Dpwhdesignguidelinescriteriastandards Volume6publicbuildingsotherrelatedstructures 1 91

Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards: Volume 6 – Public Buildings and Other Related Structures
Table 5-1 General Lighting Load Density ....................................................................................................................................5-5

Table 5-2 Maximum Values for Lighting Power for Building Exterior Load Density ..............................................5-5
Table 5-3 Maximum Values for Lighting Power for Roads and Ground Load Density ............................................5-6
Table 5-4 Recommended Design Illuminance Levels ............................................................................................................5-6
Table 5-5 Illuminance Levels (Average) ......................................................................................................................................5-7
Table 5-6 Efficacy Ranges of Various Lamps .......................................................................................................................... 5-10
Table 5-7 Recommended Room Surface Reflectance .......................................................................................................... 5-10
Table 5-8 Control Types and Equivalent Number of Control Points ............................................................................ 5-11
Table 5-9 Minimum Connected Receptacle Load .................................................................................................................. 5-13
Table 5-10 Receptacle Rating for Various Size Circuits ........................................................................................................ 5-14
Table 6-1 Overall Heat Coefficient ..................................................................................................................................................6-4
Table 6-2 Typical Change Values ....................................................................................................................................................6-6
Table 6-3 Sprinkler installation guidelines ................................................................................................................................6-7
Table 6-4 Hazen Williams C values ................................................................................................................................................6-8
Table 6-5 Equivalent Pipe Length Chart ......................................................................................................................................6-8
Table 6-6 Recommended Basic Water Requirements for Human Needs. a ............................................................... 6-10
Table 6-7 Flow through Schedule 40 B.I. Pipes in Liters per Minute ........................................................................... 6-10
Table 6-8 Determination of Number of Cars ........................................................................................................................... 6-12
Table 6-9 Average Operation Interval of Cars ........................................................................................................................ 6-12
Table 8-1 Waste water contribution per capita / day ...........................................................................................................8-5
Table 8-2 Minimum Requirements for Various Occupancies .............................................................................................8-6
Table 8-3 Drainage Fixture Unit Values (DFU) ...................................................................................................................... 8-11
Table 8-4 Discharge Capacity in Liters per Second for Intermittent Flow Only ..................................................... 8-12
Table 8-5 Maximum Unit Loading and Maximum Length of Drainage and Vent Piping ..................................... 8-14
Table 8-6 Cleanouts........................................................................................................................................................................... 8-18
Table 8-7 Minimum Horizontal Distance Required From Building Sewer ................................................................ 8-26
Table 8-8 Maximum / Minimum Fixture Unit Loading On Building Sewer Piping ................................................ 8-27
Table 8-9 Pipe Connections in Blow-off Condensers and Sumps .................................................................................. 8-31
Table 8-10 Minimum Size Condensate Drain Pipes ................................................................................................................ 8-33
Table 8-11 Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms .......................................................................................................................... 8-35
Table 8-12 Grease Traps ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8-39
Table 8-13 Caulking Ferrules ........................................................................................................................................................... 8-63
Table 8-14 Soldering Bushings ........................................................................................................................................................ 8-63
Table 8-15 Hanger Rod Sizes ........................................................................................................................................................... 8-64
Table 8-16 Hangers and Support .................................................................................................................................................... 8-65
Table 8-17 Disposal Fields ................................................................................................................................................................. 8-72
Table 8-18 Capacities, Airspace and Fittings for Testing ..................................................................................................... 8-75
Table 8-19 Location of Sewage Disposal System ..................................................................................................................... 8-77
Table 8-20 *Capacity of Septic Tanks............................................................................................................................................ 8-78
Table 8-21 Estimated Waste / Sewage Flow Rates ............................................................................................................... 8-79
ix
Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards: Volume 6 – Public Buildings and Other Related Structures Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards: Volume 6 – Public Buildings and Other Related Structures
Table 8-22 Design Criteria of Five Typical Soils ............................................................................................................................... 8-80

Table 8-23 Septic Tank Capacity Limits ............................................................................................................................................... 8-80
Abbreviations
Table 8-24 Sizing Roof Drains, Leaders, and Vertical Rainwater Piping (METRIC) ......................................................... 8-86 Acronym Definition
Table 8-25 Sizing of Horizontal Rainwater Piping .......................................................................................................................... 8-86 °C Degrees Centigrade
Table 8-26 Sizing of Horizontal Rainwater Piping ......................................................................................................................... 8-87 A Ampere
Table 8-27 Sizing Of Horizontal Rainwater Piping .......................................................................................................................... 8-87 AC Alternating Current
Table 8-28 Size of Gutters ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8-88 AFSU Amenities, Facilities, Services and Utilities
Table 8-29 Controlled Flow Maximum Roof Water Depth ........................................................................................................... 8-90 AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction
ALBO Acting Local Building Official
Table 8-30 Distance of Scupper Bottoms above Roof .................................................................................................................... 8-90
AMBF Allowable Maximum Building Footprint
Table 8-31 Minimum Length of Color Field and Size of Letters ................................................................................................ 8-93
AMBV Allowable Maximum Volume of Building
Table 8-32 Minimum Airgaps for Water Distribution 4 ................................................................................................................. 8-96 ANSI American National Standards Institute
Table 8-33 Backflow Prevention Devices, Assemblies and Methods ..................................................................................... 8-97 ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Table 8-34 Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) and Minimum Fixture Branch Pipe Sizes 3 ..................................... 8-112 ATS Automatic Transfer Switches
Table 8-35 Fixture Unit Table for Determining Water Pipe and Meter Sizes ................................................................... 8-114 B.P. Batas Pambansa (national law)
Table 8-36 Minimum Required Air Chamber Dimensions ........................................................................................................ 8-115 BAS Building Automation System
BHL Building Height Limit
Table 8-37 Flushometer Fixture Units for Wayer Sizing Using .............................................................................................. 8-116
BoC Board of Consultants
Table 8-38 Equivalent Length of Pipe for Various Fittings1 ..................................................................................................... 8-116
BoD Bureau of Design
Table 8-39 Allowance in Equivalent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss in Valves and Thread Fittings ................... 8-117
CAAP Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines
Table 8-40 Minimum Standards for Illumination ......................................................................................................................... 8-118 CDP Comprehensive Development Plan
Table 8-41 Maximum Allowable Noise Level in General Areas .............................................................................................. 8-119 CFL Compact Fluorescent Lighting
CHED Commission on Higher Education
Figure 1-1 Overview of Parts of Volume 6 ......................................................................................................................................1-1 CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
Figure 3-1 Ideal and Optimum Building Orientations in the Philippines ....................................................................... 3-25 CLWAUP Comprehensive Land, Water & Air Use Plan
Figure 3-2 Philippine Solar and Wind Information for About 7 Months of a Year..................................................... 3-25 CLWUP Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan
Figure 3-3 Observations on the behavior of wind inside buildings (DPWH, c:2009, unpublished) .................. 3-27 CT Current Transformer
DC Development Control
Figure 3-4 Stack Effect (DPWH, C:2009, unpublished) ............................................................................................................. 3-28
DepEd Department of Education
Figure 3-5 Venturi Effect (DPWH, c:2009, unpublished)......................................................................................................... 3-29
DG Design Guidelines
Figure 4-1 Diagrams of Lateral Earth Pressures on Retaining Wall ................................................................................. 4-32
DoH Department of Health
Figure 4-2 Flowchart for Foundation Selection ......................................................................................................................... 4-40 DoTC Department of Transportation and Communications
Figure 4-3 Concentrically Loaded Footing ................................................................................................................................... 4-49 DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways
Figure 4-4 Eccentrically Loaded Footing (e ≤ L/6) .................................................................................................................. 4-50 DR Derivative Regulation
Figure 4-5 Eccentrically Loaded Footing e > L/ 6 ..................................................................................................................... 4-51 DTI Department of Trade and Industry
EIA Electronic Industries Alliance
Figure 4-6 Design Flow ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4-98
ELCB Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
Figure 4-7 Analysis and Design Process for Beams (when analysis and design software is not available) ... 4-99
EMI Electromagnetic Interference
Figure 4-8 Design of Compression Member Structural Members Subjected to Compression........................... 4-100
EMT Electrical Metallic Tubing
Figure 4-9 Design of Tension Members Structure Members Subjected to Tension ............................................... 4-101 EO Equipment Outlet
Figure 5-1 Typical Power Distribution Scheme ......................................................................................................................... 5-16 ESE Early Streamer Emission
Figure 6-1 Sample Work Sheet for Mechanical Engineer ...................................................................................................... 6-14 EVAC Emergency Voice Alarm Communications
FACP Fire Alarm and Control Panel
FAR Floor Area Ratio (same as FLAR)
x xi
Acronym Definition Acronym Definition
FCC Federal Communications Commission NEC National Electrical Code®

FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface NFPA National Fire Protection Association
FLAR Floor to Lot Area Ratio NHA National Housing Authority
G.I. Galvanized Iron NMB Non-mobile Billboard
GFA Gross Floor Area OBO Office of the Building Official
GFCI Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter OFB Outermost Face of Building
GPRA Government Procurement Reform Act OLBP Outermost Limit of Building Projection
HC Horizontal Cross-Connect P.D. Presidential Decree
HID High Intensity Discharge PBH Provisional Building Height
HLURB Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board PEZA Philippine Economic Zone Authority
HPS High-Pressure Sodium PRI Primary Rate Interface
HUDCC Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council PSC Philippine Sports Commission
HZ Hertz PT Potential Transformer
IC Intermediate Cross-Connect PVC Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization PWD Person with Disability
IEC International Electro-Technical Commission R.A. Republic Act
IED Intelligent Electronic Device RC Referral Code
IEEE The Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers RF Radio Frequency
IMC Intermediate Metallic Conduit RLA Registered and Licensed Architect
IRR Implementing rules and regulations RLP Registered and Licensed Professional
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ROW Right-of-Way
kV KiloVolts RROW Road Right-of-Way
LAN Local Area Network RSC Rigid Steel Conduit
LBO Local Building Official SARP Standard and Recommended Practices
LED Light Emitting Diode ScTP Screened Twisted-Pair
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design SDP Site Development Plan
LGU Local Government Unit SF6 Sulfur Hexafluoride
Lm Linear Meter SLD Single Line Diagram
LRFD Load and Resistance Factor Design TGB Telecommunications Grounding Busbar
M Meter TGFA Total Gross Floor Area
m2 Meter square (Area) THHN Thermoplastic High Heat-resistant Nylon
MC Main Cross-Connect TIA Telecommunications Industry Association
MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker TIEZA Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority
MCC Motor Control Center TLA Total Lot Area
MCCB Molded Case Circuit Breaker TMGB Telecommunications Main Grounding Busbar
MH Metal Halide TSB Telecommunications System Bulletin
MLE Mandated Legal Easement UNE Unión Nacional Española
Mm Millimeter UPS Uninterruptible Power System
MoS Manual of Standards UTP Unshielded Twisted-Pair
MTS Manual Transfer Switch V Volts
NBCP National Building Code of the Philippines VA Volt Ampere
NBO National Building Official W Watt
NBZ No-build Zone W/Lm Watts per Lumens
NCCA National Commission on Culture and the Arts W/M2 Watts per Meter square
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Acronym Definition
Glossary
XLPE Cross Linked Polyethelene
ZO zoning ordinance Acronym Definition
Addressable Device A fire alarm system component can be individually identified of its status or used to individually control
other functions.
Addressable System A fire alarm system consisting of an addressable fire alarm control panel and addressable devices that
primarily gives the exact location of a fire.
Alarm Indicator A device which by visual means indicates the zone which an alarm has originated.
Alarm Zone A part or subdivision of a protected building or premises.
Allowable Maximum The resultant area established at grade level upon which the proposed building/structure may be
Building Footprint erected.
Annunciator A fire alarm system component containing one or more indicator lamps or alphanumeric displays in
which each indication provides status information.
Architectonics The science part of architecture, unifying the architectural, structural and utility plans/designs of a
building/structure.
Architectural Design A development or redevelopment concept that focuses on the components or elements of a building,
structure or system and unifies them into a coherent and functional whole, utilizing the principles of
strength, harmony and aesthetics in arriving at a solution to a spatial problem through the deft
application of the arts and sciences, according to a particular approach, to achieve the
development/redevelopment objective/s under the given constraints/limitations.
As-Built Plan A scaled drawing that shows a project and infrastructure components after completion of construction
Attention Signal (alias Tone or ringing-style short signal before an announcement.

Preliminary Noise or
Instruction Signal)
Bore Hole A hole drilled in the ground to obtain samples for subsoil investigation.
Building A roofed and walled structure built for permanent use.
Closed Circuit A video system in which signals are not publicly distributed and monitored for surveillance, security and
Television(CCTV) monitoring purposes.
Compression When a body is subjected to a force or forces acting towards it causing it to squeeze, shorten or crush.
Concrete A mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water.
Cross Section View generated by slicing an object at an angle perpendicular to its longer axis.
(alias Cross Section Plan)
Dead Load An inert, inactive load such as the weight of the members, the supported structure and permanent
attachment or accessories in bridges.
Design Life Period assumed in the design for which the infrastructure is required to perform its function without
replacement or major structural repair.
Differential Settlement The vertical displacement due to settlement of one point in a foundation with respect to another point of
the foundation.
Dispersal Area (Safe) An area which will accommodate a number of persons equal to the total capacity of the stand and
building/structure it serves, in such a manner that no person within the area need be closer than fifteen
meters (15.0 m) from the stand or building/structure. Dispersal areas shall be based upon the area of
not less than 0.28 m2 per person.
Domestic sewage Comprise of Industrial wastewater, Recycled water, Reclaimed water and Reuse water.
Ductility Ability of a component or solid material to deform under tensile stress.
Factor of Safety The ratio of a limiting value of a quantity or quality to the design value of that quantity or quality.
Acoustic Feedback Feedback of the output signal of an amplifying system on the input of the system depending on the
difference in the intensity and phasing between the input and output signal.
Flange Angles Angles used in riveted plate girders to carry tensile or compressive forces induced by bending.
Flexure A deformation or behavior of an elastic structural element subjected to an external load perpendicular
to the axis of the element.
Footprint The surface area of a building where it meets the natural ground or the finished grade i.e. the outer
perimeter of a building.
xiv xv
Force A push or a pull in a given direction on a body that changes or tends to change its state or rest. (or its Sustainable Design The philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to substantially
state of motion). comply with the principles of economic, social and ecological sustainability, without compromising
natural and other resources that must be bequeathed to future generations
Foundation A component of an engineered structure that transmits the structure's forces into the soil or rock that
supports it Sway Bracing Secondary structural members spanning between the trusses at interior panel points and provide lateral
stability and shear transfer between trusses.
Friction Pile A pile which derives its supports principally from the surrounding soil through which it is placed by the
development of shearing resistance between the soil and the pile. Topographic Survey Collection of data to represent horizontal and vertical positions of an area, including features such as
(alias Ground Survey) roads, bridges and bodies of water with contours, elevations and coordinates.
Geomembrane Very low permeability synthetic membrane liner of barrier used with any geotechnical engineering related
material so as to control fluid (or gas) migration in a human-made project, structure, or system.
Green Architecture Architecture in which the plan/design is focused on making a building energy-efficient, so as to reduce its
energy consumption, water consumption, operating costs and environmental impact
Green Roof (alias Eco A roof that is either partially or completely covered in vegetation and built on top of a man-made roof,
Roof, Living Roof, deck roof, deck or other support structure
Vegetated Roof)
Green Wall (alias A wall or similar vertical support/element that may be either free-standing or attached to an existing wall,
Biowalls, Ecowalls, and that may be partially, substantially or fully covered with vegetative cover.
Vertical Gardens)
Isolated Footing A footing designed to support a structural load from a single column. Usually a shallow foundation, and
square or circular in shape
Land-use Map Maps that reflect the land resources and types of land use in the national economy.
Longitudinal Section View generated by slicing an object at an angle parallel to its longer axis
Physical Planning The activities pertaining to the preparation of a physical layout of land or property on which vertical
structures such as buildings and/or structures and horizontal developments are proposed.
Pile A slender member that is driven (hammered), drilled or jetted into the ground. Piles are usually
constructed of timber, steel or pre-stressed reinforced concrete.
Point Bearing Piles A pile placed or driven on or into a material which is capable of developing the pile load by directly
(alias End Bearing Piles) resting on a bearing stratum with a reasonable factor of safety.
Post Tensioning The system of prestressing whereby tendons are stressed after the concrete has attained the required
strength and the prestressing forces are transmitted to the concrete generally by anchoring the stressed
tendons to the members.
Precast Concrete A structural member specially of concrete that has been cast into form either in a permanent plant or
somewhere near the site of construction before being transported to the site of installation and finally
erected at its final location.
Prestressed Concrete Concrete reinforced with strands, pretensioned or post tensioned, wherein the effective internal stresses
are induced deliberately by forces caused by tensioned steel or other means to give an active resistance
to loads.
Pretensioning The system of prestressing concrete members whereby wires or strands called tendons are stressed to
a predetermined amount by stretching them between anchorages prior to pouring of concrete.
Reinforced Concrete A composite material which utilizes the concrete in resisting compression forces and some other
materials, usually steel bars or wires, to resist the tension forces.
Retaining Wall A structure usually made of stone masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete that provides lateral support
for a mass of soil.
Seismic Retrofitting Modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion or soil
failures due to earthquake.
Settlement The downward movement of soil, or the downward movement of a foundation.
Shear Connector A welded stud, spiral bar short length steel element that resists shear between components of a
composite beam.
Sheet Piles A long vertical earth retention and excavation support, steel, vinyl or reinforced concrete, driven into the
ground with interlocking edges to form a continuous wall to resist water or earth pressure.
Spread Footings Also, isolated footing. A footing designed to support a structural load from a single column. Usually a
shallow foundation, and square or circular in shape.
Stirrups Lateral reinforcement formed of individual units, open or closed or continuously wound reinforcement.
(alias Ties)
Structural Foundation Foundation of a structure which generally serves to transfer the loads from the structure to underlying
materials (such as soil or rock) which are known as the foundation material.
xvi xvii
For clarity, GFAs or TGFAs generated below grade (or sidewalk surface) level i.e.
basement or lower ground levels, are not to be counted as part of either the GFA or
TGFA, which are essentially floor areas generated above grade (or sidewalk
surface) level.
 Apply prescribed setbacks and yards/court to determine AMBF.

 TGFA/AMBF = provisional building height or PBH (for direct comparison with
the applicable BHL); whichever shall result in the lower number of
floors/levels applies i.e. the most stringent rule always applies.
For clarity, building height classification in relation to the BHL for buildings shall
be as follows:
Table 3-2 Conversion Table of Gross Floor Area (GFA) to Total Gross Floor Area
(TGFA), 2004 Revised IRR of P.D. No. 1096
Excluded Floor Areas

