 x  1 lim f ( x ) exists and is equal to 1.
x 1
and lim f  x   64 , lim f  x   0 As L.H.L at x = 4  R.H.L. at x = 4,
x  4 x  4
lim f ( x ) does not exits.
x 4
  x2  6x  9
 , x3
(iii) Evaluate the left hand and right hand limits of the function f  x     x  3

 0 , x3
at x = 3 and hence comment on the existence of limit at x = 3.
The given function can be written as

= lim f  3  h 
h 0
 | x  3|
 , x3
f  x  =   x  3 |3  h  3|
 0 = lim
 , x3 h  0  3  h  3
 L.H.L = lim f  x  |h |
x  3 = lim
h 0 h
= lim f  3  h  h
h 0
= lim h  1
h 0
|3  h  3|
= lim Hence left hand limit and right hand limit of f
h  0  3  h  3
(x) at x = 3 are –1 and 1 respectively.
|  h| h As left Hand Limit  Right Hand Limit, Limiting
= lim  lim  1
h  0  3  h  0 h value at x = 3.
and R.H.L = lim f  x  i.e. lim f ( x) does not exist.
x  3 x 3
Illustration - 1
The value of lim  sin1x  is : (Where [.] denotes greatest integer function).
x 1
(A) 1 (B) /2 (C) Does not exist (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (A)
Here, lim sin 1x 

x 1

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1
As domain of sin 1x   1, 1 , for existence of lim sin x  , we will only find L.H.L.
x 1
1
LHL = lim sin 1  h  
h0
Using graph of sin–1x, we can say, as
1 
h  0, 1  h  1 and sin 1  h  

2
  
 L.H.L.  lim    1
h0  2 
As LHL exist, lim sin 1 x  exists and is equal to 1
x 1
i.e., lim sin 1 x   1

x 1
Illustration - 2  sin x 
The value of lim   is : Where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
x  0  x 
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) Does not exist (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
We have to find Here, We can observe that
 sin x  x  sin x  x  0 . . . (ii)
lim  x  i.e. , R.H.L. at x = 0
x  0 As h is positive,
h > sin h [using (ii)]
 sin  0  h  
R.H.L. = lim   sin h
h0  0h    1.
h
 sin h  Replacing the above result in (i), we get :
= lim  . . . (i)
h  0  h 

From groups of y = x R.H.L. = lim 1   0
h0
and y = sin x

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Illustration - 3
 x | x |
 , x0
If f (x) =  x the lim f  x  is :
 2 h0
, x0
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) Does not exist
SOLUTION : (D)
(R.H.L. of f (x) a x = 0)
We have,
(L.H.L. of f (x) a x = 0) = lim f  0  h   lim f  0  h 
h  0 h0
= lim f  0  h  h | h | hh
h0
= lim  lim
h0 h h0 h
h |  h | h  h
= lim  lim
h  0  h  h  0 h 0
= lim h  lim 0  0.
h0 h0
2h
= lim  lim 2  2
h  0 h h0 Since, lim f  x   lim f  x.
x  0 x  0
So, lim f  x  does not exist.

x0
Illustration - 4 lim [ x  3] is equal to : (where [.] is greatest integer function)

x 1
(A) –2 (B) –3 (C) Does not exist (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (C)
Right Hand limit = lim  x  3 = lim 1  h  3  lim   2  h 

x  1 h0 h0
=–3
= lim 1  h  3  lim  h  2 
h0 h0
[because –h –2 is between –2 and –3]
=–2 Hence R.H.L.  L.H.L.
[because h –2 is between – 1 and –2]
 limit does not exist.
Left hand limit = lim  x  3
x  1

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EVALUATION OF LIMITS Section - 2
2.1 Indeterminate forms

If numerator and denominator both approaches zero, the tendency of the ratio cannot be determined
at once. Such situations are known as indeterminate forms. Following are the various types of indeterminate
forms.
0 
, ,  – 
0 
 ×  0 , ( 1) , ( 0) 
( )
Indeterminate form are simplified (worked out) with the help of formulas to know where they approach
to.
0 0
Note : Following forms are NOT indeterminate forms, (1)   1,  not defined,  not defined,
0 0
0 0
 0,   0, 0     0, ( 0)    0 , 00  not defined
0 
2.2 Important results for calculating Limits

Following are some important standard results for calculating limits :
(i) lim  k1 f  x   k2 g  x    k1 lim f  x   k2 lim g  x  [where k1 and k2 are independent of x]

xa xa xa
(ii) lim  f  x  g  x    lim f  x  lim g  x 

xa xa xa
lim f  x 
f  x x  a
(iii) lim  if lim g  x   0
x  a g  x lim g  x  xa
xa
sin x sin 1 x tan x tan 1 x

(iv) lim  1 ; lim 1 (v) lim 1 ; lim 1
x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x
(vi) a x 1 (vii)
1/ x
lim 1  x  e
lim l na
x0 x x0
log 1  x 
(viii) lim 1
x0 x

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2.3 VARIOUS METHOD TO EVALUATE LIMITS

2.3.1 Evaluation of Limits using (Formula Method)
In this method to evaluate limits we apply formulas given in section 2.2. We can further divide our
approach to evaluate limits based on the type of function and the type of indeterminate form involved
in the given expression. Following sections will illustrate this further.
Algebraic Limits
Problems on limits involving algebraic functions are generally called as Algebraic limits. Following illustrations
will help you learn how to evaluate Algebraic Limits.
(A) Direct Substitution :

Suppose, we have to find L  lim f  x  . Directly substitute the value of the limit of the variable.
xa
(i.e. subtitute x = a) in the expression f (x).

If f (a) is finite then L = f (a)
If f (a) is undefined then limit does not exist.
If f (a) is indeterminate then this method fails.
(i) Evaluate : lim  4 x3  3x2  6 .

x 1
lim  4 x3  3x 2  6   4. 13   3 . 12   6

x 1
=4–3+6
=7
cos3 x  3 cosx  7
(ii) Evaluate : lim .
x0 3x 2  5 x  14
cos3 x  3 cos x  7 cos3 0  3cos 0  7

lim 
x0 3 x 2  5 x  14 3.02  5.0  14
1 3  7 5
 
0  0  14 14

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(B) Factorization :
P  x
Suppose we have to find L  lim . where P (x) and Q (x) are polynomials in x.
x  a Q  x
If P (a) = 0 and Q (a) = 0 then using factor theorem, we can say that (x – a) is factor of both P(x)
and Q (x).
P  x 0
i.e. L  lim ; form
x  a Q  x 0
 x  a  M  x   lim M  x 
= lim
x  a  x  a N  x x  a N  x
To evaluate this limit cancel the common factor (x – a) from the Numerator and Denominator. Repeat
this cancellation till we get a meaningful result.
Note : (i) xn – an = (x – a) (xn – 1 + xn – 2 a + xn – 3 a2 + xn – 4 a3 + . . . an – 2 x + an – 1 )

where n is even or odd positive integer.
(ii) xn + an = (x + a) (xn – 1 – xn – 2 a + xn – 3 a2 – xn – 4 a3 + . . . (–1) n – 1 an – 1 )
where n is odd positive integer. Also this formula is not applicable when n is even.
(iii) When degree of numerator is greater than or equal to denominator then we have to divide.
x3  2 x  4
(i) Evaluate : lim
x  2 x2  3x  2
x3  2 x  4  x  2   x2  2 x  2  x2  2 x  2
lim  lim  lim  10 .
x2 x2  3x  2 x  2  x  2   x  1 x2 x 1
x3  a3
(ii) Evaluate : lim
x  a x2  ax
x3  a 3  x  a   x 2  ax  a 2  x 2  ax  a 2
lim  lim  lim  3a
x  a x 2  ax x  a x  x  a xa x

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x3  6 x 2  11x  6
(iii) Evaluate : lim .
x2 x2  6 x  8
x3  6 x 2  11x  6 0 
Now, lim  0 form 
x2 x2  6 x  8  
 x  1  x  2   x  3 0 
= lim  0 form 
x 2  x  2  x  4   
 x  1  x  3 
 2  1  2  3 
1
= lim
x 2  x  4  2  4 2
Illustration - 5 x3  7 x 2  15 x  9
Evaluate : lim .
x  3 x4  5 x3  27 x  27
(A) 2/9 (B) 1/9 (C) – 2/9 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (A)
When x = 3, the expression x2  4 x  3 0


3 2
x  7 x  15 x  9 0 = lim 3 2  form 0 
assumes the form x  3 x  2x  6x  9  
4 3 0
x  5 x  27 x  27  x  3 x  1  0
= lim  form 0 
Now, lim
x3  7 x 2  15 x  9  0
 form 0 

x  3  x  3 x 2  x  3
  
x  3 x 4  5 x3  27 x  27  
x 1 3 1 2
= lim  
x3 2 9 33 9
x  x3
x n – an
(C) Using rationalisation or using formula Lim  nan  1
x a x – a
0
If we get form in the problems involving square roots, than there must be a common factor in Numerator
0
and Denominator which must be cancelled to get a meaningful form. This common factor is separated
from the expression by Rationalising either Numerator. Denominator or both.

x 4  625
(i) Evaluate : lim
x5 x3  125

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x 4  54
x 4  625 x5 4  53 20  x n – an 
lim  lim    using : lim  na n – 1 
x5 x3  125 x  5 x3  53 3  52 3 xa x – a
 
x5
3x  7  4
(ii) Evaluate : lim
x3 x 1  2
3x  7  4
lim
x3 x 1  2
Rationalising the numerator and denominator.
3 x  7  16  x 1  2  3  x  3  x 1  2 
= lim   = lim  
x 3 x  1  4  3x  7  4  x 3 x  3  3x  7  4 
x 1  22 2 3
= 3 lim  3 
x  3 3x  7  4 4 4 2
a  2 x  3x
(iii) Evaluate : lim
xa 3a  x  2 x
Rationalising numerator and denominator we get,
a  2 x  3x  3a  x  2 x  ax  3a  x  2 x 
= lim   = lim  
x  a 3a  x  4 x xa 3 a  x  a  2 x  3x
 a  2 x  3x  
1 2 a  2 a  2
=   
3  3a  3a  3 3
3 x 1
(iv) Evaluate : lim .
x2  1
lim
x1/3  1
 lim
 x1/3  1 x2/3  x1/3  1
x 1 x2  1 x 1 ( x 2  1)  x 2/3  x1/3  1
lim
 x  1 
1
x 1 ( x  1) ( x  1)  x2/3  x1/3  1 6

