Chem-I 2018 PDF

Government Dehli College
CHEMISTRY – I
LAB MANUAL
Chemical Analysis
EXPERIMENTS
Quantitative Analysis Qualitative Analysis

EXP: 1-10 EXP: 11-13
Element
Volumetric Analysis
Detections
EXP: 1-10 EXP: 11
Acid Base Titrations Redox Titrations Boiling Points

EXP: 1-6 EXP: 7-10 EXP: 12
OVERVIEW OF CHEM-I PRACTICALS Melting Points

EXP: 13
Available at zainchem.wordpress.com
CHEMISTRY-I
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1
E# OBJECT LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
ACID BASE TITRATIONS - I
1 Given 0.1 N HCl solution, Find out Normality & Amount of NaOH in g/dm3
2 Given 0.05 N KOH solution, Find out Normality & Amount of H2SO4 in g/250cm3
3 Given Decinormal solution of NaOH, Find out Normality & Amount of CH3COOH
in g/350cm3
4 Given N/5 solution of (COOH)2.2H2O, Find out Normality & Amount of KOH in
g/1.2dm3
ACID BASE TITRATIONS - II
5 Given 0.075 N HNO3 solution, Find out Normality & Amount of Na2CO3.10H2O in
g/200cm3
6 Given 0.12 N K2CO3 solution, Find out Normality & Amount of HCl in g/500cm3
REDOX TITRATIONS - I
7 Given 0.16 N KMnO4 solution, Find out Normality & Amount of FeSO4.7H2O in
g/350cm3
8 Given 0.16 N KMnO4 solution, Find out Normality & Amount of
FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.2H2O in g/350cm3
REDOX TITRATIONS - II
9 Given 0.15 N KMnO4 solution, Find out Normality & Amount of (COOH)2.2H2O in
g/550cm3
10 Given N/12 oxalic acid solution, Find out Normality & Amount of KMnO4 in
g/1.2dm3
ELEMENT DETECTION
11 To identify the element present in given compound.
BOILING POINTS
12 To determine the boiling point of given liquid.
MELTING POINTS
13 To determine the melting point of given solid.
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Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen
(Lecturer) Govt. Dehli College
Volumetric analysis
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2
0 initial zero
10
clamp
20
30
burette
40
pipette
50
indicator stop cock
burette jet
beaker
conical flask
iron stand
Titrations
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Acid base TITRATIONS – i
Theory:
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Acid is a specie that donates H+ ions in aqueous medium, base is a specie that donates –OH ions, while
3
salt is neutralized product of acid and base. The process in which H+ ions of acid reacts with –OH ions
of base to form water is known as “neutralization”.
Acid  Base 
 Salt  Water
H    OH 
 H 2O
Acid & bases are classified on the basis of their dissociation abilities as strong & weak acid & bases. The
concentration (normality) of unknown acid or base can be determine through titration; which is defined
as “the process in which one of solution is measured with pipette & another is measured with burette
& concentration of unknown solution is determine by titrating it against solution of known
concentration”
Procedure:
1. Wash pipette, burette, conical flask & funnel with water
2. Rinse pipette with acid & burette with base.
3. Fill burette up to 0.0 cm3 with base carefully using funnel.
4. Pipette out 10.0 cm3 solution of acid & transfer it to conical flask.
5. Add 2 drops of indicator “phenolphthalein” to the solution in conical flask.
6. Carefully titrate acid against base drop wise, till faint pink color is obtained, note down the
reading & than discard the contents of flask.
7. Repeat the procedure for further observations & obtained concordant reading,
8. Calculate normality, equivalent weight & amount of required specie.
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

EXPERIMENT # 1
Object:
Page |
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4
Equations:
Molecular Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
Solution in Burette: _________________________
S.No. Initial Final Difference Concordant
Solution in Conical Flask: ___________________
Volume Volume Volume Volume
Normality of Acid: NA_____________
cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
Normality of Base: NB____________
Volume Of Acid: VA 10.0 cm3
Volume Of Base: VB __________ading
Indicator Used: Phenolphthalein
Color Change: From colorless to pink
CALCULATIONS:
1. Normality: N AVA  N BVB
Formula Mass
2. Equivalent Weight: Gram Equivalent weight 
Acidity or Basicity
Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
The normality of ___________________________________ is found to be ______________ N.
The amount of ___________________________________ is found to be ______________ g/____________.
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

EXPERIMENT # 2
Object:
Page |
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5
Equations:
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
Volume Of Base: VB __________reading
CALCULATIONS:
Formula Mass
Acidity or Basicity

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

EXPERIMENT # 3
Object:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page |
6
Equations:
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
CALCULATIONS:
Formula Mass
Acidity or Basicity

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

EXPERIMENT # 4
Object:
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7
Equations:
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
CALCULATIONS:
Formula Mass
Acidity or Basicity

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Acid base TITRATIONS - ii
Theory:
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Acid is a specie that donates H+ ions & base is a specie that donates –OH ions, while salt is neutralized
8
product of acid and base. The process in which H+ ions of acid reacts with –OH ions of base to form
water is called as “neutralization”.
Acid  Base 
 Salt  Water
H    OH 
 H 2O
Acid & bases are classified on the basis of their dissociation abilities as strong & weak acid & bases.
Some weak bases includes Na2CO3, NaHCO3, K2CO3, KHCO3 when neutralized with strong acid, methyl
orange is used as an indicator. In this titration weak base is taken in conical flask & acid in burette. Thus
color transition from yellow to light red is observed in titration.
Procedure:
2. Rinse pipette with base & burette with acid.
3. Fill burette up to 0.0 cm3 with acid carefully using funnel.
4. Pipette out 10.0 cm3 solution of base & transfer it to conical flask.
5. Add 2 drops of indicator “methyl orange” to the solution in conical flask.
6. Start titrating base against acid drop wise till faint red color is obtained, note down the reading
& than discard the contents of flask.
7. Repeat the procedure & obtained concordant reading.
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