Type of Building/Structure based on (non-GFA) as a Multiplier to
Use/Occupancy Percentage (%) of the Convert the GFA to
TGFA TGFA
Residential 1 33% 1.50
Residential 2 (Basic), Residential 3 (Basic) and 20% 1.25
Residential 4
Residential 2 (Maximum), Residential 3 16% 1.20
(Maximum) and Residential 5
Commercial 1 20% 1.25
Industrial 1 25% 1.33
Industrial 2 and 3 33% 1.50
Transportation, Utility and Service Areas 33% 1.50
Agricultural and Agro-Industrial 2%-5% 1.03-1.06
A low-rise building/structure shall be from one (1) to five (5) storeys i.e. from 3.0
m (m) to 12.0 m plus 1.0m for a parapet wall (if provided with deck roof),
collectively reckoned from grade (or sidewalk surface) level, including mezzanine
level, in the case of non-residential buildings/structures; and from one (1) to five
(5) storeys i.e. from 3.0 m (m) to 15.0 m plus 1.0m for a parapet wall (if provided
with deck roof), collectively reckoned from grade (or sidewalk surface) level,
including mezzanine level, in the case of residential buildings/structures; low-rise
buildings may or may not be provided with an elevator but must satisfy the basic
accessibility requirements;
A medium-rise building/structure shall be from six (6) to fifteen (15) storeys i.e.
from 15.0 m (m) to 45.0m plus 1.0m for a parapet wall (if provided with deck
roof), collectively reckoned from grade (or sidewalk surface) level, including
mezzanine level, in the case of non-residential buildings/structures; and from six
(6) to fifteen (15) storeys i.e. from 18.0 m (m) to 45.0 m plus 1.0 m for a parapet
wall (if provided with deck roof), collectively reckoned from grade (or sidewalk
surface) level, including mezzanine level, in the case of residential
buildings/structures; medium-rise buildings must be provided with an elevator
and must satisfy the basic accessibility requirements; and
3-5
 Is there an alternate disaster plan for the disposal of sewerage?  Choice of materials like glass and other non-masonry/non-metal exterior
finishing that can withstand high wind pressure must be specified
Communication  Secure installations of electrical and emergency electrical power system
 Are equipment securely anchored and protected?
 Design and layout of windows, doors and other openings
 Are there alternate means of communication when systems fail?
 Location of garage and emergency equipment must allow for quick access and
 Are computers latched onto uninterruptible power supply (UPS)? use
 Is there a facility for obtaining a mobile emergency generator?  Community facilities must be securely braced and protected
 Emergency water supply (for 2-3 days)
Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment Anchorage (especially crucial for hospital designs)
 Life-saving equipment securely located and anchored
 Are the following equipment securely braced?
 Bracing and trimming of big trees (especially those with shallow root systems
- Storage equipment: filing cabinets, shelving, etc.
like acacia, mango, etc.) and structures that pose danger to life
- Table- and floor-mounted equipment
 Non-mobile billboards shall follow standards set under the 2008 DPWH
- Ceiling-mounted equipment: ceiling fans, lighting fixtures, etc. Additional Rules and Regulations (ARR) supplementing Rule XX of the NBCP.
LGUs can enact ordinances that are more stringent than the ARR and Rule XX
 Are there storage tanks (for liquid oxygen and hot water)?
of the NBCP but cannot relax the same.
 Are there surgical fixtures?
 LGU shall provide the appropriate equipment like chainsaws and other
 Are there imaging equipment? earthmoving and transport equipment.
 Is there a gas system?
3.5.4 Floods Mitigation Checklist
 What are the other essential equipment?
 Availability of recent secondary hydrologic information to ascertain flood
 Are there fire alarm and fire-fighting equipment? levels for physical planning at a community level
 Site analysis and site development must seriously consider the site’s history
3.5.2 Fire Mitigation Checklist
and experience with floods
 Compliance with R.A. No. 9514, the 2008 Fire Code of the Philippines (FCP) and
its 2009 or latest IRR  Provisions for emergency evacuation
 Area of Rescue Assistance (ARA): an area, which has direct access to an exit,  All of the Typhoon Mitigation Checklist
where people who are unable to use the stairs or elevators may remain  Prepare map for flood-prone areas. (DPWH, c.2009, unpublished); refer also to
temporarily in safety, to await further instructions or assistance DG Volume 3
 Materials Selections: fire-related materials must be given priority; flame- Floor levels for buildings should be located above the flood level along with a
spread must be checked at various critical points suitable freeboard, as determined based on Volume 3. The appropriate design
 Firefighting facilities/preparedness: planning and deducing must consciously flood to be adopted for different types of buildings is provided in Table 3-3. The
consider the installation of fire-fighting equipment as an integral factor following should also apply:
 Provision for gas masks, fire-resistant jackets, boots, helmets, etc.  If basement parking is to be adopted, then all entries and openings to the
basement should be above the design flood level noted in Table 3-3. A
 Provision of life safety harness system
secondary evacuation route, such as a stairwell, should be provided that
 Emergency water supply provides access to a level above the design flood level.
 All electrical and related services should be above the design flood level, or
3.5.3 Typhoon Mitigation Checklist flood proofed above the flood level.
 Wind direction and other topographical factors like loose soil, loose rock
 Where inundation is expected to occur for more than a few hours, then
anchorage that may be exacerbated by heavy rainfall shall be dealt with
provisions should be provided for appropriate evacuation.
dispatch
3-8 3-9
The hawker’s plaza and ‘bagsakan’ (wholesale) area are places near the semi-wet
and dry sections for the convenience of both vendors and delivery vans, most of
which supply dry goods such as groceries and sari-sari items (different/wide
variety of goods). It is recommended that the hawker’s plaza should not exceed
60% of the size of the market core, except for those markets which may have only
one or two market days per week. The ‘bagsakan’ (wholesale) area is computed at
around 10–13% of the total built-up area.
Market Stalls and Aisles

A public market basically consists of stalls and aisles. A stall is the most important
element of the market. In detailed design, great care must be exercised in
analyzing the needs of vendors, particularly in the case of the wet stalls.
The required stall area for a market must be about 60% of the total floor area. The
circulation area, which is the aisle, is 35% and the offices, toilets and utility room
at 5% of the total floor area.
The stalls are designed with high flexibility to make them functional even if the
original intention is changed. For planning purposes, the average sizes of the
different market stalls may be assumed at 2–4 m2 per stall for vegetable, fruits,
meat and dried fish, 5–9 m2 per stall for shops and sari-sari (general) store and
15–18 m2 for carinderia (eatery) and cereals.
For purposes of preliminary programming, the following illustrate the above
applications:
Wet Market Stalls
 1.7 m x 2.25 m or 3.8 m2 – for meat/fish and vegetables
 1.7 m x 2.25 m or 3.8 m2 – for fruits and vegetables
Dry Market Stalls
 3.4 m x 4.5 m or 15.30 m2 –for cereals and carinderia(eatery)
 2.25 m x 3.41 m or 7.67 m2 –for shops and sari-sari (General Store)
 2.27 m x 4.49 m or 10.19 m2 – garments
Recommended stall sizes should be matched with existing stall sizes and should be
related to the market vendor analysis. Any deviations from the recommended stall
sizes should be done in increments/multiples of 1.44m2 (1.2 m x 1.2 m) or even
fractions (1/2”, 1/4”, 1/8”, 1/16”).
For two storey market buildings, the dry markets stalls shall be situated at the
upper level.
The counter aisle should be at 1.5 – 2.0 m wide while the primary and secondary
entry aisles may be assumed at 2.0 – 3.5 m wide.
The proposed dry section market stalls shall have a secure ceiling e.g. wire mesh,
cyclone wire or similar material, to be installed directly above or below the ceiling
material
3-18
3.8.3 School Building Design Particulars Maximum Space Requirements

(m2)
Refer to pertinent DepEd standards/ guidelines or to applicable DPWH standards
Assistant Secretary 56.00
(duly approved by the DepEd) and to Annex C.
Staff 4.00 – 6.00/pax2
Conference Room 30.00
3.8.4 Design of Other Key Structures
Reception Room 20.00
Such as small airport/port passenger terminal buildings. Refer to pertinent
Toilet/Bathroom 6.00
DoTC standards/guidelines (if available) and to Annex C.
Pantry 10.00
Storage Area 10.00
3.8.5 Design of Government Offices
Office of the Director
Table 3-6 provides the recommended standards for use as a reference in the space
Director IV 36.00
planning of typical high density non-residential buildings such as offices.
Staff 4.00 – 6.00/pax2
Table 3-6 Space Allocation Standards for Typical Office Spaces (GFA)
Particulars Maximum Space Requirements
(m2) Toilet/Bathroom 4.00
Main Lobby 0.25/pax; minimum for lobby as waiting/standing Pantry 5.00

room is 0.28
Storage Area 6.00
Conference Room 1.20/pax including aisles and demonstration
Office of the Assistant Director
space
Director III 24.00
Training Room 2.40/pax including aisles and services such as
storage, production room and toilet for the staff Staff 4.00 – 6.00/pax2
Toilet Facilities 1
1.50 per one water closet (WC) enclosure Toilet/Bathroom 4.00
For Agencies providing frontline services 1 WC/1 – 100 for female Based on the Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines (R.A. 1378)
1
(for Public use) 1 WC/1 – 200 for male

1 urinal/1 – 100 for male Includes circulatory area
2
1 lavatory/2 WC
Division-Level Unit
For Agencies with no clientele 1 WC/1 – 15 for male and female
Division Chief 12.00
(for Employee use) 2 WC/16 – 35 for male and female
3 WC/36 – 55 for male and female Staff 4.00 – 6.00/pax2
1 lavatory/40 for male and female; or
1 lavatory/2 WC Includes circulation area
2
Space Requirement/s of Key Officials

Office of the Secretary
The same reference standards places open plan areas at offices at 80%, with
Secretary 72.00
enclosed office areas at 20%.
Staff 4.00 – 6.00/pax2
The equivalent space allocations for officers at national government
agencies/GOCCs, such as Secretary, Undersecretary and Assistant Secretary shall
apply for all affected public buildings (refer Table 3-6).
Pantry 10.00 Other applicable space planning standards for other Philippine buildings i.e.
Storage Area 10.00 standards that are not found in the NBCP, are as follows:
Office of the Undersecretary  Hospitals and health care facilities c/o the DoH
Undersecretary 63.00
 Primary and secondary school buildings c/o the DepEd
Staff 4.00 – 6.00/pax2
Conference Room 40.00  Tertiary school buildings c/o the CHED
 Markets c/o the DTI and/or the HLURB and HUDCC
 Industrial buildings c/o the PEZA
Pantry 10.00
Storage Area 10.00  Tourism facilities c/o the TIEZA
Office of the Assistant Secretary
 Recreational facilities c/o the HLURB and HUDCC
3-20 3-21
pipes/tubings/drains connected to NON-CAPITAL EQUIPMENT and