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 6 3
x  x  x x 3
The value of lim is :
x 1 x3  1
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/9 (C) 7/9 (D) 2/9

SOLUTION : (C)
 3 x  1   x  1   x3/ 2  1 0 
lim  form 
x 1  x  1  x  x  1
2
0 
 3 x 1  x  1  x3/ 2  1  1
= lim    .
x  1  x 1 x 1 x  1  x2  x  1
Using lim  f  x  g  x    lim f  x  lim g  x 

x a x a x a
  3 x 1   x 1   x3/ 2  1   1
=   lim    lim    lim   . lim 2

  x  1 x  1   x  1 x  1   x  1 x  1   x  1 x  x  1
 1 1/3  1 1  1/ 2  1 3  3/ 2  1  1

=  1  1  1 . 2
3 2 2  1 11
 1 2/3 1   1/2 3  1/2  1

=  1  1  1 .
3 2 2  3
 1 1 3  1  2  39  1 7
=    . =  . 
3 2 2 3  6  3 9
Illustration - 7 x P  1   P  1 x  P
x 1  x  12
P  P  1
(A) P (B) P-1 (C) P(P + 1) (D)
2
SOLUTION : (D)
x P  1   P  1 x  P
lim
2
0 
 form   
x x P  1  P  x  1
x 1  x  1 0  = lim
x 1  x  1 2
x P  1  Px  x  P Dividing numerator and denominator by (x – 1)
= lim we get,
x 1  x  12

JEEMAIN.GURU
 x P  1   x  1  x 2  1  x3  1
x P  lim   
 x  1 x  1   x  1
lim   x  1  x  1
x 1  x  1
 x  x 2  x3  . . .  x P   P  x P  1 
= lim  ...  
x 1  x  1  x  1 
 x  x2  x3  . . .  x P   (1  1  1  . . . . . . = 1  2 1
2 1 3 1
 3 1  . . . .  P 1
P1
upto P times)
= lim  x  1 =1+2+3+......+P
x 1
P  P  1
= [using summation of P terms of AP]
2
(D) ‘’ type
N
To evaluate x  type limits write the given expression in the form (where D  1). Then divide
D
both N and D by highest power of x occurring in both N and D to get a meaningful form.
Rule for evaluating infinity type limits :
To evaluate these type of limits we follow the following procedure.
f  x
Step 1: Write down the given expression in form of a rational function, i.e., , if it is not so.
g  x
Step 2: If k is the highest power of x in numerator and denominator both, then divide each term in
numerator and denominator by x k.
1
Step 3: Use the r esult lim  0, where n  0.
x  x n
An important result :
If m, n are positive integers and a0, b0  0 are non-zero real numbers, then
 a0
b if mn
a0 x m  a1x m  1  . . .  am  1x  am  0
lim 0 if mn
x  b0 x n  b1x n  1  . . .  bn  1x  bn
  if mn

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustrating the Concepts : (x  type problems)
x3  2 x 2  3 x  1
(i) Evaluate : lim
x  5 x3  7 x  2
In these type of problems, divide numerator and denominator by highest power of x.

Dividing numerator and denominator by x3,
2 3 1
 1 
x x 2
x3 = 1  1 1 1 
= lim
7 2 5
 because as x  , x , 2 , 3 , . . . . . . .  0 
x 
5   x x 
x 2 x3
12  22  32  .......  n2
(ii) Evaluate : lim
x  n3
12  2 2  ..........  n 2 n  n  1  2n  1
lim = lim
x  n3 n  6n3
1  1 1 1 1
= lim  1  2 = (1  0) (2  0) 
6 n n   n  6 3
x2  3x  1  5x
(iii) Evaluate : lim
x  1  4x
The highest power of x is 1. Hence, divide the numerator and denominator by x.
3 1
2 1  5
x  3x  1  5 x x x2 15 3
lim = lim  
x 1  4x x 1 0  4 2
4
x
Illustration - 8
The value of limit lim  sec x  tan x  is :

x
2
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) 2
SOLUTION : (B)
sec 2 x  tan 2 x 1
lim  sec x  tan x   lim lim 0
  sec x  tan x  sec x  tan x
x x x
2 2 2

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 9 The value of limit lim

x
  x  2a   2 x  a   x 
2 is :
(A) a/2 2 (B) 5a / 2 2 (C) 3a / 2 2 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
x

lim  x  2a   2 x  a   x 2  Dividing numerator and denominator by x,
we get :
Rationalising the expression, we get : 2a 2
5a 
( x  2a) (2 x  a )  2 x 2 x 5a
lim = lim 
x  ( x  2a) (2 x  a )  x 2  x 5a 2 a 2 2 2
2   2
x x2
5ax  2a 2
= lim
x 2 x 2  5ax  2a 2  x 2
Illustration - 10
The value of limit lim
x
x 
x 2  x is :
(A) – 1/2 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) –1

SOLUTION : (A)
lim
x
x  x2  x  Divide by the highest power of x i.e. x
1 1 1
= lim  
On rationalising the expression, we get : x 1 11 2
1 1
x
= lim

x2  x 2  x  lim
x
x x  x2  x x x  x2  x
Illustration - 11 1
x 4 sin  x2
The value of limit lim x is :
x   1  | x3 |
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) Does not exist
SOLUTION : (B)
1
x 4 sin  x2
Let L  lim x
x   1  | x3 |

JEEMAIN.GURU
Divide Numerator and Denominater by x3 to get :

1
sin
1 1 x1
x sin 
L  lim x x  1/ x x
| x |3 3 [as for x < 0, | x3 | = – x3 ]
x   1
 1  x

x3 x3 x3 x3
 1    0 
 L  lim  1
x      0    1
(E) Trigonometric Limit

In trigonometric limit, apart from using method of direct substitution, factorisation and rationalisation
(same as given in algebraic limits), we can use the following formulae.
sin x sin 1 x tan x tan 1 x lim cos x  1

lim 1 ; lim 1 ; lim 1 ; lim 1 ;
x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0

sin x
using lim  1 evaluate the following limits :
x0 x
tan x  3
lim
(i)  9 x2  2
x
3

tan x  tan
tan x  3 3  sin ( A  B) 
lim  lim  Using : tan A  tan B  cos A cos B 
 2 2  2 2
x 9x   x 9x    
3 3
We get,
1  
sin  x  
3  3 1 1  sin  
lim
  =    Using lim   1
 3x    3 cos 3 cos 3 (  )
  0 
x   x   cos x cos
3  3 3
2
= .
3

JEEMAIN.GURU
sin  cos x  cos x

(ii) lim
 sin x  cosec x
x
2
sin  cos x  cos x sin  cos x  lim cos 2 x

lim  lim  sin x  cosec x
 sin x  cosec x  cos x x
x x 2
2 2
cos 2 x sin x  sin  

= 1  lim  using lim   1
x
x sin 2 x  1  0 
2
=  lim  sin x    1  Using sin2 x  cos 2 x  1

x  
x
2
cos x  cos a
(iii) lim
xa xa
cos x  cos a
lim
xa xa
xa xa xa

 2sin   sin   sin  
 2   2   xa  2    sin a
lim =  lim sin   lim
xa xa xa  2  xa  x a
2   
 2   2 
a sin x  x sin a
(iv) lim
xa ax 2  a 2 x
a sin x  x sin a a sin x  x sin x  x sin x  x sin a

lim = xlim
a ax  x  a 
xa ax 2  a 2 x
 a  x  sin x  x  sin x  sin a   a  x  sin x  lim sin x  sin a

= lim = lim
xa ax  x  a  x  a ax  x  a  x  a a  x  a
xa   x  a 
2 cos    sin 2 
sin a  2  sin a cos a
=  2  lim   =  2 
a xa 2a   x  a  a a
 2 

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 12
sin   cos2 x 
x 0 x2
(A)  (B)  (C) 2 (D)  2

SOLUTION : (A)
sin   cos 2 x  sin  s in 2 x 
lim  lim
x 0 x2 x 0 x2

sin  1  sin 2 x    sin   sin 2 x   sin 2 x 
= lim lim
= x 0    
x 0 x2  sin 2
x 1 x 2 

sin     sin 2 x  
sin  sin 2 x  sin 2 x
= lim 2 = lim lim
x 0 x x 0  sin 2 x x 0 x2
=1××1=
Illustration - 13
1  sin 2 x
x  / 4   4x
(A) 1/4 (B) – 1/4 (C) 1/2 (D) Limit does not exist
SOLUTION : (D)
1  sin 2 x  
lim sin   x 
x  / 4   4x 4 
= lim
x  / 4  
4  x
1  sin 2 x 1  sin 2 x 4 
= lim .
x  / 4   4x 1  sin 2 x  1
which gives RHL at x  
1  sin 2 x 1 4 4
= lim . lim
x  / 4   4x x   / 4 1  sin 2 x  1
and LHL at x  
4 4
 
2sin 2   x  1  sin 2 x 1
4  1 Thus, lim 
= lim . x  / 4   4x 4
x  / 4   4x 2
 Limit does not exists (as not unique).