EXPERIMENT # 5
Object:
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9
Equations:
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
Solution in Burette: _____________________
Solution in Conical Flask: _______________ S.No. Initial Final Difference Concordant
Normality of Acid: NA_____________ Volume Volume Volume Volume
Normality of Base: NB____________ cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
Volume of Acid: VA _________
Volume of Base: VB 10.0 cm3reading
Indicator Used: Methyl Orange
Color Change: From yellow to light red
CALCULATIONS:
Formula Mass
Acidity or Basicity

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

EXPERIMENT # 6
Object:
Page |
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10
Equations:
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
Solution in Burette: _____________________
Solution in Conical Flask: _______________ S.No. Initial Final Difference Concordant
Normality of Acid: NA_____________ Volume Volume Volume Volume
Normality of Base: NB____________ cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
Volume of Acid: VA _________
Volume of Base: VB 10.0 cm3reading
Indicator Used: Methyl Orange
Color Change: From yellow to light red
CALCULATIONS:
Formula Mass
Acidity or Basicity

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

REDOX TITRATIONS - i
Theory:
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Reducing agents are the solutions that reduce other & oxidize itself by losing electron/s while Oxidizing
11
agents are the solutions that oxidizes other & reduces itself by gaining electron/s. Redox titration is a
type of titration between reducing agent and oxidizing agent. Both reduction & oxidation process occurs
during reaction therefore it is called as Red-Ox titration.
KMnO4, K2Cr2O7 & K2CrO4 are the example of oxidizing agent while FeSO4.7H20, H2C2O4.2H2O,
FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.2H2O are the example of reducing agent. Sulphuric acid H2SO4 is added to conical flask
before titration, as redox reactions requires medium for redox process to occur.
Procedure:
2. Rinse pipette with reducing agent & burette with KMnO4.
3. Fill burette up to 0.0 cm3 with KMnO4 carefully using funnel.
4. Pipette out 10.0 cm3 solution of reducing agent & transfer it to conical flask, Add ½ test tube
H2SO4 in conical flask before titration.
5. Start titrate reducing agent against KMnO4 drop wise till faint pink color is obtained, note down
the reading & than discard the contents of flask.
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Experiment # 7
Object:
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12
Equations:
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
Solution in Burette: KMnO4
Solution in Conical Flask: _________________________ S.No. Initial Final Difference Concordant
Normality of Oxidizing Agent: NO______________ Volume Volume Volume Volume
Normality of Reducing Agent: NR______________ cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
Volume of Oxidizing Agent: VO _______
Volume of Reducing Agent: VR 10.0 cm3reading
Indicator Used: KMnO4 as self indicator
Color Change: From colorless to light pink
CALCULATIONS:
1. Normality: N OVO  N RVR
Formula Mass
No. of electron transfer

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Experiment # 8
Object:
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13
Equations:
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
CALCULATIONS:
Formula Mass

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

REDOX TITRATIONS - ii
Theory:
Page |
Reducing agents are the solutions that reduce other & oxidize itself by losing electron/s while Oxidizing
14
agents are the solutions that oxidizes other & reduces itself by gaining electron/s. Redox titration is a
type of titration between reducing agent and oxidizing agent. Both reduction & oxidation process occurs
during reaction therefore it is called as Red-Ox titration.
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 is added to conical flask before titration, as redox reactions requires medium for
redox process to occur. When oxalic acid is used as reducing agent, solution is heated before carried
out titration in order to activate redox reaction by facilitating the liberation of CO2.
Procedure:
2. Rinse pipette with reducing agent & burette with KMnO4.
3. Fill burette up to 0.0 cm3 with KMnO4 carefully using funnel.
4. Pipette out 10.0 cm3 solution of reducing agent & transfer it to conical flask, Add ½ test tube
H2SO4 in conical flask before titration.
5. Heat the contents of conical flask gently with continuous shaking, till vapors condense on the
neck of conical flask.
6. Start titrate reducing agent against KMnO4 drop wise till faint pink color is obtained, note down
the reading & than discard the contents of flask.
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Experiment # 9
Object:
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15
Equations:
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
CALCULATIONS:
Formula Mass

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Experiment # 10
Object:
Page |
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16
Equations:
Ionic Equation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Observations:
CALCULATIONS:
Formula Mass

3. Amount:
1000
RESULT:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Element detections
Work sheet
Experiment Observations Inference Equation Page |
1. Test for Nitrogen: 6NaCN + FeSO4  Na4[Fe(CN)6] + 17
NITROGEN
Na-extract + FeSO4(s) (heat to boil & cool) + H2SO4 Blue or green N is present Na2SO4
(c) coloration & confirmed 4FeSO4 + 2[O] + 2H2SO4  2Fe2(SO4)3
+ 2H2O
2Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Na4[Fe(CN)6] 
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 6Na2SO4
1. Test for Nitrogen:
Na-extract + FeSO4(s) (heat to boil & cool) + H2SO4 No blue or green N is absent ---
(c) coloration
Na2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbS +
SLPHUR
2. Test for Sulphur:

Na-extract + CH3COOH (heat) + Pb(CH3COO)2 Black precipitates S is present 2CH3COONa
Confirmatory Test for S:
Na-extract + sodium nitropurside Violet coloration S is present & Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] 
confirmed Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]
Sodium sulpho nitropurside
(c) coloration
CHLORINE
Na-extract + CH3COOH (heat) + Pb(CH3COO)2 No Black precipitates S is absent ---

3. Test for Halogens:-
Na-extract + HNO3(d) + AgNO3 White precipitates Cl may be NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
present
Confirmatory Test for Cl:
White precipitates + NH4OH White precipitates Cl is present AgCl + 2 NH4OH  [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + H20
are soluble in & confirmed Diamine silver chloride complex
NH4OH
(c) coloration
BROMINE

Na-extract + HNO3(d) + AgNO3 Dirty white NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr + NaNO3
Dirty white precipitates + NH4OH precipitates Br may be AgBr + NH4OH  partially soluble
partially soluble present
Confirmatory Test for Br: (layer test)
Na-extract + CCl4 + KMnO4 + HCl (conc)  shake & Brown layer is Br is present MnO4- +2Cl- +4H+Mn2++Cl2+2H2O
check the color of layer obtained & confirmed 2NaBr + Cl2 2 NaCl + Br2
Br2 + CCl4 layer  Brown layer
(c) coloration
IODINE
Na-extract + HNO3(d) + AgNO3 yellow precipitates I may be NaI + AgNO3 AgI + NaNO3
yellow precipitates + NH4OH insoluble present AgI + NH4OH  insoluble
Confirmatory Test for I: (layer test)

Na-extract + CCl4 + KMnO4 + HCl (conc)  shake & Violet layer is I is present & MnO4- +2Cl- +4H+Mn2++Cl2+2H2O
check the color of layer obtained confirmed 2NaI + Cl2  2NaCl + I2
I2 + CCl4layer  Violet layer
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Element detections
Theory:
Page |
For the analysis of element in a given sample, the sample must contain elements in ionic form so that
18
they can be easily detected when treated with certain inorganic reagents. In “organic samples” elements
are not present in ionic form, therefore in order to convert them to ionic form “Lassaign’s solution
(sodium extract)” is prepared. The desire element fused with sodium “Na” and changes to ionic form.
Systematic approach leads to the detection of element in a given sample. Different sodium extracts are
as,
Equations:
For Nitrogen: Na + C + N  NaCN  Na+ + CN-
For Sulphur: Na + S  Na2S  2Na+ + S2-
For Halogens: Na + X  NaX Na+ + X- (X= Cl, Br, I)
Preparation of Sodium Extract:

1. Take small piece of Na metal, dry it using filter paper & put it in dry ignition tube.
2. Add small quantity of compound such that Na-metal is fully covered.
3. Heat ignition tube gently till compound fused with Na-metal.
4. Heat the fusion tube strongly till lower end become red hot.
5. Drop red hot ignition tube in china dish containing 1 test tube water.
6. Heat the solution in china dish gently & filter it, collect filtrate in test tube.
7. The filtrate is Na-extract.
Scan for VIDEO

DEMONSTRATION
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

EXPERIMENT # 11
Page |
Sample 1: 19
Object: To identify the element present in given compound.
Experiment Observations Inference Equation

1. Test for Nitrogen: 6NaCN + FeSO4  Na4[Fe(CN)6] + Na2SO4
Na-extract + FeSO4(s) (heat to boil & Prussian Blue coloration N is present & 4FeSO4 + 2[O] + 2H2SO4  2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
cool) + H2SO4 (c) confirmed 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Na4[Fe(CN)6]  Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 6Na2SO4
Result: The given compound contains “Nitrogen”
Sample 2:

Na-extract + FeSO4(s) (heat to boil & cool) + H2SO4 No Prussian Blue N is absent ---
(c) coloration
Na-extract + CH3COOH (heat) + Pb(CH3COO)2 Black precipitates S is present Na2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbS + 2CH3COONa
Confirmatory Test for S:
Na-extract + sodium nitropurside Violet coloration S is present & Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]  Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]
confirmed Sodium sulpho nitropurside
Result: The given compound contains “Sulphur”
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Sample 3:
Experiment Observations Inference Equation Page |

1. Test for Nitrogen: 20
Na-extract + FeSO4(s) (heat to boil & cool) + H2SO4 No Prussian Blue N is absent ---
(c) coloration
Na-extract + HNO3(d) + AgNO3 White precipitates Cl may be present NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
Confirmatory Test for Cl:

White precipitates + NH4OH White precipitates are Cl is present & AgCl + 2 NH4OH  [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + H20
soluble in NH4OH confirmed Diamine silver chloride complex
Result: The given compound contains “Chlorine”
Sample 4:

Na-extract + FeSO4(s) (heat to boil & cool) + No Prussian Blue coloration N is absent ---
H2SO4 (c)
Na-extract + HNO3(d) + AgNO3 Dirty white precipitates Br may be present NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr + NaNO3
Dirty white precipitates + NH4OH partially soluble in NH4OH AgBr + NH4OH  partially soluble
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Confirmatory Test for Br: (layer test)
Na-extract + CCl4 + KMnO4 + HCl (conc)  shake CCl4 layer turns brown Br is present & MnO4- +2Cl- +4H+Mn2++Cl2+2H2O
& check the color of layer confirmed 2NaBr + Cl2 2 NaCl + Br2
Br2 + CCl4 layer  Brown layer
Page |
Result: The given compound contains “Bromine”
21
Sample 5:

Na-extract + FeSO4(s) (heat to boil & cool) + H2SO4 No Prussian Blue ---
(c) coloration N is absent
2. Test for Sulphur: ---

Na-extract + CH3COOH (heat) + Pb(CH3COO)2 No Black precipitates S is absent

Na-extract + HNO3(d) + AgNO3 yellow precipitates I may be present NaI + AgNO3 AgI + NaNO3
Dirty white precipitates + NH4OH insoluble in NH4OH AgI + NH4OH  insoluble
Confirmatory Test for I: (layer test)

Na-extract + CCl4 + KMnO4 + HCl (conc)  shake & CCl4 layer turns violet I is present & MnO4- +2Cl- +4H+Mn2++Cl2+2H2O
check the color of layer confirmed 2NaI + Cl2 2 NaCl + I2
I2 + CCl4 layer  Violet layer
Result: The given compound contains “Iodine”
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Boiling point
Page | 22
thermometer
clamp
capil lary tube with cl ose end upwards
igni ti on tube
thread for tyi ng igni ti on tube wi th thermometer
beaker containi ng solvent bath
tripod stand
burner
iron stand
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Boiling point
Theory:
Page | 23
Determination of boiling point of a liquid is qualitative analysis, in which we observe the
change in state of matter from liquid to vapor phase. Boiling point is “The temperature
where liquid changes to gaseous state” it is defined as “The temperature where vapor
pressure of liquid becomes equals to external atmospheric pressure”. The boiling point
of a substance is characterizing physical property that can be used for the identification
of liquids.
Procedure:
1. Take a capillary tube & close its one end by bringing the middle of capillary to
flame & stretched it from both ends until it breaks.
2. Tie the fusion tube with thermometer with the help of thread.
3. Fill the given liquid ½ of the volume of fusion tube & insert capillary such that
open end is at bottom of fusion tube
4. Hang the thermometer in beaker containing solvent bath in such a way that
thermometer neither touches the wall of beaker nor touches the base of beaker.
5. Heat it gently with constant stirring, till constant bubbles rises from the lower end
of the capillary tube.
6. Remove the flame & wait till bubbles disappears (this is cross checking for B.P.)
7. Repeat the procedure to take concordant reading.
Scan for VIDEO

DEMONSTRATION
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Experiment # 12
SAMPLE 1
Page | 24
Object:
To determine the boiling point of given liquid.
Observations:
S.No. Boiling Point oC Concordant Boiling Point oC
Result:
The boiling point of given liquid is found to be __________
SAMPLE 2
Object:
Observations:
Result:
SAMPLE 3
Object:
Observations:
Result:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen
SAMPLE 4
Object:
To determine the boiling point of given liquid. Page | 25
Observations:
Result:
SAMPLE 5
Object:
Observations:
Result:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Melting point
Page | 26
thermometer
clamp
capil lary tube with open end upwards
thread for tyi ng capil lary tube with thermometer
beaker containi ng solvent bath
tripod stand
burner
iron stand
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Melting point
Theory:
Page | 27
Determination of melting point of a solid is qualitative analysis, in which we observe the
change in state of matter from solid to liquid. Melting point is “The temperature where
solid changes to liquid state” it is defined as “The state where solid and liquid, coexist in
equilibrium”. The melting point of a substance is characterizing physical property that
can be used for the identification of solids. Pure solids have sharp melting point that is
whole solid melts at particular fixed temperature.
Procedure:
1. Take a capillary tube & close its one end by bringing the middle of capillary to
flame & stretched it from both ends until it breaks.
2. Fill the given solid in the capillary by tapping it several times until ¼th of capillary
is filled with solid.
3. Tie the capillary with thermometer with the help of thread.
4. Hang the thermometer in beaker containing solvent bath in such a way that
thermometer neither touches the wall of beaker nor touches the base of beaker.
5. Heat it gently with constant stirring, till solid melts (solid becomes transparent on
melting)
6. Remove the flame & wait till sample solidifies again (this is cross checking for M.P.)
7. Repeat the procedure to take concordant reading.
Scan for VIDEO

DEMONSTRATION
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Experiment # 13
SAMPLE 1
Page | 28
Object:
To determine the melting point of given solid.
Observations:
S.No. Melting Point oC Concordant Melting Point oC
Result:
The melting point of given solid is found to be __________
SAMPLE 2
Object:
Observations:
Result:
SAMPLE 3
Object:
Observations:
Result:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen
SAMPLE 4
Object:
To determine the melting point of given solid. Page | 29
Observations:
Result:
SAMPLE 5
Object:
Observations:
Result:
Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

EXPERIMENT NO 1 Date: _____
OBJECT:
OBSERVATIONS:
Normality of Base: NB____________ EQUATIONS:
Volume Of Base: VB __________ading IONIC:
Color Change: From colorless to pink MOLECULAR:

cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3 CALCULATIONS:
Normality:
N AVA  N BVB
Page 1
2. Equivalent Weight:
Formula Mass
Gram Equivalent weight 
Acidity or Basicity
3. Amount:

1000
RESULT:
The normality of ___________________________________ is found to be

______________ N.
The amount of ___________________________________ is found to be
______________ g/____________.
Page 2
EQUATIONS FOR TITRATIONS Equivalent
weight Of
required
EXP # Molecular Equations Ionic Equations specie (g)
1 HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-  Na+ + Cl- + H2O 40/1 = 40
2 H2SO4 + 2 KOH  K2SO4 + 2H2O 2H+ + SO42- + 2(K+ + OH-)  2K+ + SO42- + 2H2O 98/2 = 49
3 CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O CH3COO- + H+ + Na+ + OH-  CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O 60/1 = 60
4 H2C2O4 + 2 KOH  K2C2O4 + 2H2O 2H+ + C2O42- +2 (K+ + OH-)  2K+ + C2O42- + 2H2O 56/1 = 56
5 2 HNO3 + Na2CO3  NaNO3 + H2O + CO2 2 (H+ + NO3-) + 2Na+ + CO32-  2 (Na+ + NO3-) + H2O + CO2 286/2 = 143
6 2 HCl + K2CO3  2 KCl + H2O + CO2 2 (H+ + Cl-) + 2K+ + CO32-  2 (K+ + Cl-) + H2O + CO2 36.5/1 = 36.5
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO42MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5[O] + 3H2O MnO4- + 5e- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O
7 10FeSO4 + 5H2SO4 + 5[O]  5Fe2(SO4)3 + 5H2O 5 Fe2+  5 Fe3+ + 5e- 278/1 = 278
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO42MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8 H2O MnO4- + 5 Fe2+ + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4H2O
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO42MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5[O] + 3H2O
MnO4- + 5e- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O
8 10FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4 + 5H2SO4 + 5[O]  5Fe2(SO4)3 + 10(NH4)2SO4 + 5H2O 392/1 = 392
5 Fe2+  5 Fe3+ + 5e-
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4 + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4
MnO4- + 5 Fe2+ + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4H2O
10(NH4)2SO4 + 8 H2O
9 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO42MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5[O] + 3H2O 2 MnO4- + 10e- + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O 126/2 = 63
5H2C2O4 + 5[O]  10CO2 + 5H2O 5 C2O42-  10 CO2 + 10e-
10 2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO42MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O 2 MnO4- + 5 C2O42- + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 10 CO2 + 8H2O 158/5 = 31.6
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VIVA QUESTIONS  What precautions are necessary while using a

burette?
Ans. Burette must be washed first with ordinary water.
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS  Rinsed with the solution which is to be taken in it.
 It must be held vertically.
 How many types of chemical analysis are  Air bubbles must be removed.
there?  While taking a reading the eyes should be in level with
Ans. There are two types of chemical analysis 1. the surface of the liquid.
Quantitative analysis &
2. Qualitative analysis  What is a pipette & burette?
Ans. they are apparatus which delivers a definite volume
 What do you mean by qualitative analysis? of a liquid.
Ans. It is the process by which the components of a
substance or a mixture can be detected, by observing  What is a standard solution?
physical properties or change in physical properties. Ans. A solution whose strength is known is called as
standard solution.
 What do you mean by quantitative analysis?
Ans. It is the process by which the amount of constituent  What do you mean by strength of a solution?
of reaction can be detected. For example volumetric Ans. The quantity of a solute present in known volume of
analysis. the solution is called as strength of a solution.
 What is volumetric analysis?  Define a “Normal solution” 1N solution?

Ans. It is type of quantitative analysis in which amount of Ans. A standard solution which contains 1 gram equivalent
substance can be determined by measuring the volume of of a substance per dm3 is known as a Normal solution and
substance. Example: titrimetric analysis. is denoted by 1N.
 Which practical belongs to quantitative  What is a decinormal solution

analysis? Ans. A decinormal solution contains 1/10 fraction of gram
Ans. Acid base titrations & redox titration are quantitative equivalent weight of a substance dissolved per dm 3 and is
analysis, because in these practical normality & amount is denoted by 0.1 N or N/10.
calculated by measuring the volume.
 What is “Acidimetry”?
 Which practical belongs to qualitative Ans. The titrimetric method in which strength of an acid is
analysis? determined by neutralizing it with an base of known
Ans. Determination of Melting point, boiling point and strength.
Element detection are qualitative analysis. Because here
for identification of substance change in physical property  What is “Alkalimetry”?
is observed. Ans. The titrimetric method in which the strength of an
alkali is determined by neutralizing it with an acid of
 What is Titration or titrimetric analysis? known strength.
Ans. “The process in which one of solution is measured
with pipette & another is measured with burette &  Define “Equivalent Weight”?
concentration of unknown solution is determined by Ans. It is the formula weight substance divided by its
titrating it against solution of known concentration” reactivity.
 What is Neutralization?  How equivalent weight of an acid is

Ans. The process in which H+ ions of acid reacts with –OH determined?
ions of base to form water is called as “neutralization”. Ans. Equivalent weight of an acid = formula mass of acid /
Acid  Base 
 Salt  Water Basicity
H    OH 
 H 2 O
 How equivalent weight of a base is
 What is an acid? determined?
Ans. Acid is specie that donates H+ ions in aqueous medium Ans. Equivalent Weight of Base = formula mass of base/
e.g. HCl, H2SO4 or HNO3. Acidity
 Define acidity of base?