plumbing/electrical/electronic/ mechanical fixtures and the like; and other
decorative accessories such as curtains, drapes, blinds, shades and carpets/carpet
tiles, paintings, wall hangings, sculpture (large/medium/small), and
decorative/accent lighting devices, with complete fittings and accessories, and the
like.
3.11.3 Fixtures
These are pieces of equipment or furniture that is fixed in position in a building or
vehicle; articles attached to a building or land and considered legally part of it so
that such items normally remain in place even when the building owner moves out;
something securely fixed in place or attached as a permanent appendage,
apparatus, or appliance e.g. plumbing fixtures; the possible examples of fixtures in
a typical Philippine building/grounds include the following: visible, remote-
operated and/or tangible/operational devices or provisions that are fixed in
position in (such as permanently attached to) a building and which partake of
finishing items, such as plumbing fixtures (water closets, urinals, lavatories, water
fountains, etc.), electrical fixtures (general and task lighting, area lighting for
grounds, exterior building lighting including up-lighting or down-lighting, indoor
and outdoor switches/manual controls and convenience outlets, etc.), electronic
fixtures (indoor and outdoor/rooftop cameras, speakers, sensors, monitors, card-
access or biometric access terminals for secure areas, automated main gates and
doors, etc.), mechanical and related auxiliary fixtures (sprinkler heads, indoor
climate management or control terminals/stations/switches, etc.), and the like; and
architectural fixtures such as large fixed/sectional mirrors, finish hardware items,
wall (or floor) safes and the like.
3.11.4 Equipment
These are the necessary items for a particular purpose or activity; equipment
(solid state), apparatus, gear, material (i.e. the aggregate of
portable/transportable/self-propelled equipment and/or supplies used by a
specific organization, such as the military or para-military or the government),
outfit, paraphernalia and the like; materials needed for a purpose such as
laboratory apparatus; all the fixed assets other than land and buildings of a
business enterprise; tangible property (other than land or buildings) that is used
in the operation of a business; examples of equipment include devices, machines,
tools, and vehicles; the possible examples of equipment in a typical Philippine
building are: visible and tangible/operable apparatus, gear, materiel
(transportable equipment), outfit, paraphernalia, tools relating to architectural,
structural, electrical, electronic and auxiliary
(telecommunications/audio/video/building management system/BMS),
mechanical, sanitary, plumbing, fire-fighting functions/operations of the building
e.g. integrated computer systems including peripherals, ticketing system including
cash registers and official receipt or trip ticket printers, point of sale (POS)
reporting system (as applicable, possibly for both ticketing/parking and
commercial leased spaces), public information/notification/address systems
3-33
3.12.1 Sites/Grounds
 Land and site sustainability considerations during construction activities such
as plans and documentation needed for site excavation, sedimentation and
erosion control, air pollution control, etc.
 Use of organic soil treatment products.
 Minimization of over-paving through the requisite compliances with valid and
subsisting laws, rules, regulations, guidelines, standards and procedural
manuals pertaining to physical planning e.g. NBCP, Water Code, Sanitation
Code, etc. (refer also to pertinent portions of Annex E).
 Management of shadows cast by the proposed buildings on adjacent lots and
buildings/structures.
 Miscellaneous considerations i.e. rainfall information and hydrologic (and
flooding) characteristics of the site including flood risk assessment mitigation
studies (if available); public passage-ways such as secure pathwalks and
bicycle lanes and bicycle parking plan (if provided); community connectivity
(amenities, facilities, services and utilities/AFSU); waiting sheds and other key
street furniture; vehicle use, maneuver and parking plans (open, semi-covered
and covered); landscaping plans (hard and soft scapes); green roofs and heat
insulated areas.
3.12.2 Buildings/Structures
 Energy conservation and management i.e. compliances with the latest
Department of Energy (DoE) guidelines on energy conservation and
management i.e. lighting and power design, etc.; use of light-emitting diodes
(LEDs), compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and similar energy-saving
illumination devices (provided the proper disposal methods are also in place),
etc.; extensive use of natural lighting and ventilation matched with the use of
sun-shading devices; use of renewable (non-fossil) energy sources where
applicable i.e. sun, wind, wave, current, hydro, dendro (forest products), hot
springs, animal, biogas/compost, solid waste, etc.
 Water conservation and management i.e. reduction or optimization of
domestic water consumption such as use of low-flow plumbing/sanitary
fixtures and equipment, etc., domestic wastewater reuse or recycling; storm
water management and rainwater harvesting such as collection, storage,
treatment, use, reuse, recycling, disposal, etc., wastewater treatment such as
use of compact/ compartmentalized sewage treatment devices or sewage
treatment plants (STPs), etc.
 Solid waste management i.e. waste management plan; material recovery/
segregation facility (MRF/MSF); use of ‘non-burn’ waste to energy (WTE) or
waste to worth (WTW) technologies that utilize local and foreign advanced
technologies compliant with the PH Clean Air Act of 1999.
 Indoor environment quality considerations e.g. non-smoking areas;
minimization of emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by materials
specified for the building/structure/project; air-conditioning refrigerant
3-35
3.13.1 Sites/Grounds
 Less paving around the building to help retard surface water flow i.e. through
percolation into the ground, inasmuch as the collected surface water contribute
to flash flooding at lower elevations within a community.
 Proper setbacks and compliance with mandated legal easements (MLEs) along
waterways to maintain floodwater at a low level such as narrower waterways
translate into higher flood levels.
3.13.2 Buildings/Structures
 Use of concrete deck roofs instead of sloped metal roofs.
 If the use of metal roofs cannot be avoided, provide much steeper roof slopes
(because flatter slopes are easily penetrated by strong winds such as wind
drag).
 Use of roof that is sloped at all four (4) sides (since typhoon winds come from
all directions).
 Use of green roofs (only when technically and financially feasible).
 Use of very short eaves i.e. the roof extension outside the exterior wall of the
building or residence, usually provided for shade and aesthetics (inasmuch as
long eaves cause uplift which open up the roof cavity to more/extensive wind
damage); the short eaves could be paired with media agua (shed roofs) over
windows and doors; short eaves are those that are 610 mm or shorter as
measured from the finished building wall while the long eaves are those that
extend as much as 2.44 m or longer from the finished building wall (and which
may already require additional structural support); the minimum eaves shall
be at 300 mm while the maximum eaves can be as much as 3.66 m (with or
without additional structural supports), provided that the appropriate climate
change adaptive and disaster reduction considerations are all factored into the
design.
 Use of gutterless roofs in sites where trees shed a large volume of leaves i.e. dry
and decomposed leaves and debris clog up the drains, downspouts and catch
basins and the accumulated water cause the un-drained roof to collapse; a
gutterless roof has to be partnered with a trench drain, sand pit or a sand and
gravel bed at the ground below to absorb the falling water.
 Controlled roof cavity and/or ceiling cavity openings to relieve or equalize
pressure inside and outside the building during strong winds i.e. a certain
amount of wind has to be let in the building/structure to relieve and/or
equalize air pressures.
 For flood-prone or flood-risk areas, the use of the lower level as a multi-use,
flexible use space (that can be flooded), and which can be connected to the
upper level/s of the building through stairs or ramps (for use by PWDs or large
domesticated/farm animals).
 Use of stilted or floating building technologies, if technically and financially
feasible, if safe and if locally available.
3-37
 Tall buildings shall be provided with safe refuge zones or floors for evacuating
building occupants; these areas shall have stronger structural reinforcement
and fire protection features if compared with regular floors.
 All emergency, exit and public doors servicing rooms or areas with users
numbering twelve or more occupants must all swing outward and use non-
detachable pins for added safety; if 2 exits are located in an enclosed space,
these must be located far apart and at opposite sides of such space.
 All fire lanes and emergency/fire exits, passageway and stairs shall be
maintained free of all forms of obstructions and fitted with emergency lighting
devices all the way to the refuge floors and/or the street below.
 Location of emergency exits shall be far apart and/or opposite of each other
and in full accordance with prescriptions of the NBCP and the Fire Code.
 Avoidance of use of non-fire rated substances and materials for buildings,
particularly those that produce toxic or harmful fumes during fire e.g.
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) doors and jambs, etc.
 Use of medium-weight movable materials as furniture pieces i.e. those that can
readily serve as sturdy flotation devices.
 Elevated floor finish line (FFL) at say 0.60 m minimum above sidewalk level
for carports and for main entrances for low-rise structures e.g. .residences in
known flood risk areas. Refer to Section 3.5.4 for flood levels for buildings.
 Positioning of convenience outlets above table surface height i.e. say about
850 mm above the finished floor line (FFL)
 Possible positioning of the main power panel at a reachable height just below
the finished ceiling line (FCL) i.e. at a maximum height of 300 mm below the
finished ceiling line (FCL) and at a minimum eye level (or pix) height of 1400
mm above the finished floor line (FFL).
 Use of jalousie windows, which are designed for use in the tropics, and which
could serve as a fast means of escape (but requires security provisions such
grillwork or similar devices).
 A fast emergency escape system using maintenance gondolas or possibly even
zip lines mounted on roofs of tall buildings directed at refuge floors/levels of
adjoining tall buildings or open refuge areas may need to be devised.
 Design of low-rise buildings for survivability i.e. controlled detachment of a
designated survival room/pod from the main building/structure for purposes
of flotation or similar survival action/procedures.
 Use of low-cost to optimum-cost devices or technologies than can readily
convert seawater, brackish water, inland waterway water, wastewater, etc.
into domestic water fit for cooking and drinking (potable water) i.e. solely
with the use of renewable energy i.e. sun or wind to power the conversion
process.
 Use of stilted or floating building technologies, if technically and financially
feasible, if safe and if locally available.
3-39
valid and subsisting law that is implemented and enforced by DPWH and its  Use of natural light and ventilation, particularly of day-lighting and passive
agents. The NBCP has apparently been breached and violated at will over the last cooling
36 years of its existence, resulting in the present pitiful state of the built
 Elevator traffic calculations and zoning (as applicable)
environment.
 Building and site/grounds colors and textures, particularly those that are
An architectural permit application must be accompanied by the pertinent
absorptive and reflective of light and heat (that should illustrate the RLA’s
architectural documents, together with computations that must be signed and
appreciation of tropical design as the same applies to Philippine buildings)
sealed only by registered and licensed Architects (RLAs), in full compliance with
law (Section 20.5 of RA No. 9266, The Architecture Act of 2004). Such  Graphics, signage and way-finding provisions
architectural computations must contain basic spatial and volumetric information  Design sensitivities i.e. gender and development (GAD), children and the
about the proposed new building/fit-out or elderly, persons with disabilities (PWDs, physical, mental, emotional, etc.),
repair/renovation/rehabilitation/expansion/retrofit project such as those ethnicity and indigenous peoples, people with differing lifestyles/preferences,
mandated under Rules VII and VIII (as well as Rule XII) of the 2004 Revised IRR of religion, etc.
the NBCP, to wit:
The foregoing are only basic architectural plan and design features of the building.
 Zoning classification with statements of principal, accessory and conditional Should the DPWH IRR on sustainable building design be promulgated, the RLA
uses shall also be responsible for a number of sustainable building features, as well as
 Allowed building occupancy and building type features that address issues and concerns pertaining to climate change adaptation
and disaster resilience. The RLA's description of the proposed building’s
 Lot type, configuration and access systems
sustainable design features must necessarily include descriptions of the embodied
 RROW width (stating arcade width if applicable) and TLA energy levels of construction and finishing materials proposed for use in the
building, carbon footprint calculation for the building and its users over a certain
 On-site and off-site analyses, with particular attention to topography, slopes,
period of time, energy and water conservation features (to include rainwater
hazards, etc.
harvesting if possible), solid waste management provisions (collection, storage,
 Building and site/grounds orientations with respect to sun, wind, rain/storm, recycling, reuse, disposal), etc.
noise, pollution sources, odors, view corridors (and privacy satisfaction)
The architectural permit application must clearly show that the building fully
 Treatment of the mandated legal easements (MLE) satisfies all the spatial requirements and all the applicable development controls
 FLAR (FAR), GFA &TGFA (DCs). To be sure that only RLAs shall be responsible for architectural permits and
their support documents, the author (signatory) of the architectural permit
 Applicable setbacks (including incremental setbacks)
application support documents or his/her duly designated representative should
 Firewall compliances (as needed) be present (or available through electronic means) to defend the contents of the
documents when the same are reviewed by RLAs who should also be the ones in
 Basement level compliances (as applicable)
charge of the architectural divisions of LGU OBOs i.e. full compliance with Section
 Open and covered parking compliances (including public transportation 35 of R.A. No. 9266 (The Architecture Act of 2004).
connectivity)
The architectural permit application must also show the calculations for
 PSO and AMBF including clear indications of the total open space within lot architectural life safety code compliances, particularly those mandated under R.A.
(TOSL) and the unpaved surface area (USA) that shall assist in surface water No. 9514 (The 2008 Fire Code of the Philippines/FCP and its 2009 IRR). Also for
flow retardation and percolation into the aquifer inclusion is the satisfaction of the mandated compliances with B.P. Blg. 344
 Applicable BHL (including CAAP restrictions or other agency restrictions as (Accessibility Law of 1983) particularly with respect to parking slots, ramps,
applicable) elevators and toilets for persons with disabilities (PWDs). Additionally, the
pertinent information on architectural design features that address specific user
 AMVB needs and sensitivities must be included e.g. gender, age, ethnicity, religion, etc. as
 OFB, OLBP and the angle of angular plane with respect to the RROW well as urban design features e.g. including lists of street furniture, way-finding
provisions and directional signages as well as statements of the proposed
 The architectural and space programs
treatments of transitional spaces between the public domain (e.g. RROW) and the
 Wall/window orientations and wall to window ratio (WWR) building grounds and enclosed building spaces.
 Site development (including urban design) features
3-42 3-43
4.2.3 Gravity Loads