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 14 1
The limiting value of x sin as x  0 is :
x
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) Limit does not exist
SOLUTION : (D)
1
As x  0,  .
x
As the angle  approaches , sin  oscillates by taking values between – 1 and + 1.
1
Hence lim sin is not a well defined finite number..
x0 x
 limit does not exist.
Illustration - 15 1
The limiting value of x sin as x  0 is :
x
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) Limit does not exist
SOLUTION : (B)
1 1
lim x sin  lim x lim sin = 0 × (some quantity between –1 and + 1) = 0
x0 x x0 x0 x
1 1
It can be easily seen that lim x sin  lim x sin  0
x  0 x x  0 x
Hence the limit exist and is equal to zero (0).
Illustration - 16  a 
The value of lim e x tan   is :
x  ex 
(A) a (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (A)
 a 
tan  
 a 
lim e x tan  x  = lim  ex 
x  e  x   1 
 x
e 
 a   a 
a tan   tan  
 ex   ex   a .1  a  0
= lim = a lim  form 
x   a  x  a   0
 x  x
e  e 

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 17  2 
sin  
The value of lim  3x  is :
x  3x 
sin  
 2 
 
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2/3 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
 2   2   3  2
sin   sin    x
x
x
3   3  .  2  . 3x
lim = lim
x  3  x  2   3  3
sin     sin   x
x
 2x  3   2x  2
 2   3 
sin     x
x
2
= . lim  3  . lim  2 x  . lim  2  = 2  11 0  0
  3
3 x  2  x  3  x 3 
 x sin  x
3  2 
Illustration - 18 tan3 x  3 tan x

x   /3  
cos  x  
 6
(A) 24 (B) – 24 (C) 8 (D) – 8

SOLUTION : (B)
tan 3 x  3tan x 
Let L = lim and x   t tan 3   3 tan 
x   /3   3 Using tan 3 
cos  x  
 6  3 tan 2   1
   
tan 3  t    3 tan  t    tan  3t     
 3  3  L  lim · lim 3 tan 2  t    1
 L  lim t  0  sin t t  0  3 
t0  
cos  t  
 2 tan  3t  t
 L   3 lim  lim
    t 0 3t t  0 sin t
tan (3t  ) 3 tan 2  t    1
  3 
 L  lim    
t 0  sin t  lim 3 tan 2  t    1
t 0  3 
 L = –3 × 1 × 1 × 8 = –24

JEEMAIN.GURU
(F) Logarithmic and Exponential limit

In Logarithmic and Exponential Limits, apart from using method of direct substitution, factorisation and
rationalisation (same as given in algebraic limits), we can use the following formulas.
ax  1 ex  1 log e (1  x)
lim  log e a ; lim  1 ; lim (1  x)1/ x  e ; lim  1.
x0 x x0 x x0 x0 x
We can also use the following Important Results. The following results are useful in x   or x  –
 type problem.
(i) If a = 1, then lim a x  1 and lim a x  1

x x  
x
(ii) If a > 1, then lim a    (limits does not exist) and lim a x  0 .
x  x 
(iii) If 0 < a < 1, then lim a x  0 and lim a x    . [limits does not exist]
x  x 
(iv) If a < 0, then lim x a  0 .

x 
a
(v) If a > 0, then lim x    [limits does not exist]
x 
ax  1
Using lim  log a evalute the following limits :
x0 x
2x  2 a ( x  a) e a
(i) lim = e (1) lim =
x 1 x 1 x  a ( x  a) ( x  a ) 2 a
2x  2 2x  1  1 6 x  2 x  3x  1
lim  2 lim lim
x 1 x  1 x 1 x 1 (ii)
x0 sin 2 x
= 2 log 2
x a
6 x  2 x  3x  1
e e lim
(ii) lim x0 sin 2 x
xa xa
 2 x  1  3x  1 x2
= lim
e x e a e a  e x  a  1 x0 x2 sin 2 x
lim  lim
x a xa x a xa 2
2x  1 3x  1  x 
= lim lim lim  
a e x  a 1 x a x0 x x  0 x x  0  sin x 
= e lim lim
xa x  a xa x a

JEEMAIN.GURU
= loge 3 loge 2 3x  5 x  3x  1 5 x  1 
lim  lim   
x0 x x  0  x x 
3x  5 x
(iv) lim
x0 x 3
= log 3  log 5  log
5
Illustration - 19 log (1 ( x  a)

lim
The value of e x  a ( x  a) is :
(A) 1 (B) e (C) ea (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
Let x – a = y, when x  a ; y  0
log{1 y}
lim
 The given limit  y 0 y
e e
Illustration - 20 etan x  e x
x  0 tan x  x
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1/2 (D) 0

SOLUTION : (A)

e x e tan x  x 1 
= lim = e0 × 1
e x  e   ex tan x  x
e tan x  e x x 0  tan x  x 
lim  lim
x  0 tan x  x x 0 tan x  x = 1 × 1 = 1 [as x  0, tan x – x  0]
Illustration - 21 3 x  33  x  12
x2 33  x  3 x / 2
(A) 1/3 (B) – 1/3 (C) 4/3 (D) – 4/3

SOLUTION : (D)
32 x  12.3 x  27
 L  lim
3 x  33  x  12 x2  (33 x / 2  33 )
L  lim
x2 33  x  3x /2
(3x  9) (3x  3)
27  L   lim
3x   12 x  2 (3x / 2  3) (3 x  9  3.3x /2 )
x
 L  lim 3
27 x /2
x2
3 (3x /2  3) (3x  3)
3 x  L   lim
x2 (3x  3.3 x / 2  9)

JEEMAIN.GURU
6.6 36 4
 L  
9  3.3  9 27 3
2.3.2 Evaluation of limits using : L’ Hospital’s Rule definition

(a) Definition :
If f (x) and g (x) be two functions of x such that
(i) lim f  x   lim g  x   0

xa xa
(ii) both are continuous at x = a,

(iii) both are differentiable at x = a,
(iv) f (x) and g (x) are continuous are the point x = a, then
f  x f  x
lim  lim
x  a g  x x  a g  x
Note : The above rule is also applicable if lim f  x   lim g  x   

xa xa
(b) Generalisation of above result

f  ( x) 0 
If lim assumes the indeterminate form or f (x) and g(x) satisfy all the conditions

x  a g ( x) 0 
f  ( x)
of L’Hospital’s rule, then you can again use L’Hospital’s rule on g  ( x) i.e.
f ( x) f  ( x) f  ( x )
lim  lim  lim
x  a g ( x) x  a g  ( x) x  a g  ( x )
In some question we may have to apply the above process again and again till we get the non indeterminate
form.
(c) Application of L’Hospital’s Rule for other types of Indeterminate forms

To evaluate the indeterminate forms of the type 0 .  and  – , first reduce these types to
0 
either or forms and then apply L’Hospital’s Rule.
0 

JEEMAIN.GURU

a x
Evaluate : lim x  a . 0 
 type of indeterminate form 
x  a x x  aa 0 
xa  a x Apply LH rule on (i) to get :

Let L  lim . . . (i)
xa x a
x a
ax a  1  a x . log a
L  lim
0 xa x x (1  log x)  0
Note that the expression assumes type
0
of indeterminate form at x = a. e
a a log  
a  a log a 1  log a a
As the expression satisfies all the conditions  L  
a
a (1  log a) 1  log a log (a e)
of LH rule, we can evaluate this limit by using
LH rule.
Illustration - 22 sin 3 x 2 0 
The value of lim is :  type of indeterminate form 
x0 ln cos (2 x 2  x) 0 
(A) 6 (B) 1 (C) –6 (D) 2

SOLUTION : (C)
The limit of the first factor is computed directly,
sin 3x 2 the limit of the second one, which represents an
Let lim [0/0 form]
x0 ln cos (2 x 2  x) 0
indeterminate form of the type is found with
Apply LH rule to get : 0
the aid of the L’Hospital’s rule. Again consider.
 6 x cos 3 x 2 cos (2 x 2  x)
L = lim cos 3x 2 cos (2 x 2  x )
x0 (4 x  1) sin (2 x 2  x) L =  6 lim
x0 4x  1
cos 3x 2 cos (2 x 2  x)
=  6 lim x
x0 4x  1 lim
x0 sin (2 x 2  x )
x
lim
x0 sin (2 x 2  x ) 1.1 1
 L =  6. lim
 1 x  0 (4 x  1) cos (2 x 2  x)
1
 L   6. 6
 1.1

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 23
log a x  
The value of lim ( k  0) is :  type of indeterminate form 
x xk  
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) a (D) k
SOLUTION : (A)
1
log a x log a e
Let L  lim (k  0) [/ form] L  lim x
x xk x    kx k  1
Apply LH rule to get :
1
 L  log a e lim 0
x kx k
Illustration - 24  1 1 
The value of lim    is : [ –  type of in determinate form]
x  1  ln x x  1 
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1/2 (D) 3/2

SOLUTION : (C)
 1 1 
Let L  lim    [ –  form] Apply LH rule to get :
x  1  ln x x  1 
1  1/ x
Let us reduce it to an indeterminate form L  lim
x  1 ln x  1  1 / x
of the type 0 .
0 x 1
 L  lim
x  1 x ln x  x  1
x  1  ln x
L  lim [0/0 form] Apply LH rule again,
x  1 ( x  1) ln x
x 1 1
 L  lim 
x  1 ln x  2 2
Illustration - 25 The value of lim [ln (1  sin2 x ) cot ln 2 (1  x)] is :

x0
[0 .  type of indeterminate form]
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1/2 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (A)
2 2
Let lim [ln (1  sin x ) cot ln (1  x )]
x0
0
We have an indeterminate form of the type 0 . . Let us reduce it to an indeterminate form of the type .
0

JEEMAIN.GURU
 ln (1  sin 2 x) [0/0 form]

L  lim
x0 tan ln 2 (1  x )
1
sin 2 x
1  sin 2 x
Apply LH rule to get : L  lim
1
x0
2 sec2 [ln 2 (1  x )] ln (1  x) .
1 x
Simplify to get :
sin x cos x
Apply LH rule again to get : L  lim  lim  1.
x  0 ln (1  x ) x  0 1
1 x
(d) To evaluate the indeterminate forms of the type  1, 0 or 00, first reduce these types to 0. 
form by taking logarithms or by the transformation [ f (x)]g(x) = eg (x) ln [ f (x)] and then reduce to
0 
either or forms to apply L’Hospital’s rule.
0 
Results :
x
1
(i) lim 1  x 1/ x  e (ii)

lim  1    e
x0 x x
Using lim (1  x )1/ x  e evaluate the following limits :

x0
(i) lim (1  2 x )1/ x

x0
1  2

lim (1  2 x)  lim  (1  2 x) x 
1/ x  2  e 2
x0 x0
(ii) lim x cot x .