 What is a base? Ans. Acidity is the total number of replaceable hydroxyl ion
Ans. Base is specie that donates –OH ions in aqueous OH-) of base with 1 mol of acid.
medium. Or (proton acceptor). e.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
 Define basicity of acid?
 Why Phenolphthalein is added into the Ans. Basicity is the total number of replaceable hydrogen
solution of titration flask? ions (H+) of acid with 1 mol of base.
Ans. Phenolphthalein serves as an indicator for
determining the end point.
1
 What do you mean by “Standardization of a the end point would be at a pH somewhat below 7.0.
solution”?
Ans. Standardization is the titrimetric method to  Give the structural formula of
determine its strength of unknown solution by titrating Phenolphthalein?
against some standard solution in order to know its Ans. It is as follows:
strength.
 What is the equivalent weight of NaOH?

Ans. Equivalent Weight of Base = formula mass of base/
Acidity
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
formula mass of NaOH is 40 & Acidity = 1
Equivalent Weight of NaOH = 40/1= 40 g
 How Equivalent weight of Na2CO3 is

calculated?
Ans. Equivalent Weight of Base = formula mass of base/  In which combination of acid & base,
Acidity phenolphthalein is suitable indicator for the
2 HCl + Na2CO3  NaCl + H2O + CO2 titration?
formula mass of Na2CO3 is 106 & Acidity = 2 Ans. Phenolphthalein for the titration of
Equivalent Weight of Na2CO3 = 106/2 = 63 g  weak acid with strong alkali.
 strong acid with strong alkali &
 How a decinormal solution of NaOH is  weak acid with strong alkali.
prepared
Ans. A decinormal solution (0.1 N) of NaOH can be  In which combination of acid & base, methyl
prepared by dissolving 1/10 fraction of its equivalent orange is suitable indicator for the titration?
weight in 1 dm3 of distilled water. Ans. Methyl Orange for the titration of  strong acid with
Data: a weak alkali.
Equivalent Weight of NaOH = 40
Volume = 1 dm3
Normality = 0.1 N  What is the color of Methyl Orange in acid &
Formula: base?
Amount = Normality x Gram equivalent Weight x Vol in Ans. It gives pink color in presence of an acid and yellow
dm3 color in base. In neutral medium it is possess orange color.
Amount = 0.1 x 40 x 1 = 4g / 1 dm3
 Why in methyl orange titration, base in taken
 What do you mean by “End-point”? in conical flask?
Ans. It is the exact stage at which the chemical reaction of Ans. It is easy to detect transition of light color to dark
the titrating solutions is just completed. color. Since base gives light color with methyl orange
(yellow) therefore it is taken in conical flask & at end point
 What is the color of phenolphthalein in acid & (orange) color is observed.
base?
Ans. It gives pink color in presence of an alkali and  Define Oxidation?
becomes colorless with slight excess of an acid. Ans. The loss of electron from an atom, ion or molecule is
called Oxidation. It results in increase in O.N.
 Why alkali is taken in burette when Fe2+  Fe3+ + e-
phenolphthalein is used as an indicator?
Ans. The appearance of a pink color at the end point is  Define Reduction?
easily detectable. Rather than the disappearance of color Ans. Gain of electron from an atom, ion or molecule is
when acid is used in the burette. called reduction. It results in decrease in O.N.
Fe3+ + e-  Fe2+
 What is Methyl Orange?
Ans. It is Sodium salt of an azo dye. It is very good indicator  What are “Oxidation-Reduction Titration”?
for titrating strong acid against weak base. Ans. Redox titration is a type of titration between reducing
agents and oxidizing agent. Both reduction & oxidation
 What is meant by Anhydrous salt? process occurs during reaction therefore it is called as
Ans. A Salt without water molecules is called Anhydrous. Red-Ox titration.
 What indicator is suitable for Sodium  What are Oxidizing and Reducing agents?
Carbonate titration against strong acids and Ans. Reducing agents are the solutions that reduce other &
why? oxidize itself by losing electron/s while Oxidizing agents
Ans. The pH range of Methyl Orange is pH 3.0 to 4.4. Hence, are the solutions that oxidizes other & reduces itself by
it is very suitable indicator when a weak alkali like Sodium gaining electron/s.
carbonate is neutralized with a strong acid. In such cases
2
 Why do we add dilute Sulphuric acid in KMnO4  How equivalent weight of FeSO4· 7H2O is
titration? calculated?
Ans. Redox reaction requires acid or basic medium to Ans. Gram Equivalent Weight of R.A = formula mass of R.A /
occur therefore for acidic medium provision Sulphuric number of electron transfer
acid is added to solution in conical flask. In presence of Fe2+  Fe3+ + e-
acid it acts as a strong oxidizing agent and liberates atomic formula mass of FeSO4· 7H2O is 278 & number of
Oxygen from KMnO4. electron transfer = 1
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO42MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5[O] + 3H2O Equivalent Weight of FeSO4· 7H2O = 278/1 = 278g
 Why do we heat Oxalic acid solution to 60-70º  How equivalent weight of hydrated and
C? Anhydrous Oxalic acid are calculated?
Ans. Oxalic acid reacts with Potassium Permanganate very Ans. Gram Equivalent Weight of R.A = formula mass of R.A /
slowly at room temperature. In order to facilitate the number of electron transfer
reaction (increasing the rate of reaction), it is heated to 60º C2O42-  2CO2 + 2e-
to 70ºC. Hydrous oxalic acid:
formula mass of H2C2O4.2H2O is 126 & number of electron
transfer = 2
 What indicator is used in KMnO4 titrations? Equivalent Weight of H2C2O4.2H2O = 126/2 = 63g
Ans. KMnO4 itself acts as an indicator, called as self-
indicator. So no external indicator is required. Near end Anhydrous oxalic acid:
point it produces a permanent pinkish color formula mass of H2C2O4 is 90 & number of electron
transfer = 2
Equivalent Weight of H2C2O4.2H2O = 90/2 = 45g
 Explain how the change of color takes place
near end point while titrating Oxalic acid with  What is Mohr’s Salt?
KMnO4 in presence of sulphuric acid? Ans. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.2H2O
Ans. In the presence of Sulphuric acid, Potassium is commonly known as “Mohr’s salt”.
permanganate reacts with reducing agent as follows.
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO42MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5[O] + 3H2O  How can you calculate the equivalent weight of
As the titration proceeds, KMnO4 furnishes reducing agent KMnO4?
to form product, when reducing agent is completely Ans. Gram Equivalent Weight of O.A = formula mass of O.A
utilized KMnO4 is in excess, the solution becomes pink and / number of electron transfer
so it acts as its own indicator. MnO4- + 5e- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O
formula mass of KMnO4 is 158 & number of electron
 Why upper meniscus is noted while using transfer = 5