This section shall apply to designing the gravity loads as specified in NSCP Section
204 – Section 205.
Gravity loads are the weights of structural, non-structural elements, and expected
weight of occupants that is applied to structures as downward forces.
4.2.4 Dead Load

Dead loads consist of the permanent weights and include the weight of columns,
beams and girders, floor slab, roofing, walls, windows, plumbing, electrical
fixtures, finishes and fixed equipment. The minimum densities for design loads
from materials are shown in Table 4-1. The minimum values for dead loads in low-
rise buildings are shown in Table 4-2.
4.2.5 Live Load

Live load is determined by the function and occupancy of the building. Loads
include the weights of temporarily placed items on the structure such as
furnishings, human occupants and construction and maintenance activities. The
standards in designing the live load of a building are provided in NSCP Section
205.
All loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy
and not be less than the loads required by this section. Live loads are provided in
Tables 4-3, 4-4 and 4-5.
4-3
Table 4-3 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads Use or Occupancy Uniform Load1 Concentrated
Load
Use or Occupancy Uniform Load 1
Concentrated
Load Category Description kPa kN
Category Description kPa kN Ground floor corridors 4.8 4.5
1. Access floor systems Office use 2.4 9.0 2
20. Sidewalks and driveways Public access 12.0 --7
Computer use 4.8 9.02 21. Storage Light 6.0 --
2. Armories -- 7.2 0 Heavy 12.0 --
3. Theaters, assembly areas3 and Fixed seats 2.9 0 22. Stores Retail 4.8 4.52
auditoriums
Movable seats 4.8 0 Wholesale 6.0 13.42
Lobbies and platforms 4.8 0 23. Pedestrian bridges and walkways -- 4.8 --
Stages areas 7.2 0 Source: NSCP, 2010.
4. Bowling alleys, poolrooms and -- 3.6 0 Notes for Table 4-3

similar recreational areas 1
See NSCP Section 205.5 for live load reductions
2
See NSCP Section 205.3.3, first paragraph, for area of load application.
5. Catwalk for maintenance access -- 1.9 1.3 3
Assembly areas include such occupancies as dance halls, drill rooms, gymnasiums, playgrounds,
6. Cornices and marquees -- 3.6 4
0 plazas, terraces and similar occupancies that are generally accessible to the public.
4
For special-purpose roofs, see NSCP Section 205.4.4.
7. Dining rooms and restaurants -- 4.8 0 5
Exit facilities shall include such uses as corridors serving an occupant load of 10 or more persons,
exterior exit balconies, stairways, fire escapes
8. Exit facilities5 -- 4.8 06 6
Individual stair treads shall be designed to support a 1.3 kN concentrated load placed in a position
9. Garages General storage and/or repair 4.8 --
7 that would cause maximum stress. Stair stringers may be designed for the uniform load set forth in
the table
Private or pleasure-type motor 1.9 --7 7
See NSCP Section 205.3.3, second paragraph, for concentrated loads. See Table 4-4 for vehicle
vehicle storage barriers
8
Residential occupancies include private dwellings, apartments and hotel guest rooms.
10. Hospitals Wards and rooms 1.9 4.52 9
Restroom loads shall not be less than the load for the occupancy with which they are associated,
Laboratories & operating 2.9 4.5 2 but need not exceed 2.4 kPa.
rooms
Corridors above ground floor 3.8 4.5
11. Libraries Reading rooms 2.9 4.52
Stack rooms 7.2 4.52
12. Manufacturing Light 6.0 9.02
Heavy 12.0 13.42
13. Office Call Centers & BPO 2.9 9.0
Lobbies & ground floor 4.8 9.0
corridors
Offices 2.4 9.02
Building corridors above 3.8 9.0
ground floor
14. Printing plants Press rooms 7.2 11.02
Composing and linotype rooms 4.8 9.02
15. Residential8 Basic floor area 1.9 06
Exterior balconies 2.94 0
Decks 1.9 4
0
Storage 1.9 0
16. Restrooms9 -- -- --
17. Reviewing stands, grandstands, -- 4.8 0
Bleachers, and folding and
telescoping seating
18. Roof decks Same as area served or -- --
Occupancy
19. Schools Classrooms 1.9 4.52
4-6 4-7
Table 4-4 Special Loads1 11