x 1
1  ( x  1) cot  x 1 x
 lim ( x  1) cot  x lim
x 1 x  1 tan (   x )
lim x cot x  lim (1  x  1) x  1  =e e
x 1 x 1
1   x
lim 1
x  1  tan (   x )  tan  
= e = e  using lim  1
   0  

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 26 x
tan
 a 2a
The value of lim  2   is : [1 type of indeterminate form]
x  a x
(A) e (B) e (C) e2/  (D) e2/ 

SOLUTION : (C)
x
tan Applying LH rule, we get :
 a 2a
Let y  lim  2   [1 form]
x  a x  a 
 2 
Taking log of both sides, we get : x 
L  lim
xa  a  2 x  
x
log y  lim tan 
 a
log  2   [ × 0 form]  2   cos ec   
  x  2a   2a 
xa  2a   x
1
 a 2
log  2   a 
 x 0  =
= lim  form     
xa x 0  (1) cos ec 2    
cot    2   2a 
 2a 
 y = e–2/
Illustration - 27 The value of L  lim (1/ x )sin x is : [  0 type of in determinate form]

x0
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (C)
We have an indeterminate form of the type  ln x
lim ln y  lim
0. x  0 x  0 1 / sin x
Let y = (1/x)sin x ; Apply LH rule to get :
Taking log on both sides, we get : 1 / x
lim ln y  lim
ln y = sin x ln (1/x) x  0 x0  (cos x) / sin 2 x
lim ln y  lim sin x ln (1/ x)
 x  0 x  0 sin 2 x
= lim 0
[0 .  form] x  0 x cos x
Let us transform it to

to apply LH rule. 
lim y  e0  1.
 x  0

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 28
ae x  b cos x  ce x
The values of a, b, c so that lim  2 are :
x0 x sin x
(A) a   1, b  2, c  2 (B) a  1, b  2, c  1
(C) a  2, b  2, c  1 (D) a   2, b  1, c  2
SOLUTION : (B)
ae x  b cos x  ce x
Let lim L . . . (i)
x0 x sin x
Here as x  0, denominator approaches 0. So for L to the finite, the numerator must tend to 0.
a–b+c=0 . . . (ii)
Apply LH rule on (i) to get :
ae x  b sin x  ce  x
L  lim
x0 sin x  x cos x
Here as x  0, the denominator tends to 0 and numerator tends to a – c. For L to be finite,

a–c=0 . . . (iii)
Apply LH rule again on L to get :
ae x  b cos x  ce x
L  lim
x0 2 cos x  x sin x
abc
 2  a+b+c=4 . . . (iv)
2
Solving equations (ii), (iii), and (iv), we get :
a = 1, b = 2, c = 1.
Note : You can also solve this question using series method discussed in section 2.3.3
2.3.3 Evaluation of limits using expansion of functions (series method)

Important Expansions
The following expansion formulas are very useful in evaluating various limits.

JEEMAIN.GURU
x x 2 x3
(i) e 1 x    .......
2! 3!
x2 x3
(ii) a x  1  x (loge a)  (log e a)2  (loge a)3  . . . . . . . . . .
2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4
(iii) log (1  x)  x     .........
2 3 4
x 2 x3 x 4
(iv) log (1  x)   x     .........
2 3 4
x3 x5
(v) sin x  x    . . . . . . .. .
3! 5!
x2 x4
(vi) cos x  1    .........
2! 4!
x3 2 5
(vii) tan x  x   x  .........
3 15
12 . x3 12 . 32 . x5 12 . 32 . 52 . x 7
(viii) sin 1 x  x    ............
3! 5! 7!
x3 x5
(ix) tan 1 x  x   . . . . . . . . . .
3 5
n (n  1) 2 n (n  1) ( n  2) 3
(x) (1  x)n  1  nx  x  x  .........
2! 3!

1  cos x
Evaluate : lim .
x  0 x log (1  x)
1  cos x
Let L  lim [0/0 form]
x  0 x log (1  x)
Using the expansions of cosx and log (1 + x), we get :

JEEMAIN.GURU
 x2 x4 
1  1    . . . . . . . . . .
 2! 4! 
L  lim  
x0  2 3 
x x
xx    . . . . . . . . . .
 2 3 
 
x2 x 4
  ..........
2! 4!
L  lim
x0 x3 x 4
x2 
  ..........
2 3
Dividing both numerator and denominator by x2, we get :
1 x2
  ..........
2! 4!
L  lim
x0 x x2
1   ..........
2 3
1
 0  0  .. . . . . . . . . .
1
= 2 
1 0  0  .......... 2
Illustration - 29 e x sin x  x  x 2
x0 x3
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1/3 (D) 2/3
SOLUTION : (C)
e x sin x  x  x 2
Let L  lim [0/0 form]
x0 x3
Using the expansions of sinx and ex, we get :
 x 2 x3 x 4  x3 x5 
1  x     . . . . . .  x   . . . . . .. .   x  x 2
 2! 3! 4!  3! 5! 
L  lim   
x0 3
x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x  x 2     x3     x 4      x5  . . . . . .  x  x 2
 2! 3!   3! 3!   4! 2!. 3! 5! 
= lim 3
x0 x

JEEMAIN.GURU
1 3 1 5
x  x  .......
1 1 2  1
= lim 3 30   
lim  x . . . . . 
x0 x3 x  0  3 30  3
Illustration - 30 log e 1  2h   2 log e 1  h 

h 0 h2
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
log e 1  2h   2 log e 1  h 
= lim
h 0 h2
 2 3   2 3 
  2h         . . . . .    2  h  h  h  . . . . . 
2h 2h
 2 3   2 3 
   
= lim
h 0 h2
 h 2  2h3  . . . . .  h 2 1  2h  . . . . . . .
= lim = lim
h 0 h2 h0 h2
= hlim 1  2h  . . . . . . .   1
0
NOW ATTEMPT IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-A BEFORE PROCEEDING AHEAD IN THIS EBOOK
CONTINUITY Section - 3
3.1 Introduction
Consider the functions : f (x) = [x], g (x) = x2, x  R. The graphs
of f (x) and g (x) in the neighbourhood of argument x = 2 are shown
in fig. 1 & 2 respectively. There is a break in the graph of f (x) at x
= 2, whereas this is not so in that of g (x). We express this difference
by saying that the function f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2 and the function
g (x) is continuous at x = 2. As we approach 2 from either left or
right, the values of g (x) approach its value at x = 2. But this does
not happen for f (x), and this brings about the break in its graph at x
= 2.

JEEMAIN.GURU
OR mathematically,
lim f ( x )  lim f ( x) and lim g ( x )  lim g ( x)  g (2)
 
x2 x2 x  2 x  2
We are thus led to the following definitions :
(a) Continuity at x = a
A function y = f (x) is continuous at x = a, if its limit at x = a exists
and is equal to f (a) i.e.
Left hand limit = Right hand limit = f (a)
lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f (a)

x  a x  a
(b) Discontinuity at x = a
We say that f (x) is discontinuous at x = a, if f (x) is not continuous at x = a.
OR
in other words, if any one or more of the conditions for the function f (x) to be continuous fails to be
satisfied, f (x) is said to be discontinuous at x = a. Geometrically speaking, there must be a break in
the graph of f (x) at x = a.
3.2 Theorems on Continuity

1. Let f (x) and g (x) be the continuous functions x = a. Then the following functions are continuous
at x = a.
(a) f (x) ± g (x) (b) k f (x), k g (x) [where k is real]
f ( x)
(c) f (x) · g (x) (d) g ( x ) , provided g (a)  0.
2. f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + . . . . . . . . . + an xn is the nth degree polynomial function. This

function is continuous at all values of x.
3. y = sin x, y = cos x are continuous for all x.
y = loga x is continuous for all x > 0.
y = ax is continuous for all x.
4. If y = f (x) is continuous for x  [a, b] and N is any number between f (a) and f (b), then there
is at least one number c between a and b such that f (c) = N.
5. If y = f (x) is continuous for x  [a, b] and f (a) and f (b) are of opposite signs, then there exists
atleast one solution of the equation f (x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).

JEEMAIN.GURU
6. The Sandwich Theorem :
Suppose that f (x)  g (x)  h (x)
for all x  c in some interval about c, and that f (x) and h (x) approach the same limit
L as x approaches c i.e. lim f  x   lim h  x   L . Then lim g ( x)  L .

xc xc xc
7. If the function f is continuous at x = a and g is continuous at x = f (a) then composite function

g {f (x)} is continuous at x = a.
 e1/ x  1
 ; x0
(i) Discuss the continuity of f ( x )   e1/ x  1 at the point x = 0.