KMnO4 solution in the burette? Equivalent Weight of KMnO4 = 158/5 = 31.6g
Ans. Potassium Permanganate solution is highly colored
and lower meniscus is not distinctly visible. That is why  Why Mohr’s salt solution is prepared in water
reading of upper meniscus of the liquid is noted. containing dilute Sulphuric acid?
Ans. Solution of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (Mohr’s
 What is the nature of FeSO4·7H2O in Redox salt) is always prepared by dissolving it in water
titration? containing some dilute Sulphuric acid which prevents
Ans. Ferrous Sulphate acts as reducing agent. hydrolysis.
 Give names & formula of some reducing  What happens when KMnO4 solution is added
agents? in acidified Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
Ans. solution?
Reducing Formula
Ans. When KMnO4 solution is added to Ferrous
Agent
Ammonium Sulphate is presence of dilute H2SO4, the
Ferrous FeSO4.7H2O Ferrous salt is Oxidized to ferric state.
sulphate
Mohr’s salt FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.2H2O  What is the equivalent weight of Ferrous
Oxalic Acid H2C2O4.2H2O Ammonium Sulphate ?
Ans. Gram Equivalent Weight of R.A = formula mass of RA
 Give names & formula of some oxidizing / number of electron transfer
agents? Fe2+  Fe3+ + e-
Ans. formula mass of FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.2H2O is 392 & number
Oxidizing Agent Formula
of electron transfer = 1
Potassium per KMnO4 Equivalent Weight of FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.2H2O =392/1 =
magnate 392g
Potassium K2Cr2O7
dichromate
Potassium chromate K2CrO4
3
MELTING POINT & BOILING POINT Ans. Boiling is a rapid change and takes place throughout
the liquid at a definite at boiling point, While Evaporation
is a slow change and takes place at the surface of the liquid
 What is meant by melting or fusion of a
at all temperature.
substance?
Ans. The process in which substance changes from solid to
the liquid state.
 What is the effect of pressure on Boiling
point?
Ans. It is raised by the increase of pressure and is lowered
 Define melting point?
by the decrease of pressure.
Ans. The temperature at which the solid substance
changes into liquid and continues to take place until the
whole of the solid is converted into liquid is known as the  What is the effect of height on the Boiling point
“Melting point” of the substance. of a liquid?
Ans. With heights, the boiling points are reduced as the
pressure decreases.
 Why a thin walled capillary tube and not a
thick walled tube is selected to determine the
Melting point?  Why should we stir the liquid in the beaker?
Ans. Thin walled capillary is used so that temperature Ans. We should stir it constantly because, this helps the
inside the capillary & the temperature of bath solvent liquid to maintain uniform temperature.
remains same.
 Why paraffin oil & sulphuric acid is used as a
bath for determining boiling point?
 Why it is necessary to heat the bath slowly Ans. These are use for a bath for determining boiling point
with constant stirring? because of having high boiling temperature.
Ans. It is necessary to heat the bath slowly with constant
stirring to ensure uniformity of temperature.  What is the purpose of inserting capillary
inside the liquid whose B.P is determine?
 Why water as a bath cannot be used for the Ans. From the lower end of capillary, bubbles are form that
substance having Melting point above 100˚C? gives the information about the B.P of liquid.
Ans. Boiling point of water is 100˚C. So it cannot be used as
a bath for determination of Melting points of such  Why thermometer is hang freely inside the
substances because water starts boiling & in the presence bath & aviod from touching the wall & bottom?
of boiling conditions we cannot observe change in state. Ans. Thermometer is used for measuring the temperature
Instead of water, Sulphuric acid or Glycerine can be used. of bath, if it touches the wall or bottom than it will show
their temperature which is higher than the temperature of
 What is “Boiling”? the bath because of this fact wrong information are
Ans. The process in which substance changes from liquid observed.
to the gaseous state.
 Give the boiling points of some liquids?
Ans. Liquid B.P / oC
 What is meant by the “Boiling point” of a Water 100
liquid?
Ans. The Boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at methanol 65
which the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to ethanol 78
the atmospheric pressure (i.e. 760 mm.) chloroform 61
CCl4 78
 Why temperature remains constant at boiling
point of a liquid? Acetone 56
Ans. Because the heat is utilized for converting liquid into
vapors, so temperature remains constant.
 Give the boiling points of some solids?
Ans. Solid M.P / oC
 What is the Boiling point of pure water? Is the
same at all places? Oxalic acid 101
Ans. The Boiling point of pure water is 100˚C at a pressure Urea 132
of 760 torr. The pressure of air at all places is not the same. α-napthol 95
Because B.P. differs with altitudes depending upon Β-napthol 123
atmospheric pressure. Napthalene 80
Benzoic acid 122
 What is the difference between Boiling and
Evaporation?
4
ELEMENT DETECTION
 What is precipitate (ppt.)?
 What is lassaign’s solution? Ans. It is a compound which separates out in the solid
Ans. Sodium extract is called as lassaign’s solution. It is phase from the solution phase on adding a reagent.
used for the detection of elements.
 Why sodium metal is kept in paraffin oil?
 How sodium extract is prepared? Ans. Sodium metal is highly reactive when subjected to
Ans. 1.Take a dry piece of Na –metal in dry ignition tube. moisture or water oxide & hydroxide is formed, the
2. Add small quantity of compound such that Na-metal is reaction is highly exothermic which may subjected the
fully covered. sodium metal to catch fire.
3. Heat ignition tube gently till compound fused with Na-
metal.  What happen when sodium nitropurside is
4. Heat the fusion tube strongly till lower end become red added to sodium extract containg “S”?
hot. Ans violet coloration is obtained because of formation
5. Drop red hot ignition tube in china dish containing 10 Of Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS] Sodium sulpho nitropurside
cm3 water. Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]  Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]
6. Heat the solution gently & filter it.
7. The filtrate is Na-extract.  Give the equation for the test of nitrogen?
Ans 6CN- + Fe2+  [Fe(CN)6]4-
 Give equations for different sodium extracts? 4 Fe2+ + 2[O] + 2H2O  4 Fe3+ + 4 OH-
Ans. Na + C + N  NaCN  Na+ + CN- 4 Fe3+ + [Fe(CN)6]4-  Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
Na + S  Na2S  2Na+ + S2-
Na + Cl  NaCl Na+ + Cl-
Na + Br  NaBr  Na+ + Br-
Na + I  NaI  Na+ + I-
 How nitrogen is detected from sodium