Vertical members of storage racks shall be protected from impact forces of operating equipment, or
racks shall be designed so that failure of one vertical member will not cause collapse of more than
Use or Occupancy Vertical Load Lateral Load the bay or bays supported by that member.
12
The 1.1 kN load is to be applied to any single fire sprinkler support point but not simultaneously to
Category Description kPa kPa all support joints.
1. Construction, public access at site Walkway 7.2 -
(live load)
Canopy 7.2 - Table 4-5 Minimum Roof Live Loads 1
2. Grandstands, reviewing, stands Seats and footboards 1.75 See Note 3 METHOD 1 METHOD 2
bleachers, and folding and
telescoping seating (live load) Tributary Area (m )2
Uniform Rate of Maximum
ROOF SLOPE Load2 reduction, Reduction R
3. Stage accessories (live load) Catwalks 1.9 - 0 to 20 20 to 60 Over 60 (kPa) r (percentage)
Follow spot, projection and 2.4 - Uniform Load (kPa)
control rooms
1. Flat or rise less than 4 units
3
1.00 0.75 0.60 1.00 0.08 40
4. Ceiling framing (live load) Over stages 1.0 - vertical in 12 units horizontal
(33.3% slope). Arch and dome
All uses except over 0.54 - with rise less than one-eighth of
stages span
5. Partitions and interior walls - - 0.25 2. Rise 4 units vertical to less than 0.75 0.70 0.60 0.75 0.06 25
6. Elevators and dumbwaiters (dead 2× total loads - 12 units vertical in 12 units
and live loads) horizontal (33.3% to less than
100% slope). Arch and dome
7. Cranes (dead and live loads) Total load including impact 1.25 x total load5 0.10× total load6 with rise one-eighths of span
increase
3. Rise 12 units vertical in 12 units 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 No reduction permitted
8. Balcony railings and guardrails Exit facilities serving an - 0.75 kN/m7 horizontal (100% slope) and
occupant load greater than greater. Arch or dome with rise
50 three-eighth of span or greater
Other than exit facilities - 0.30 kN/m7 4. Awnings except cloth covered.4 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Components - 1.2 8 5. Greenhouses, lath houses and 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
agricultural buildings.5
9. Vehicle barriers - - 27 kN 9
Source: NSCP, 2010
10. Handrails See Note 10 See Note 10
Notes for Table 4-5
11. Storage racks Over 2.4 m high Total loads11 See NSCP Table 1
For special-purpose roofs, see NSCP Sections 205.4.4.
208-12 2
See NSCP Sections 205.5 and 205.6 for live-load reductions. The rate of reduction r in NSCP
12. Fire sprinkler structural support - 1.1 kN plus weight of See NSCP Table Equation 205-1 shall be as indicated in the table. The maximum reduction, R, shall not exceed
water-filled pipe12 208-12 the value indicated in the table.
3
A flat roof is any roof with a slope less than 1/4 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2% slope). The
Source: NSCP, 2010 live load for flat roofs is in addition to the ponding load required by NSCP Section 206.7.
4
See definition in NSCP Section 202.
Notes for Table 4-4: 5
See NSCP Section 205.4.4 for concentrated load requirements for greenhouse roof members.
1
The tabulated loads are minimum loads. Where other vertical by this code or required by the design
would cause greater stresses, they shall be used. Loads are in kPa unless otherwise indicated in
the table. 4.2.6 Other Minimum Loads
2
Unit is kN/m.
3
Lateral sway bracing loads of 350 N/m parallel and 145 N/m perpendiculars to seat and footboards. Other minimum loads to be considered are:
4
Does not apply to ceilings that have sufficient total access from below, such that access is not
required within the space above the ceiling. Does not apply to ceilings if the attic areas above the  Impact loads (NSCP Section 206.3). This is the dynamic effect on a body as
ceiling are not provided with access. This live load need not be considered as acting simultaneously
with other live loads imposed upon the ceiling framing or its supporting structure. induced by the contact of moving load or operating equipment. Impact is
5
The impact factors included are for cranes with steel wheels riding on steel rails. They may be
modified if substantiating technical data acceptable to the building official is submitted. Live loads on expressed as a percentage increase in the load when at rest.
crane support girders and their connections shall be taken as the maximum crane wheel loads. For
pendant-operated traveling crane support girders and their connections, the impact factors shall be  Crane Loads (NSCP Section 206.9).
1.10.
6
This applies in the direction parallel to the runway rails (longitudinal). The factor for forces  Heliport and Helistop Landing Areas (NSCP Section 206.10).
perpendicular to the rail is 0.20 x the transverse traveling loads (trolley, cab, hooks and lifted loads).
Forces shall be applied at top of rail and may be disturbed among rails of multiple rail cranes and  Soil load.
shall be distributed with due regard for lateral stiffness of the structures supporting these rails.
7
A load per lineal meter (kN/m) to be applied horizontally at right angles to the top rail.
8
Intermediate rails, panel fillers and their connections shall be capable of withstanding a load of 1.2
kPa applied horizontally at right angles over the entire tributary area including openings and spaces 4.2.7 Wind Load
between rails. Reactions due to this loading need not be combined with those of Footnote 7.
9
A horizontal load in kN applied at right angles to the vehicle barrier at a height of 450 mm above the
The most significant consideration in the computation of wind load is the location
parking surface. The force may be distributed over a 300-mm-square area. of the structure. Areas facing the Pacific Ocean are analyzed against a maximum
10
The mounting of handrails shall be such that the completed handrail and supporting structure are
capable of withstanding a load of at least 890 N applied in any direction at any point on the rail. wind design velocity of 250 kph and are designated as Zone 1, consistent with the
These loads shall not be assumed to act cumulatively with Item 9. strong tropical storms that originate from this area. The wind from Zone 1 wind
weakens to 200 kph in the area designated as Zone 2. This wind exits at the
4-8 4-9
Philippine Sea with a velocity of 150 kph in the area designated as Zone 3. Table 4- Pnet9 = net design wind pressure for Exposure B at h=9 m
7 identifies specific provinces under each zone and a quick reference map is
Iw = 1.0 from NSCP Figure 207-3, kPa
available on NSCP Figure 207-24.
NSCP also requires the use of the occupancy importance factor, a magnifier that Method 2: Analytical Procedure
increases (or reduces) the wind load. A magnifies of 15% is used for many
Analytical procedure shall be used for buildings or structures that do not satisfy
structures most needed during emergencies, structures that can have many
the conditions for using the simplified procedure provided that the building or
occupants in one area and facilities that house dangerous materials that may
structure is regular-shaped as defined in NSCP Section 207.5 and does not have
cause additional harm to the populace if toxins are released due to structural
response wind loading, vortex, shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter, or
failure. A low of -15% is used for facilities that are not usually used as human
does not have a site location for which channeling effect or buffering in the wake
shelter. Table 4-6 describes occupancy/function of structure, while Table 4-9
of upwind obstructions warrant special consideration as stated in NSCP Section
factor the numerical value for occupancy importance factor.
207.5.1.
Analysis of structures should include a separate consideration for the Main Wind
The steps of analytical procedure in accordance with NSCP Section 207.5.3 are:
Force Resisting System (MWFRS) which is the assembly of structural members
that provide the overall reliability against wind forces, and the components and 1. Determine the basic wind speed V and wind directionality factor K d in
cladding elements which are individual parts of the structure that cover and accordance with NSCP Section 207.5.4 and NSCP Table 207-2 respectively.
complete the skeletal MWFRS. 2. Determine the importance factor, Iw, in accordance with NSCP Section 207.5.5.
The design wind load for buildings, including MWFRS and component and 3. Determine the exposure category or exposure coefficient Kz or Kh, as
cladding elements, shall be determined using the following methods. applicable for each wind direction in accordance with NSCP Section 207.5.6.
4. Determine the topographic factor Kzt in accordance with NSCP Section 207.5.7.
Method 1: Simplified Procedure
5. Determine the gust effect Factor G or Gf, as applicable in accordance with NSCP
The steps in accordance with are:
Section 207.5.8.
1. The basic wind Speed, V, in accordance with NSCP Section 207.5.4 shall be
6. Determine the enclosure classification in accordance with NSCP Section
determined assuming the wind can come from any horizontal direction.
207.5.9.
2. Determine the importance factor, Iw, in accordance with NSCP Section 207.5.5.
7. Determine the Internal Pressure coefficients, GCpi in accordance with NSCP
3. Determine the exposure category in accordance with NSCP Section 207.5.6. Section 207.5.11.1.
4. Determine the height and exposure adjustment coefficient, λ, shall be 8. Determine the External Pressure coefficient Cp or GCpf or force coefficients Cf,
determined from NSCP Figures 207-2 and 207-3. as applicable in accordance with NSCP Section 207.5.11.2 or NSCP Section
5. For the Main Wind-Force Resisting System: Determine Ps for the horizontal 207.5.11.3, respectively.
pressures which is the combination of the windward and leeward net 9. Determine the velocity pressure qz or qh, as applicable, in accordance with
pressures and shall be determined by the following equation: NSCP Section 207.5.10. The velocity pressure, qz evaluated at height z shall be
ps = λK zt Iw ps9 calculated by the following equation:
qz = 47.3 x 10−6 K z K zt K d V 2 Iw
The net design wind pressures, pnet, for the components and cladding of buildings where:
shall be determined by the following equation:
Kd = wind directionality factor in NSCP Table 207-2
Pnet = λK zt Iw pnet9
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at height z
where:
Kzt = topographic factor as defined in NSCP Section 207.5.7
Kzt = topographic factor as defined in NSCP Section 207.5.7
10. Determine the wind load p or F in accordance with NSCP Sections 207.5.12,
ps9 = simplified design wind pressure for Exposure B at h=9 m 207.5.13, 207.5.14, and 207.5.15 as applicable. The design wind pressure is
given by the following equations:
Iw = 1.0 from NSCP Figure 207-3, kPa
For rigid buildings of all heights:
4-10 4-11
p = qGCp − qi (GCpi ) Table 4-6 Occupancy Category
Occupancy Category Occupancy or Function of Structure

For flexible buildings:
Occupancy having surgery and emergency treatment
p = qGf Cp − qi (GCpi ) areas
Fire and police stations
Garage and shelters for emergency vehicles and
where: emergency aircraft
Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness
I Essential Facilities centers
q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground Aviation control towers
Structures and equipment in communication centers and
q = qh for leeward walls, side walls and roofs evaluated at height h other facilities required for emergency response
Facilities for standby power-generating equipment for
Category I structures
qi = qh for windward walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting
buildings and fpr negative internal pressure evaluation in water or other fire-suppression material or equipment
required for the protection of Category I, II or III structures
partially enclosed buildings Public school buildings
Hospitals
qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed Designated evacuation centers
buildings where height is defined as the level at the highest Occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or
opening in the building that could affect the positive internal II Hazardous Facilities explosive chemicals or substances
Non-building structures storing, supporting or containing
pressure quantities of toxic or explosive substances
G = gust effect factor from NSCP Section 207.5.8 (See discussion in Single-story school buildings
Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant
NSCP Section 207.5.12.2) capacity of 1,000 or more
Educational buildings such as museums libraries,
Cp = external pressure coefficient from NSCP Figure 207-6 or 207-8 auditorium with a capacity of 300 or more students
III Special Occupancy Structures Buildings used for college or adult education with a
capacity of 500 or more students
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient from NSCP Figure 207-5; q and qi Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated
shall be evaluated using exposure defined in NSCP Section patients, but not included in Category I
Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prison and other
207.5.6.3. Pressure shall be applied simultaneously on windward buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly
and leeward walls and on roof surface as defined in NSCP Figures restrained
All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more persons
207-6 and 207-8. Structures and equipment in power-generating stations,
and other public utility facilities not included in Category I
Alternatively, design wind pressures for the MWFRS of low-rise buildings shall be or Category II, and required for continued operation
determined by the following equation: IV Standard Occupancy Structures All structures housing occupancies or having functions not
listed in Category I, II or III and Category V
p = qh[(GCpf) – (GCpi)]
V Miscellaneous Structures Private garages, carports, sheds and fences over 1.5 m
high
where:
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using
exposure defined in NSCP Section 207.5.6.3
(GCpf ) = external pressure coefficient from NSCP Figure 207-10
(GCpi ) = internal pressure coefficient from NSCP Figure 207-5
4-12 4-13
Table 4-7 Wind Zone for the Different Provinces of the Philippines Table 4-10 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients1 , Kh and Kz
Zone Classification (Basic Provinces Height above Ground Exposure (Note 1)