 0 ; x0
e 1/ h  1  0 1
LHL = lim f  0  h   lim 1/ h
  1
h0 h0 e 1  0 1
e1/ h  1
RHL = lim f  0  h   lim
h0 h  0 e1/ h  1
Divide N and D by e1/h to get :

1
1
e1/ h 1   0
RHL = lim  1
h0
1
1 1   0
e1/ h
L.H.L.  R.H.L.  f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
(ii) Discuss the continuity of the function : g (x) = [x] + [– x] at integral values of x.
Let us simplify the definition of the function :
(I) If x is an integer :  [x] = [n + f ] = n
[x] = x and [–x] = – x and [–x] = [–n – f ] = [(–n – 1) + (1 – f )]
 g(x) = x – x = 0 =–n–1
(II) If x is not integer : [because 0 < f < 1  0 (1 – f ) < 1]
Let x = n + f Hence g (x) = [x] + [– x]
[where n is an integer and f (0, 1)] = n + (– n – 1) = – 1

JEEMAIN.GURU
So we get :
0, if x is an integer R.H.L. = lim g ( x )   1
g ( x)   x  a
 –1, if x is not an integer
Let us discuss the continuity of g (x) at a [ as x  a , x is not an integer]
point x = a [where a  I]
but g (a) = 0 because a is an integer.
L.H.L. = lim g ( x )   1 Hence g (x) has a removable discontinuity
x  a
at integral values of x.
[ as x  a , x is not an integer]
Illustration - 31 The values a and b so that the function :

 
 x  a 2 sin x ; 0 x 
4

  
f ( x )   2 x cot x  b ;  x is continuous x  [0, ] is :
 4 2
 
 a cos 2 x  b sin x ; 2  x  

     
(A) a , b  (B) a , b  (C) a , b  (D) None of these
6 12 3 12 6 12
SOLUTION : (A)

At x = /4 : Left hand limit = lim f ( x)  lim ( x  a 2 sin x )  a
  4
x x
4 4

Right hand limit = lim f ( x)  lim (2 x cot x  b)  b
  2
x x
4 4
   
f    2   cot  b   b
4 4 4 2
for continuity, these three must be equal
  
  a   b  ab . . . (i)
4 2 4
At x =  /2 : Left hand limit = lim (2 x cot x  b)  0  b  b


x
2

JEEMAIN.GURU

Right hand limit = lim (a cos 2 x  b sin x )   a  b f  0b
 2
x
2
for continuity, b = – a – b  a + 2b = 0 . . . (ii)
 
Solving (i) and (ii) for a and b, we get : b , a
12 6
Illustration - 32 a

1  | sin x | | sinx | 
; x0
 6

Let f (x) =  b ; x0
  tan8 x 
   
 e tan3 x  ; 0 x
 6
The value a and b such that f (x) is continuous at x = 0 is :
8 8
(A) a  8, b  e8 (B) a , b  e 8 (C) a , b  e8/3 (D) None of these
3 3
SOLUTION : (C)
Left hand limit at x = 0 Right hand limit x = 0
tan 8 x
 a  tan 3 x
R.H.L. = lim f ( x )  lim e
L.H.L = lim f ( x)  lim  (1  | sin x |) |sin x | 
 x  0 x  0
 
x0 x0  R.H.L. = lim f (0  h)
h0
 L.H.L = lim f (0  h) tan 8h
h0
 R.H.L. = lim e tan 3h
a h0
 
 |sin h | 
L.H.L = lim 1  |sin h |  a 8  tan 8h 3h 
h0
  e  . 
3  8h tan 3h 
 R.H.L. = lim e  e8/3
h0
 1/ t 
 using : lim (1  t )  e  for continuity,
 t0 
L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f (0)
8
 ea = e2/3 = b  a  , b  e8/3
3

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 33

 1  cos 4 x ; x0
 x2

Let f ( x)   a ; x0

 x
; x0
 16  x  4

The value of a, if possible, so that the function is continuous at x = 0 is :

(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) – 6 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
It is given that
 2
 1  cos 4 x  L.H.L.= lim 1  cos 4h  lim 2sin 2h  8
; x0
 x2 h0 h2 h0 h2
 
f ( x)   a ; x0 sin t 
  using : lim t  1
x  t 0 
 ; x0
 16  x  4 Right hand limit at x = 0

R.H.L. = lim f (0  h)
is continuous at x = 0. h 0
So we can take : h
 R.H.L. = lim
h0 16  h  4
lim f ( x)  f (0)  lim f ( x)
x  0 x  0 Rationalise denominator to get :
Left hand limit at x = 0, h
R.H.L. = lim
h0 h
 
16  h  4  8
1  cos 4 x
L.H.L.= lim f ( x ) = lim
x  0 x  0 x2 For function f (x) to be continuous at x = 0,
L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f (0)
Now, L.H.L. = lim f (0  h)
h0  8=8=a
 a=8

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 34
sin 2 x  A sin x  B cos x
If f ( x)  is continuous at x = 0, find the values of A, B
x3
and f (0) are :
(A) A  2, B  0, f (0)   1 (B) A   2, B  0, f (0)   1
(C) A  0, B   2, f (0)  1 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
sin 2 x  A sin x  B cos x
As f (x) is continuous at x = 0, f  0   lim
x0 x3
Using expansions of sin2x, sinx and cosx, we get :

 2x 
 2 x 3  . . .   A  x   x 3  . . .   B 1  x2  x4  . . . 
 
 3   3   2 4 
 
f  0   lim    
x0 x3
 B 2  23 A
x     x3  . . .
B   A  2 x
2  3 3 
f  0   lim
x0 x3
For above limit to be finite (exist), coefficient of x0, x1 and x2 should be 0 in numerator i.e.,
B = 0, A + 2 = 0 and B  A = –2 and B=0
0
2
 x3  . . .
On replacing, we get : f  0   lim 
x0 x3
f (0) = –1
So, we get : A = – 2, B = 0, f (0) = –1.
Note : We can also solve this question using L’Hospital rule.
Illustration - 35  x
2n
The point where f(x) = lim  sin  is discontinuous are :
n   2 
(A) x  n, n  I (B) x  2n , n  I
(C) x  (2n  1), n  I (D) None of these

JEEMAIN.GURU
SOLUTION : (C)
i.e. x is an odd integer
2n 0 ; | x |  1
Since lim x   x = (2n + 1) [where n  I ]
n 1 ; | x |  1
2n Check continuity at x = (2n + 1) :
 x
 f(x) = lim  sin 
n  2  L.H.L. = lim f ( x)  0 . . . (i)
x  2n  1
 x
0 ; sin 2  1 and f (2n + 1) = 1

=  L.H.L.  f (2n + 1),
1 ; sin  x  1
 2  f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2n + 1
Thus f (x) is continuous for all x, except for [i.e. at odd integers]
x Hence f (x) is discontinuous at x = (2n + 1).
those values of x for which sin 1
2
x
 sin  1
2
 x = (2n + 1) 
Illustration - 36 The number of points where f (x) is discontinuous in [0, 2] where

 [cos  x] ; x 1
f ( x)   where [ ] : represents the greatest integer function is :
 x  2 | 2 x  3 | ; x  1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
SOLUTION : (C)
First of all find critical points where f (x) may be discontinuous.
Consider x  [0, 1] : f (x) [cos  x]
x is discontinuous where x  I.  cos  x  I.
1
In [0, 1], cos x is an integer at x = 0, x  and x = 1.
2
1
 x  0, x  and x = 1 are critical points . . . (i)
2
Consider x  (1, 2] :
f (x) = [x – 2] |2x – 3|
In x  (1, 2), [x – 2] = – 1 and for x = 2 ; [x – 2] = 0

JEEMAIN.GURU
3
Also | 2x – 3 |  x
2
3
 x and x = 2 are critical points . . . (ii)
2
1 3
Combining (i) and (ii), critical points are 0, , 1, , 2 .
2 2
On dividing f (x) about the 5 critical points, we get :
 1 ; x0  cos (0)  1

 1
 0 ; 0 x  0  cos x  1  [cos x ]  0
 2
 1
 1 ;  x 1   1  cos x  0  [cos x]   1
 2
f ( x)  
 1(3  2 x) 3
; 1 x   | 2 x  3 |  3  2 x and [ x  2]   1
 2
 3
 1 (2 x  3) ; x2  | 2 x  3 |  2 x  3 and [ x  2]   1
 2
 0 ; x2  [ x  2]  0
Checking continuity at x = 0 :
R.H.L. = lim (0)  0 and f (0) = 1

x  0
 f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0. [As R.H.L.  f (0)]

Checking continuity at x = 1/2 :
L.H.L. = lim f ( x)  0
1
x
2
R.H.L. = lim f ( x)   1

1
x
2
1
f (x) is discontinuous at x = . [As L.H.L.  R.H.L.]
2
L.H.L. = lim f ( x)   1
x  1

JEEMAIN.GURU
R.H.L. = lim f ( x )  lim (2 x  3)   1 and f (1) = – 1

x  1 x  1
f (x) is continuous at x = 1. [As L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f (1)]
Checking continuity at x = 3/2 :
L.H.L. = lim (2 x  3)  0
3
x
2
R.H.L. = lim (3  2 x )  0 and 3

f  0
3 2
x
2
  3 
f (x) is continuous at x = 3/2.  As L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f  2  
  
L.H.L. = lim (3  2 x)   1 and f (2) = 0
x  2
f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2. [As L.H.L  f (2)]
3.3 Continuity in an interval

(i) A function f (x) is said to be continuous in the interval (a, b)
if f (x) is continuous at each and every point  (a, b)
For any c  (a, b), f (x) is continuous if
lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f (c)

x  c x  c
(ii) A function f (x) is said to be continuous in the closed

inteval [a, b] if it is continuous at every point in the
interval (a, b) (see above section ) and the continuity at
the end points is checked according to the following rule
Continuity at x = a
f (x) is continuous at x = a if
If f (a)  lim f ( x )  lim f (a  h) = R.H.L.
x  a h0
= a finite quantity (Fig.)

L.H.L. should not be evaluated to check continuity x = a

JEEMAIN.GURU
Continuity x = b
f (x) is continuous at x = b
If f (b)  lim f ( x)  lim f (b  h) = L.H.L. = a finite quantity..
x  b h0
R.H.L. should not be evaluated to check continuity x = b.

3.4 Discontinuous Functions
A function f is said to be discontinuous at point a of its domain D if it is not continuous there. The
point ‘a’ is then called a point of discontinuity of the function. The discontinuity may arise due to any
of the following situations :
(i) L.H.L. or R.H.L. or both do not exist. at x = a
i.e. they either approach to ‘’ or –  or oscillate between finite or infinite limits.
(ii) L.H.L. as well as R.H.L. exist, but are unequal i.e. L.H.L.  R.H.L. at x = a.
(iii) L.H.L. as well as R.H.L. both exist and are equal but there values is not equal to f (a)
i.e. L.H.L. = R.H.L.  f (a) at x = a
3.5 Types of Discontinuities

Following are the types of discontinuities
(i) Removal discontinuity :

A function f (x) is said to have a Removable discontinuity at a point x = a,
if the limit of f (x) at x = a exists but is not equal to f (a),
i.e., lim f  x  lim f  x  f a

x  a xa
lim f  x  lim f  x  f a

x  a xa
(m) ( m) (i )
(ii) Discontinuity of the first kind :

The function f (x) is said to have a discontinuity of first kind (or an simple discontinuity) at a
point x = a
if both L.H.L. and R.H.L. exist but are not equal

JEEMAIN.GURU
The discontinuity of the first kind is also known as jump discontinuity

where jump = | R.H.L. – L.H.L |. at x = a.
i.e. lim f  x  lim f  x

x  a xa 
Note : Discontinuity in this case is non-removable.
(iii) Discontinuity of the second-kind :

A function y = f (x) is said to have a discontinuity of second kind at a point x = a
if either or both of the limits
lim f  x  and lim f  x  does not exist i.e.,
x  a xa
if either or both of the limit
lim f  x  and lim f  x  is infinite or as oscillatary
x  a xa
The discontinuity of second kind is also known as essential discontinity.