extract?
Ans. Na-extract + FeSO4(s) (heat to boil & cool) + H2SO4 (c)
along the walls of test tube  Blue or green coloration is
observed because of formation of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (ferri-
ferro cyanide)
 How sulphur is detected from sodium extract?

Ans. Na-extract + CH3COOH (heat) + Pb(CH3COO)2  Black
precipitates of PbS are obtained
 Give the formula for sodium nitropurside?

Ans. Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]
 How halogens are detected from sodium

extract?
Ans. Na-extract + HNO3(d) + AgNO3  if white
percipitates  than Cl- present
 if dirty white
percipitates  than Br- present
 if yellow
precipitates  than I- present
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 What is C.T for Cl-?
Ans. The white precipitates obtained by AgNO3, .the
solubility of these precipitates (AgCl) is tested in NH4OH 
if precipitates are soluble than Cl- is confirmed.
AgCl + 2 NH4OH  [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + H20 (Diamine silver
chloride complex)
 What is layer test?

Ans. Layer test is used to distinguished bromide & iodide
because in the presence of bromide ions CCl 4 layer turns
brown & in the presence of iodide ions it is violet.
2Br- + Cl2 water  2Cl- + Br2
Br2 + CCl4  brown layer Scan for College Updates & Information’s
2I- + Cl2 water  2Cl- + I2
I2 + CCl4  violet layer
5

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Government Dehli College

Quantitative Analysis Qualitative Analysis

Acid Base Titrations Redox Titrations Boiling Points

OVERVIEW OF CHEM-I PRACTICALS Melting Points

11 To identify the element present in given compound.

12 To determine the boiling point of given liquid.

13 To determine the melting point of given solid.

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indicator stop cock

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Acid base TITRATIONS – i

2. Rinse pipette with acid & burette with base.

3. Fill burette up to 0.0 cm3 with base carefully using funnel.

5. Add 2 drops of indicator “phenolphthalein” to the solution in conical flask.

8. Calculate normality, equivalent weight & amount of required specie.

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Acid base TITRATIONS - ii

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

2. Rinse pipette with reducing agent & burette with KMnO4.

3. Fill burette up to 0.0 cm3 with KMnO4 carefully using funnel.

6. Repeat the procedure & obtained concordant reading.

7. Calculate normality, equivalent weight & amount of required specie.

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

2. Rinse pipette with reducing agent & burette with KMnO4.

3. Fill burette up to 0.0 cm3 with KMnO4 carefully using funnel.

7. Repeat the procedure & obtained concordant reading.

8. Calculate normality, equivalent weight & amount of required specie.

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Normality X Gram Equivalent Weight X Vol . in cm 3

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

2. Test for Sulphur:

Na-extract + CH3COOH (heat) + Pb(CH3COO)2 No Black precipitates S is absent ---

3. Test for Halogens:-

Confirmatory Test for I: (layer test)

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Preparation of Sodium Extract:

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Experiment Observations Inference Equation

Result: The given compound contains “Nitrogen”

Object: To identify the element present in given compound.

Experiment Observations Inference Equation

Result: The given compound contains “Sulphur”

Dr. Zain Ul Abdeen

Object: To identify the element present in given compound.