Wind Speed) Level, z (m)
B C D
Zone 1 (V=250kph) Albay, Aurora, Batanes, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines
Sur, Catanduanes, Eastern Samar, Isabela, Northern Samar, Case 1 Case 2 Cases 1 & 2 Cases 1 & 2
Quezon, Quirino, Samar, Sorsogon 0-4.5 0.70 0.57 0.85 1.03
Zone 2 (V=200 kph) Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Antique, Apayao, 6 0.70 0.62 0.90 1.08
Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Biliran, Bohol, Camiguin, Capiz,
Cavite, Cebu, Compostela Valley, Davao Oriental, Guimaras, 7.5 0.70 0.66 0.94 1.12
Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna,
Leyte, Marinduque, Masbate, Misamis Oriental, Mountain 9 0.70 0.70 0.98 1.16
Province, National Capital Region, Negros Occidental, Negros 12 0.76 0.76 1.04 1.22
Oriental, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Occidental Mindoro,
Oriental Mindoro, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, 15 0.81 0.81 1.09 1.27
Siquijor, Southern Leyte, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur,
Tarlac, Zambales 18 0.85 0.85 1.13 1.31
Zone 3 (V=150 kph) Basilan, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del 21 0.89 0.89 1.17 1.34
Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Occidental, North 24 0.93 0.93 1.21 1.38
Cotabato, Palawan, Sarangani, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,
Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, 27 0.96 0.96 1.24 1.40
Zamboanga Sibugay
30 0.99 0.99 1.26 1.43
36 1.04 1.04 1.31 1.48
Table 4-8 Wind Directionality Factor, K d
42 1.09 1.09 1.36 1.52
Structural Type Directionality Factor Kd*
48 1.13 1.13 1.39 1.55
Buildings 54 1.17 1.17 1.43 1.58
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85 60 1.20 1.20 1.46 1.61
Arched Roofs 0.85 75 1.28 1.28 1.53 1.68
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures 90 1.35 1.35 1.59 1.73
Square 0.90
Hexagonal 0.95 105 1.41 1.41 1.64 1.78
Round 0.95
120 1.47 1.47 1.69 1.82
Solid Signs 0.85
135 1.52 1.52 1.73 1.86
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
150 1.56 1.56 1.77 1.89
Trussed Towers Notes for Table 4-10:
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85
All other costs sections 0.95 1. Case 1: a. All components and cladding.
* Directionality Factor Kd has been calibrated with combinations of loads specified in NSCP Section b. Main wind force resisting system in low-rise buildings designed using NSCP Figure
203. This factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load combinations specified
207-10.
in NSCP Section 203.3 and 203.4.
Case 2: a: All main wind force resisting systems in buildings except those in low-rise buildings
designed using NSCP Figure 207-10.
Table 4-9 Importance Factor, Iw (Wind Loads)
b. All main wind force resisting systems in other structures.
Occupancy Category Description IW
2. The velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz may be determined from the following formula:
I Essential 1.15
2/a
II Hazardous 1.15 For 𝓏𝓏 < 4.5 m
4.5
K 𝒵𝒵 = 2.01 ( )
𝓏𝓏g
III Special Occupancy 1.15
2/a
𝓏𝓏
IV Standard Occupancy 1.00 For 4.5 m ≤ 𝓏𝓏 ≤ 𝓏𝓏g K 𝓏𝓏 = 2.01 ( )
𝓏𝓏g
V Miscellaneous 0.87 Note: 𝓏𝓏 shall not be taken less than 9.0 m for Case 1 in exposure B.
1
refer Table 4-6 for types of occupancy under each category.
3. α and 𝓏𝓏g are tabulated in NSCP Table 207-5.
4. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height 𝓏𝓏 is acceptable.
5. Exposure categories are defined in Section 207.5.6.
4-14 4-15
Table 4-11 Terrain Exposure Constants Simplified Design Base Shear

Exposure B C D NSCP Section 208.5.2.3.1 describes the Minimum Design Lateral Forces and its
a 7.0 9.5 11.5 Related Effects.
Zg (m) 365 275 215
This approach is applicable to single family dwellings not more than three floors
𝑎𝑎̂ 1/7 1/9.5 1/11.5
excluding the basement and also other structures not more than two stories
𝑏𝑏̂ 0.84 1.00 1.07
excluding basement. The approach falls under seismic occupancy importance
𝑎𝑎̅ 1/4 1/6.5 1/9
factor =1 under standard and miscellaneous occupancies (Refer Table 4-12).
𝑏𝑏̅ 0.45 0.65 0.80
3𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎
C 0.30 0.20 0.15 V= W
R
D0 0.010 0.005 0.003
ℓ(m) 100 150 200 where:
ℰ̅ 1/3 1/5 1/8
V = base shear
*zmin (m) 9 4.5 2.10
* zmin = minimum height used to ensure that the equivalent height 𝓏𝓏̅ is or 2/3 h for trussed towers, I = seismic occupancy importance factor in Table 4-12
the height of the transmission cable above ground, or 0.6h for buildings and other structure.
For ≤ zmin 𝓏𝓏̅ shall be taken as zmin. W = total dead load including permanent equipment loads and a
portion of the live load if the Structural Engineer finds it
Method 3 – Wind Tunnel Procedure necessary. A minimum of 25% of the floor live load shall also
NSCP Section 207.5.2 of NSCP explains that this method is used when structures apply for storage facilities
do not meet the provisions of NSCP Section 207.5.1 or have unusual shapes or R = numerical equivalent to account for the inherent
response characteristics. overstrength of the adopted structural system. (Refer Table
4-19 to 4-22)
4.2.8 Seismic Load
Ca, Cv = seismic coefficients (Refer Tables 4-15 and 4-16
Other than Mainland Palawan, the Sulu, Tawi-Tawi group of Islands, the
respectively)
Philippines is situated in a highly seismic zone categorized as Zone 4 similar to
those of California, Japan, China, Mexico etc. Structures and portions thereof shall Na, Nv = near source Factors (Refer Tables 4-17 and 4-18
be designed and constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions as respectively)
provided in NSCP Section 208. Two methods of analysis are available, namely:
T = fundamental period of vibration (Method A)
Static Analysis and Dynamic Analysis. The latter method may be used for any
structure but is a must for structures described in Tables 4-23 and 4-24 and NSCP 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 (ℎ𝑛𝑛 )3/4
Section 208.4.8.3. 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frame
Minimum Design Lateral Forces (NSCP Section 208.5)
= 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and
The section discusses computation of lateral loads and in particular explains the eccentrically braced frames.
static lateral load, load distribution as well as the calculation for drift. = 0.0488 for all other buildings
NSCP Section 208.5.2 provides us with the static force procedure.
Table 4-12 Seismic Importance Factor
NSCP Section 208.5.2.1 provides calculation of the design base shear by:
Occupancy Category1 Seismic Importance Factor, Seismic Importance2
𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝐼𝐼 2.5𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 I Factor, Ip
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑊𝑊 ≤ 𝑉𝑉 = W I
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 R
I. Essential Facilities3 1.50 1.50
≥ 𝑉𝑉 = 0.11𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼 𝑊𝑊 II. Hazardous Facilities 1.25 1.50
0.8Z𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣 I III. Special Occupancy 1.00 1.00
≥ 𝑉𝑉 = R
W (for zone 4) Structures4
IV. Standard Occupancy 1.00 1.00
Structure4
V. Miscellaneous Structures 1.00 1.00
1
See Table 4-6 for occupancy listing.
4-16 4-17
2
The limitation of Ip for panel connections in NSCP Section 208.8.2.3 shall be 1.0 for the entire Table 4-16 Seismic Coefficient, Cv
connector
3
Structural observation requirements are given in NSCP Section 107.9. Seismic Zone Z
4
For anchorage of machinery and equipment required for life-safety systems, the value of Ip shall Soil Profile Type
be taken as 1.5. Z=0.2 Z=0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Nv
Table 4-13 Soil Profile Type SB 0.20 0.40Nv
Average Soil Properties for Top 30 m of Soil Profile SC 0.32 0.56Nv

Soil Profile SD 0.40 0.64Nv
Soil Profile Name/ Generic Shear Wave SPT, N Undrained
Type Description Velocity, Vs (blows/ 300 mm) Shear SE 0.64 0.96Nv
(m/s) Strength SU
(kPa) SF See Footnote 1
SA Hard Rock > 1500
1
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to
determine seismic coefficient
SB Rock 760 to 1500
SC Very Dense Soil 360 to 760 > 50 > 100 Table 4-17 Near-Source Factor Na1
and Soft Rock
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100 Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2
Seismic Source Type
SE1 Soft Soil Profile <180 < 15 < 50 ≤ 5 km ≥ 10 km
SF Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation. See NSCP Section 208.4.3.1 A 1.2 1.0
1
Soil Profile Type SE also includes any soil profile with more than 3.0 m of soft clay defined as a B 1.0 1.0
soil with plasticity index, PI> 20, wmc ≥ 40 percent and su< 24 kPa. The Plasticity Index, PI, and
the moisture content, wmc, shall be determined in accordance with approved national standards. C 1.0 1.0
Table 4-14 Seismic Source Type1 Table 4-18 Near-Source Factor, Nv1
Seismic Source Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2

Definition Seismic Source Type
Seismic Source Seismic Source Description ≤ 5 km 10 km ≥15 km
Type Maximum Moment
Magnitude, M A 1.6 1.2 1.0
A Faults that are capable of producing large M ≥ 7.0 B 1.2 1.0 1.0
magnitude events and that have a high C 1.0 1.0 1.0
rate of seismic activity.
Notes for Tables 4-17 and 4-18
B All faults other than Types A and C. 6.5 ≤ M < 7.0 1
The Near-Source Factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for distances other
than those shown in the table.
C Faults that are not capable of producing M < 6.5 2
The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum distance between the site
large magnitude earthquakes and that
and the area described by the vertical projection of the source on the surface (i.e. surface
have a relatively low rate of seismic
projection of fault plane). The source projection need not include portions of the source at deptsh
activity
of 10 km or greater. The largest value of the Near-source Factor considering all sources shall be
1
Subduction sources shall be evaluated on a site-specific basis. used for design.
Table 4-15 Seismic Coefficient, Ca
Seismic Zone Z
Soil Profile Type
Z = 0.2 Z=0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Na
SB 0.20 0.40Na
SC 0.24 0.40Na
SD 0.28 0.44Na
SE 0.34 0.44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 4-16
4-18 4-19
Table 4-19 Earthquake – Force Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete Table 4-21 Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Steel
System Limitation and System Limitation and