1
(i) If f  x   ,x  0 , discuss the continuity of f (x) at x = 0.
1  e1 / x
At x = 0
1 1 1
L.H.L. = lim f  x  = lim f  0  h   lim   1
x  0 h0 h0 1  e 1/ h 1  e  1 0
1 1 1
and R.H.L. = lim f  x  = lim f  0  h   lim   0
x  0 h0 h0 1  e 1/ h 1  e  
Hence L. H.L.  R.H.L.

 f (x) has a jump discontinuity at x = 0.
(ii) Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) = sin (loge | x | ) at x = 0.
L.H.L. = lim f  x   lim f  0  h 
x  0 h0

= lim sin log e 0  h
h0

= lim sin  log e h  = sin (loge 0) = sin ( –  ) = – sin 
h0
oscillating between – 1 and 1.

JEEMAIN.GURU
R.H.L. = lim f  x   lim f  0  h 

x  0 h0

= lim sin log e 0  h
h0

= lim sin  log e h  = sin (loge 0) = sin ( –  ) = – sin 
h0
oscilating between – 1 and 1.
Therefore L.H.L. and R.H.L. are undefined.
Hence f (x) has a essential discontinuity.
(iii) A function f (x) satisfies the following property :

f (x + y) = f (x) f (y)
Show that the function is continuous for all values of x if it is continuous at x = 1.
As the function is continuous at x = 1, we have
lim f ( x )  lim f ( x)  f (1)
x  1 x  1
 lim f (1  h)  lim f (1  h)  f (1) [using f (x + y) = f (x) f (y)]
h0 h0
we get,
 lim f (1) f (  h)  lim f (1) f (h)  f (1)
h0 h0
 lim f (  h)  lim f ( h)  1 . . . (i)

h0 h0
Now consider some arbitrary point x = a.
Left hand limit = lim f (a  h)  lim f (a) f ( h)
h0 h0
= f (a ) lim f ( h)  f (a) [using (i)]

h0
Right hand limit = lim f (a  h)  lim f (a ) f (h)

h0 h0
= f (a) lim f ( h)  f (a) [using (i)]

h0
Hence at any arbitrary point (x = a),
L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f (a)
 function is continuous for all values of x.

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 37
1  x ; 0  x  2
If g(x) = f (f (x) where f ( x)   then the number of point of
3  x ; 2  x  3
discontinuity of g(x) in [0, 3] is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 0
SOLUTION : (A)
If (3 – x)  (0, 1) then
 f (1  x) ; 0  x  2
g ( x)  f ( f ( x ))   f (3 – x) = 1 +(3 – x) = 4 – x . . . (iii)
 f (3  x ) ; 2  x  3
Using (i), (ii) and (iii), we get :
 f (1  x) ; 0  x  1 2  x ; 0  x  1
 
=  f (1  x ) ; 1  x  2 g (x) = 2  x ; 1  x  2
 f (3  x ) ; 2  x  3 4  x ; 2  x  3
 
now x  [0, 1]  (1 + x)  [1, 2] Now we will check the continuity of g (x) at
x  (1, 2]  (1 + x)  (2, 3] x = 1, 2.
x  (2, 3]  (3 – 3)  [0, 1) At x = 1
Hence L.H.L. = lim g ( x ) = lim (2  x)  3
x  1 x  1
 f (1  x ) for 0  x  1  1 x 1 2

g ( x )   f (1  x ) for 1  x  2  2  x 1 3 R.H.L. = lim g ( x )  lim (2 – x) = 1
 f (3  x) for 2 < x  3  0  3  x 1 x  1 x  1

[As L.H.L.  R.H.L., g (x) is discontinuous at
Now if (1 + x)  [1, 2] then x = 1]
f (1 + x) = 1 + (1 + x) = 2 + x . . . (i) At x = 2
[from the original definition of f (x)] L.H.L. = lim g ( x)  lim (2  x )  0
x  2 x  2
Similarly if (1 + x)  (2, 3) then
f (1 + x) = 3 – (1 + x) = 2 – x . . . (ii) R.H.L. = lim g ( x )  lim (4  x)  2
x  2 x  2
[As L.H.L.  R.H.L., g (x) is discontinuous at

x = 2]

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 38 n
The natural number a for which  f (a  k )  16 (2n  1) where the function f satisfies
k 1
the relation f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all natural numbers x, y and further f (1) = 2 is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
Since the function f satisfies the relation Using equation (i), the given expression reduces
to :
f (x + y) = f (x) f (y)
n
It must be an exponential function.
 2a  k  16 (2n  1)
Let the base of this exponential function be a. k 1
Thus f (x) = ax n
It is given that f (1) = 2. So we can make

  2a · 2k  16 (2n  1)
k 1
1
f (1) = a = 2  a=2
n
Hence, the function is f (x) = 2x . . . (i)  2a  2k  16 (2n  1)
k 1
[Alternatively, we have]
f (x) = f (x – 1 + 1) = f (x – 1) f (1)  2a (2  4  8  16  . . .  2n )  16 (2 n  1)
= f (x – 2 + 1) f (1)
 2 (2n  1) 
2 x
= f (x – 2) [ f (1)] = ... = [ f (1)] = 2 x  2a  n
  16 (2  1)
 2  1 
where x is an integer
 2a  1  16  2a + 1 = 24
 a+1=4  a=3

JEEMAIN.GURU
IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - B
 x
sin 2 ; x 1

1. If f ( x)  4 x  3 ; 1  x  2 exa min e whether lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x) exist.
 x 1 x 2
log (2 x 2  4) ; 2 x3
 2
2. If f ( x  y )  f ( x ) f ( y ) for all x and y and f ( x )  1  g ( x) G ( x) wheree xlim g ( x )  0 and lim G ( x)

0 x 0
exist. Prove that f ( x ) is continuous for all x.
  e1/ x  e 1/ x 
 x2   ; x0
3. Discuss the continuity of f ( x ) at x  0 if f ( x )    e1/ x  e1/ x 


 0 ; x0
 x ; 0  x 1
4. If f ( x)   , then determine the function g ( x )  f [ f ( x )] and check its continuity..
2  x ; 1  x  2
log(2  x )  x 2 n sin x
5. Discuss the continuity of the function f ( x)  lim at x  1.
n  1  x 2n
FOR REMAINING QUESTIONS ATTAMPT IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-B
DIFFERENTIABILITY Section - 4
4.1 Definition
The derivative of function y = f (x) is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of y {or f (x)} with
respect to the change in the independent variable x.
change in y
Derivative = lim
h  0 change in x
As x changes from x to x + h, y changes from f (x) to f (x + h). Hence
dy f ( x  h)  f ( x)
Derivative = = f (x) = lim
dx h0 h

JEEMAIN.GURU
4.2 Existence of derivative (Differentiability) at a point

We have already defined deriavative of y with respect to x as the instantaneous rate of change of y
with respect to x.
Consider an arbitary point x = a.
(a) If x changes from a to a + h, derivative at x = a is :
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
Right Hand Derivative = R f  (a) = lim
h0 h
(b) If x changes from a to a – h, derivative at x = a is :
f (a  h)  f (a)
Left Hand Derivative = L f (a) = lim
h0 h
We say that derivative at x = a exists or the function is differentiable at x = a if both the left hand
derivative and the right hand derivative are finite and equal.
 R f (a) = L f  (a) is the condition for differentiability at x = a.
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
 lim = lim f (a  h)  f (a)
h0 h h0 h
4.3 Another Expression for f(a)

We can also find derivative of f (x) at x = a with the use of the following formula :
f (a) = lim f ( x)  f (a )
x0 xa
4.4 Geometrical Meaning of Derivative
4.4.1 Geometrical meaning of Right hand derivative
Let P (a, f (a)) and Q (a + h, f (a + h)) be two points very near to each other on the curve y = f (x).
Using slope of a line formula, we get
f (a  h)  f (a )
Slope of PQ =
(a  h)  a
Now apply lim on both sides to get :
h0
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
lim (slope of chord PQ)  lim
h0 h0 h
Right hand derivative
= R  f  (a)   lim (slope of chord PQ )
h0

JEEMAIN.GURU
As h  0, Q  P on curve, a + h  a on x-axis and f (a + h)  f (a) on y-axis.

When h is infinitely small, chord PQ almost becomes tangent drawn at P towards right i.e.
R  f ( a)   lim (slope of chord PQ )
h0
= slope of tangent drawn at P towards right.

Hence geometrical significence of right hand derivative is that it represents slope of tangent drawn at
P towards right.
4.4.2 Geometrical meaning of Left hand derivative

Let P (a, f (a)) and Q (a – h, f (a – h)) be two points very near to each other on the curve y = f (x).
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
Using slope of a line formula, we get : Slope of PQ =
( a  h)  a
f (a  h)  f (a)
Now apply lim on both sides to get : lim (slope of chord PQ)  lim
h0 h0 h0 h
Left hand derivative = L  f  ( a )   lim (slope of chord PQ )

h0
As h  0, Q  P on curve, a – h  a on x-axis and f (a – h)  f (a) on y-axis. When h is
infinitely small, chord PQ almost becomes tangent drawn at P towards left i.e.
L '  f (a )   lim (slope of chord PQ )

h0
= slope of tangent drawn at P towards left.

Hence geometrical significence of left hand derivative is that it represents slope of tangent drawn at P
towards left.
4.4.3 Geometrical meaning of existence of derivative

We know derivative exists at x = a, if L [f  (a)] = R [f  (a)]
 Slope of tangent drawn at P towards left = slope of tangent drawn at P towards right
 Same tangent line towards left and right
 Smooth curve around x = a
Hence if f (x) is differentiable or derivative at x = a exists, then at x = a we can drawn only one
tangent towards left and right.
i.e. curve would be smooth in the neighbourhood of a.

JEEMAIN.GURU
4.5 Existence of derivative (Differentiability) on an interval

Let y = f (x) is a function which is defiend in the closed interval [a, b].
(a) If f (x) is a differentiable at every point on the open interval (a, b), then f (x) is said to be
differentiable on (a, b).
(b) If f (x) is differentiable on (a, b) and f (a+) and f (b– ) exists finitely, then f (x) is said to be
differentiable on closed interval [a, b].
4.6 Results
(a) If f (x) is defferentiable at x = a, the it must be continuous at x = a or if f (x) is differentiable
on the interval (a, b), then it must be continuus for all x lying in this interval.
(b) The converse of above result is not true i.e. if function is continuous at x = a, then it may or may
not be differentiable at x = a. OR if function is continuous on the interval (a, b) then it may or
may not differentiable for all x in that interval.
(c) If Rf  (a) and Lf (a) both exist finitely (both may or may not be equal) then f (x) is continuous
at x = a.
(d) If a function is differentiable, its graph must be smooth i.e. there should be no break or corner.

1  x 2 ; x  1
(i) Discuss the differentiability f (x) at x = –1, if f ( x )  
2 x  2 ; x   1
f (– 1) = 1 – (–1) 2 = 0
Right hand derivative at x = – 1 is
f (1  h)  f (1)
R f (–1) = lim
h 0 h
2 ( 1  h)  2  0 2h
= lim = lim 2.
h 0 h h 0 h
f (1  h)  f (1)
Lf  (–1) = lim h
h 0
1  ( 1  h ) 2  0  h2  2h
= lim = lim = lim (h  2)  2
h0 h h0 h h0
Since Lf  (–1) = Rf  (–1) = 2.

 The function is differentiable at x = –1.

JEEMAIN.GURU
(ii) Show that the functin f (x) = | x2 – 4 | is not differentiable at x = 2.

 x2  4 ; x  2


f ( x)   4  x 2 ;  2  x  2
 2
 x  4 ; x2
 f (2) = 22 – 4 = 0
f (2  h)  f (2) 4  (2  h)2  0
L f  (2) = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
4h  h2
= lim = lim (h  4) = – 4.
h0 h h0
f (2  h)  f (2) [(2  h)2  4]  0

R f  (2) = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
h 2  4h
= lim  lim (h  4)  4
h0 h h0
 L f  (2)  R f  (2).
Hence f (x) is not differentiable at x = 2.
(iii) Show that f (x) = x | x | is differentiable x = 0.

 x 2 ; x  0
f ( x)  
 x 2 ; x  0
f (0  h)  f (0)
L f  (0) = lim
h0 h
(  h ) 2  0
= lim  lim h  0
h0 h h0
f (0  h)  f (0)
Rf  (0) = lim
h0 h
h2  0
= lim 0  Lf  (0) = Rf  (0).
h0 h
Hence f (x) is differentiable at x = 0.

JEEMAIN.GURU
(iv) Prove the following theorem :

“If a function y = f (x) is differentiable at a point then it must be continuous at that point”.
Let the function be differentiable at

x = a.  f ( a  h )  (a ) 
= lim ( h)  lim   f (a)
h0  h  0  h 
f (a  h)  f (a)
 lim
h0 h = 0 × [Lf  (a)] + f (a) = f (a)
R.H.L. = lim f (a  h)
f ( a  h)  f ( a ) h0
and lim
h0 h
= lim [ f (a  h)  f (a)]  f (a )
are finite numbers which are equal. h0
L.H.L. = lim f (a  h)
h0  f ( a  h)  f (a ) 
= lim h  lim h   f (a )
h  0 h  0 
= lim [ f (a  h)  f (a )]  f (a )
h0 =0 × [R f  (a)] + f (a) = f (a)
Hence the function is continuous at x = a.
Note: The converse of this theorem is not always true. If a function is continuous at a point, it may or may
not be differentiable at that point.
Illustration - 39 At x = 0 the given function
 2 1
 x sin ; x0
f ( x)   x is :
 0 ; x0
(A) Discontinuous (B) Differentiable (C) Non-differentiable (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
f (0  h)  f (0)
Let us check the differentiability first. Rf  (0) = lim
h0 h
f (0  h)  f (0)
Lf  (0) = lim 1
h0 h h 2 sin 0
= lim h
 1  h0 h
( h)2 sin  0
  h  1 1
= lim = lim h sin  lim h  lim sin
h0 h h0 h h0 h0 h
1 1 = 0 × (number between – 1 and + 1) = 0
= lim h sin  lim h  lim sin
h0 h h0 h0 h Hence L f  (0) = R f  (0) = 0.
= 0 × (number between – 1 and + 1) = 0  Function is differentiable at x = 0.
 It must be continuous also at the same point.

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 40 At x = 0 the given function

 x sin (log x 2 ) ; x  0
f ( x)   is :
 0 ; x0
(A) Discontinuous (B) Differentiable (C) Non-differentiable (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (C)
LHL = lim f (0  h)  lim (  h) sin log (  h) 2  L.H.L.= R.H.L. = f (0)

h0 h0
Hence f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
=  lim h sin log h 2 Test for Differentiability :
h0
f (0  h)  f (0)
Lf  (0) = lim
As h  0, log h2  – . h0 h
Hence sin log h2 oscillates between – 1 and + 1.
 h sin log (h)2  0
= lim
 LHL =  lim ( h)  lim (sin log h 2 ) h0 h
h0 h0
= – 0 × (number between – 1 and + 1) = 0 2
= lim sin (log h )
h0
R.H.L.= lim f (0  h)
h0 As the expression oscillates between – 1 and
+ 1, the limit does not exist.
2 2
= lim h sin log h  lim h lim sin log h  Left hand derivative is not defined.
h0 h0 h0
= 0 × (oscillating between – 1 and + 1) = 0 Hence the function is not differentiable at
f (0) = 0 (Given) x = 0.
Note : As LHD is undefined there is no need to check RHD for differentiability as for differentiability both
LHD and RHD should be defined and equal.

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 41 For the given function

 x2
 ; 0  x 1
f ( x)   2 which of the following is (aree) correct :
 2 x2  3x  3
; 1 x  2
 2
(A) f (x) is continuous  x  0, 2 (B) f ’ (x) is continuous  x   0, 2
(C) f ’’(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 (D) f ’’ (x) is continuous  x   0, 2

SOLUTION : (ABC)
Continuity of f (x) At x = 1,
For x  1, f (x) is a polynomial and hence is LHL = lim g ( x)  lim x  1
continuous. x  1 x  1
At x = 1,
RHL = lim g  x   lim  4 x  3  1
x2 1 x  1 x  1
LHL = lim f ( x )  lim 
x  1 x  1 2 2 g (1) = 4 – 3 = 1
 2 3  LHL = RHL = g (1)
RHL= lim  f ( x )  lim   2 x  3x  
2
x 1 x 1  g (x) = f  (x) is continuous at x = 1.
3 1 Continuity of f  (x)
= 23 
2 2
1 ; 0  x  1
2 3 1 Let h ( x )  f  ( x )  
f (1) = 2 (1)  3 (1)   4 ; 1  x  2
2 2
 L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f (1) For x  1, h (x) is continuous because it is a
Therefore, f (x) is continuous at x = 1. constant function.
At x = 1,
Continuity of f  (x)
LHL  lim h ( x )  1
Let g (x) = f  (x) x  1
 x ; 0  x 1 RHL  lim h ( x )  4
 g ( x)   x  1
4 x  3 ; 1  x  2 Thus LHL  RHL
For x  1, g (x) is linear polynomial and hence  h (x) is discontinuous at x = 1
continuous. Hence f (x) and f  (x) are continuous on
[0, 2] but f  (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
Note : Continuity of f  (x) is same as differentiability of f (x).

JEEMAIN.GURU
Illustration - 42 If f (x) and g (x) are differentiable at x = a then the value of

f ( x) g ( a )  g ( x) f ( a )
lim is :
xa xa
(A) f ( a ) g ( a)  f '( a ) g '( a ) (B) f  (a ) g (a )  g  ( a) f ( a)

(C) f ( a ) g '( a)  f '( a ) g ( a) (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
f ( x) g ( a)  g ( x ) f ( a )
lim
xa xa
f ( x) g ( a)  f ( a ) g ( a )  f ( a ) g ( a)  g ( x ) f ( a )
= lim
xa xa
 f ( x )  f ( a)   g ( x )  g ( a) 
= lim   g (a)  lim   f (a )
xa xa  xa xa 
= f  (a) g (a) – g (a) f (a)
Illustration - 43 Let f (x) be defined in the interval [–2, 2] such that
 1 ;  2  x  0
f ( x)  
x  1 ; 0  x  2
and g(x) = f ( | x | ) + | f ( x ) |. The number of point where g(x) is not differentiable in (–2, 2) is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
SOLUTION : (B)
Consider f ( | x | ) Consider | f (x) |
The given interval is – 2  x  2
 |  1| ;  2  x  0
Replace x by | x | to get : Now | f ( x) |  
| x  1| ; 0  x  2
–2|x|2  0|x|2
Hence f ( | x | ) can be obtained by substituting  1 ; 2  x  0
 | f ( x) |   . . . (ii)
| x | in place of x in x – 1 | x  1| ; 0  x  2
[see definition of f (x)]. Adding (i) and (ii) we get :
 f ( | x | ) = | x | – 1; –2x2  | x | 1 1 ; 2  x  0
. . . (i) f (| x |)  | f ( x) |  
| x |  1  | x  1| ; 0  x  2

JEEMAIN.GURU
 | x| ; 2  x  0 g (0  h)  g (0)
Rg (0) = Rg '(0)  lim
 g ( x)   h0 h
| x |  1  | x  1| ; 0x2
On further simplification, 00
 lim 0
 x ; 2  x  0 h0 h

g ( x)   x  1  1  x ; 0  x 1  Lg (0)  Rg (0).
x  1  x  1 ; 1 x  2
 Therefore g (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
 x ; 2  x  0
 At x = 1
g ( x)   0 ; 0  x 1
2 x  2 ; 1  x  2 g (1  h)  g (1)
 Lg (1) = lim h
h0
For x  0 and x  1, g (x) is a differentiable
function because it is a linear polynomial. 00
= lim 0
At x = 0 h 0 h
g (1  h)  g (1)
g (0  h)  g (0) Rg (1) = lim
Lg (0) = lim h
h0 h
h0
2 (1  h)  2  0
 ( h)  0 = lim 2
 1 h0 h
= lim h
h0
 Lg (1)  Rg (1).
Therefore g (x) in not differential at x = 1.
Hence g (x) is not differentiable at x = 0, 1 in
(– 2, 2).
IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - C
x 2 f (a)  a 2 f ( x )
1. If a function f ( x ) is differentiable at x  a, find the value of lim .
x a xa
2. Discuss the differentiability of the following function if :
 x
 x0
1  e1/ x
 0 x0


JEEMAIN.GURU
3. Examine the continuity and differentiability of the function f ( x) in (0, 3) where :
 2 x  3 [ x] 0  x  2

f ( x)   x2
 2 x3
 2
  1 1 
    
4. If f ( x )  ( x  2)2  x  2 x  2  x  2, discuss the differentiability of f ( x) at x  2.

 0 x2
5. Prove that if Rf ’ (a) and Lf ’ (a) both exist finitely (both may or may not be equal) then f ( x) is
continuous at x  a.
6. Examine the continuity and differentiability of the following function in (, ) :

 1 ; x0

 
f ( x) 1  sin x ; 0 x
 2
   
2   x  2  ; 2  x
  
4.7 Finding derivatives from first principles

Consider y = f (x) be a defined function of x. Let us change x by a small quantity, say h.
Then corresponding change in y can be obtained from f (x + h) – f (x).
From the definition of dy/dx, given in last section, we get :
dy change in y f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 lim  lim
dx h  0 change in x h  0 xhx
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
= lim h
h0
So finding derivative by first principles means using the following formula :
dy f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 f  ( x)  lim
dx h0 h

JEEMAIN.GURU

(i) Find the derivative of y = log x w.r.t. x from first principles.
Let f (x) = log x h


Using definition of derivative, log 1  
= lim  x
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) h0 h
f  ( x )  lim
h0 h
 h
log 1  
log ( x  h)  log x = lim  x 1
 f  ( x)  lim
h0 h h0 h/x x
1  log (1  t ) 
=  using lim  1
x  t 0 t 
(ii) Evaluate the derivative of f (x) = xn w.r.t. x from definition of derivative. Hence find the
derivative of  x, 1/x, 1/x, 1/xp wrt x.
Using definition of derivative,  xn  an 
n 1
f ( x  h)  f ( x) = nx  using lim  na n  1 
f ( x)  lim  xa xa 
h0 h
Taking n  1 , d x  1
( x  h) n  x n 2 dx 2 x

f ( x )  lim
h0 h
d  1  1
n n taking n   1,  
( x  h)  x dx  x  x 2
= lim
h  0 ( x  h)  x
1 d  1  1
taking n  ,   
n n 2 dx  x  2 x x
t x
= lim [putting t = x + h]
tx tx d  1  p
taking n   p,   p 1
dx  x p  x
(iii) Find the derivative of sin x w.r.t. x from first principles.
Let f (x) = sin x
Using the definition of derivative,
sin ( x  h)  sin x
f  ( x)  lim
h0 h
 h h
2 cos  x   sin
 2 2
= lim
h0 h
2
2

JEEMAIN.GURU
h
sin  sin  
2  cos x  using lim  1
= cos x . lim
h0 h  0  
2
Hence f  (x) = cos x.
(iv) Differentiate ax w.r.t. x from first principles.

Let f (x) = ax
Using the definition of derivatives,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f ( x)  lim
h0 h
ax  h  ax x ah  1
 f ( x)  lim  a . lim
h0 h h0 h
x
 at  1 
= a log a  using lim  log a 
 t0 t 
 
Hence f  (x) = ax log a.
(v) Differentiate sin (log x) w.r.t. x from first principles.

Let f (x) = sin (log x)
Using the definition of derivatives,
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
h0 h
sin log ( x  h)  sin log x
= f  ( x )  lim
h0 h
 log ( x  h)  log x   log ( x  h)  log x 
2 cos   sin  
 2   2 
= lim
h0 h
  log ( x  h)  log x  
 sin  
 log ( x  h)  log x    2 
= lim 2 cos    lim
h0  2  h  0  h 
 log ( x  h)  log x 
sin  
 2   lim log ( x  h)  log x
= 2 cos log x lim
h0 log ( x  h)  log x h0 2h
2

JEEMAIN.GURU
log (1  h / x )  sin  
= 2 cos log x .1. lim  as lim   1
h0 2h  0 
log (1  h / x ) 1 cos log x
= cos log x . lim . 
h0 h/ x x x
(vi) Differentiate x2 tan x w.r.t. x from first principles.

Let f (x) = x2 tan x
Using the definition of derivative,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f  ( x) = lim
h0 h
( x  h)2 tan ( x  h)  x 2 tan x

f  ( x) = lim
h0 h
x 2 tan ( x  h)  x 2 tan x  (h 2  2hx) tan ( x  h)

= lim
h0 h
tan ( x  h)  tan x h ( h  2 x) tan ( x  h)
= x 2 lim  lim
h0 h h0 h
sin ( x  h  x )
= x 2 lim  lim ( h  2 x) tan ( x  h)
h  0 h cos x cos ( x  h) h  0
x2  sin  
=  2 x tan x  using lim   1
cos 2 x  0 
(vii) Differentiate sin–1 x w.r.t. x from first principles.
Let y = sin–1 x  x = sin y As (dy/dx) × (dx/dy) = 1, we get

From first principles, dy 1 1 1
  
dx f ( y  h)  f ( y ) dx cos y  1  sin 2 y  1  x 2
 lim
dy h  0 h
[as x = sin y]
dx sin ( y  h)  sin y
  lim But the principal value of y = sin–1 x lies
dy h  0 h
between – /2 and /2 and for these values
 2y  h  h of y, cos y is positive.
2 cos   sin
 lim  2  2
[as cosine of an angle in the first or
h0 h fourth quadrant is positive]
h Therefore rejecting the negative sign, we have
sin
dx 2  cos y
  cos y lim dy 1
dy h0 h / 2 
dz 1  x2

JEEMAIN.GURU
(viii) Differentiate tan x w.r.t. x from first principles.
Let f (x) = tan x
tan x  h  tan x
From first principles, f ( x )  lim
h0 h
Rationalise to get,
tan x  h  tan x
f ( x)  lim
h0h tan x  h  h tan x
f ( x) 
1
lim
sin  xh  x 

2 tan x h  0 h cos x  h cos x
f ( x) 
1
lim
sin  xh x  xh  x 
2 tan x cos 2 x h  0  xh x h 
1 xh x  sin t 
f ( x)  lim  1
 using lim
2 tan x cos 2
x h0 h  xh x   t 0 t 
1 1
 f ( x ) 
2 tan x cos 2 x 2 x

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JEEMAIN.

Vidyamandir Classes Differential

1.1 Some basic concepts regarding Limits

1.2 Meaning of a limiting value

In notation, it is written that lim f  x   l

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 1

Differential Calculus - 1 Vidyamandir Classes

1.3 Right Hand Limit

Right hand limit can be expressed as : lim f  x   l1

Here h is infinitely small positive number approaching to 0 .

1.4 Left Hand Limit

Left hand limit can be expressed as : lim f  x   l2

Here h is infinitely small positive number approaching to 0 .

1.5 Existence of Limit

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Vidyamandir Classes Differential Calculus - 1

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Differential Calculus - 1 Vidyamandir Classes

 R.H.L. = lim f ( x)  4 . . . (ii)

Graphical meaning of R.H.L.

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Now coming figure (i) and (ii) we get :

From (i) and (ii)

 Limit exists at x = 2 and the limiting value of f (x) is ‘4’.

Algorithm to check existence of a limit

(i) Find L.H.L. at x = a using L.H.L. = lim f ( a  h)

(ii) Find R.H.L. at x = a using R.H.L.= lim f ( a  h)

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Differential Calculus - 1 Vidyamandir Classes

Illustrating the Concepts :

Left hand limit : Right hand limit :

= lim f  x   lim f 1  h  = lim f  x   lim f 1  h 

Left hand limit at x = 1 :  L.H.L = lim f  x 

= (1 – h)2 = (1 – 0)2 = 1 = (4 – 0)3 = 43 = 64

= (1 + h)3 = (1 + 0)3 = 1 = lim f  4  h 

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Vidyamandir Classes Differential Calculus - 1

As L .H.L . at x = 1 = R.H.L. at x 

at x = 3 and hence comment on the existence of limit at x = 3.

The given function can be written as

Here, lim sin 1x 

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Differential Calculus - 1 Vidyamandir Classes

Using graph of sin–1x, we can say, as

i.e., lim sin 1 x   1

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Vidyamandir Classes Differential Calculus - 1

So, lim f  x  does not exist.

Illustration - 4 lim [ x  3] is equal to : (where [.] is greatest integer function)

(A) –2 (B) –3 (C) Does not exist (D) None of these

Right Hand limit = lim  x  3 = lim 1  h  3  lim   2  h 

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EVALUATION OF LIMITS Section - 2

2.1 Indeterminate forms

2.2 Important results for calculating Limits

(i) lim  k1 f  x   k2 g  x    k1 lim f  x   k2 lim g  x  [where k1 and k2 are independent of x]

(ii) lim  f  x  g  x    lim f  x  lim g  x 

sin x sin 1 x tan x tan 1 x

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2.3 VARIOUS METHOD TO EVALUATE LIMITS