Building Height Limitation Building Height Limitation
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R Ω0 by Seismic Zone, m Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R Ω0 by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 2 Zone 4
A. Bearing Wall Systems A. Bearing Wall Systems
 Light-framed walls with shear panels: 5.5 2.8 NL 20  Light steel-framed bearing walls with tension-only bracing 2.8 2.2 NL 20
wood structural panel walls for
structures three stories or less  Braced frames where bracing carries gravity load 4.4 2.2 NL 50
 Heavy timber braced frames where 2.8 2.2 NL 20  Light framed walls sheathed with wood structural panels 4.5 2.8 NL 20
bracing carries gravity load rated for shear resistance or steel sheets
 Light-framed walls with wood shear NA NA  Light-framed walls with shear panels of all other light 4.5 2.8 NL 20
panels walls for structures three materials
stories or less 2.8 2.2 NL NP
 Light-framed wall systems using flat strap bracing
 All other light framed walls NA NA
B. Building Frame Systems
 Heavy timber-braced frames where 2.8 2.2 NL 20 8.5 2.8 NL 30
 Steel eccentrically braced frames (EBF), moment-resisting
bracing carries gravity load connections at columns away from links
B. Building Frame Systems 6.0 2.2 NL 30
 Steel eccentrically braced frames (EBF), non moment-
 Light-framed walls with shear panels: 6.5 2.8 NL 20 resisting connections at columns away from links
wood structural panel walls for 6.0 2.2 NL 30
 Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF)
structures three stories or less
 Ordinary concentrically braced frames (OCBF) 3.2 2.2 NL NP
 Ordinary heavy timber-braced frames 5.6 2.2 NL 20
 Light-framed walls sheathed with wood structural panels/ 6.5 2.8 NL 20
sheet steel panels
Table 4-20 Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Masonry
 Light frame walls with shear panels of all other materials 2.5 2.8 NL NP
System Limitation and  Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBF), non 7 2.8 NL 30
Building Height moment-resisting beam-column connection
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting R Ω0 Limitation by Seismic
System Zone, m  Buckling-restrained braced frames, moment-resisting 8 2.8 NL 30
beam-column connections
Zone 2 Zone 4
 Special steel plate shear walls (SPSW) 7 2.8 NL 30
A. Bearing Wall Systems
C. Moment-Resisting Frame Systems
 Masonry shear walls 4.5 2.8 NL 50
 Special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) 8.0 3 NL NL
 Intermediate steel moment frames (IMF) 4.5 3 NL NP
 Masonry shearwalls 5.5 2.8 NL 50
 Ordinary moment frames (OMF) 3.5 3 NL NP
C. Moment-Resisting Frame
Systems  Special truss moment frames (STMF) 6.5 3 NL NP
 Masonry moment-resisting wall 6.5 2.8 NL 50  Special composite steel and concrete moment frames 8 3 NL NL
frames (MMRWF)
 Intermediate composite moment frames 5 3 NL NP
D. Dual Systems
 Composite partially restrained moment frames 6 3 48 NP
 Masonry shear walls with SMRF 5.5 2.8 NL 50
 Ordinary composite moment frames 3 3 NP NP
 Masonry shear walls with steel 4.2 2.8 NL 50
OMRF D. Dual Systems
 Masonry shear walls with 4.2 2.8 NL NP  Steel eccentrically braced frames 8 2.8 NL NL
concrete IMRF
 Special steel concentrically braced frames 7 2.8 NL NL
 Masonry shear walls with 6.0 2.8 NL 50
masonry MMRWF  Composite steel and concrete eccentrically braced frame 8 2.8 NL NL
 Composite steel and concrete concentrically braced frame 6 2.8 NL NL
 Composite steel plate shear walls 7.5 2.8 NL NL
 Buckling-restrained braced frame 8 2.8 NL NL
 Special steel plate shear walls 8 2.8 NL NL
 Masonry shear wall steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50
 Steel EBF with steel SMRF 8.5 2.8 NL NL
4-20 4-21
System Limitation and Vertical Distribution of Force (NSCP Section 208.5.5)

Building Height Limitation
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R Ω0 by Seismic Zone, m The Base Shear (V) shall be distributed over the structure height using the formula:
Zone 2 Zone 4 n
 Steel EBF with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50 V = 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 + ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡
 Special concentrically braced frames with steel SMRF 7.5 2.8 NL NL i=1
 Special concentrically braced frames with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50 Where 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 is the whip effect applied at level n in addition to Fn
E. Dual System with Intermediate Moment Frames
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 0.07TV
 Special steel concentrically braced frame 6 2.8 NL NP
 Composite steel and concrete concentrically braced frame 5.5 2.8 NL NP 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 need not exceed 0.25V and is considered nil when the fundamental period T is
 Ordinary composite braced frame 3.5 2.8 NL NP
0.7 second or less.
 Ordinary composite reinforced concrete shear walls with 5 2.8 NL NP The remaining force "V-𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 " shall be distributed over the entire height of the
steel elements
structure using the formula
F. Cantilevered Column Building Systems
2.2 2.0 10 10
(𝑉𝑉 − 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 )𝑤𝑤𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
 Special steel moment frames 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =
1.2 2.0 10 NP
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑖𝑖
 Intermediate steel moment frames
 Ordinary steel moment frames 1.0 2.0 10 NP
where:
 Cantilevered column elements 2.2 2.0 NL 10
G. Steel Systems not Specifically Detailed for Seismic 3 3 NL NP
Fx,wx,hx = level 'x' lateral force F, floor weight 'w' and height 'h' from the
Resistance, Excluding Cantilever Systems base(ground).
Fi,wi,hi = force weight and height of level 'i'
Table 4-22 Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Wood
System Limitation and

Building Height Horizontal Distribution of Shear (NSCP Section 208.5.6)
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R Ω0 Limitation by Seismic
Zone, m Forces 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 , 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 shall be distributed to the lateral force resisting elements in
Zone 2 Zone 4 proportion to their relative rigidities.
A. Bearing Wall Systems For rigid diaphragms, mass eccentricity is assumed to be 5% of the building
 Light-framed walls with shear panels: wood structural 5.5 2.8 NL 20 dimension perpendicular to the direction of the force.
panel walls for structures three stories or less
 Heavy timber braced frames where bracing carries gravity 2.8 2.2 NL 20 Dynamic Analysis Procedure (NSCP Section 208.6)
load
 Light-framed walls with wood shear panels walls for NA NA Pertinent parameters are enumerated as a guidelines in three dimensional
structures three stories or less modelling of structures with irregular plan configuration (such as those in Table
 All other light framed walls NA NA 4-24).
 Heavy timber-braced frames where bracing carries gravity 2.8 2.2 NL 20
load Lateral Forces on Components of Structure, Non-Structural Components and Equipment
Supported by Structures (NSCP Section 208.7)
 Light-framed walls with shear panels: wood structural 6.5 2.8 NL 20 The section discusses the structural analysis of structure components such as non
panel walls for structures three stories or less
structural walls, parapets etc.
 Ordinary heavy timber-braced frames 5.6 2.2 NL 20
Seismic shall be determined considering the following (NSCP Section 208.4.1):
 Seismic Zone (NSCP Figure 208-4, Section 208.4.4.1) either zone 4 or zone 2.
Regions are categorized as having the highest seismicity (zone 4) to an area of
least or lowest recorded seismic activity (zone 1). Except for Palawan and
some island provinces of Mindanao (zone 2). The Philippines is under zone 4.
 Site Characteristics (NSCP Section 208.4.3 – Section 208.4.4). This includes,
soil type, proximity to earthquake generators and seismic source type which
essentially predicts the magnitude that the fault can generate.
4-22 4-23
 Occupancy (NSCP Section 208.4.2 together with NSCP Table 4-6). The code
also requires the use of occupancy importance factor, a magnifier that
increases (or reduces) the seismic load to a maximum of 50% for structures
most needed during emergencies and those that would have a many occupants
in one area as well as facilities that house dangerous materials that may cause
additional harm to the populace in case toxins are released due to structural
failure.
 Building Configuration (NSCP Section 208.4.5) describes regular and
irregular structures which will become part of the basis for the method of
design.
 The type of Structural System as discussed in NSCP Section 208.4.6 as well as
the Building Heights (NSCP Section 208.4.7) shall be used in the computation
of the design seismic force.
Table 4-23 Vertical Structural Irregularities
Irregularity Type and Definition Reference NSCP Section

1. Stiffness Irregularity – Soft Story 208.4.8.3
A soft story is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than Item 2
70 percent of that in the story above or less than 80 percent
of the average stiffness of the three stories above.
2. Weight (Mass) Irregularity 208.4.8.3
Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the Item 2
effective mass of any story is more than 150 percent of the
effective mass of an adjacent story. A roof that is lighter
than the floor below need not be considered.
3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity 208.4.8.3
Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist Item 2
where the horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting
system in any story is more than 130 percent of that in an
adjacent story. One-story penthouses need not be
considered.
4. In-Plane Discontinuity In Vertical Lateral-Force- 208.5.8.1
Resisting Element Irregularity
An in-plane offset of the lateral-load-resisting elements
greater than the length of those elements.
5. Discontinuity In Capacity – Weak Story Irregularity 208.4.9.1
A weak story is one in which the story strength is less than
80 percent of that in the story above. The story strength is
the total strength of all seismic-resisting elements sharing
the story for the direction under consideration.
4-24
4.3.2 Site Investigations These hazards may be identified through historical records and reports from local
All projects require site investigations to be conducted by the duly authorized units and previous site investigations. Interviews from the inhabitants of the area
party. Site investigations must provide sufficient information for apt planning of may also be done to cross-reference gathered historical data.
the sub-surface investigation as determined by the engineer.
Recognition of the site hazards will prompt the engineers of the additional
NSCP Section 303.1 recommends: considerations critical to the investigation, design and analysis of the site.
 A geotechnical study be conducted for foundation design for structures two
stories or higher. Anthropogenic Features
Man-made structures and other appurtenances for water supply, power
 A total of 2 boreholes for structures less than 300 m2 in area and at least 3
generation, agriculture, aquaculture, pumping wells, flood control, coastal
boreholes for larger building area.
improvement, land reclamations, sanitary landfills, slope stabilization, mining and
 A maximum of 1 borehole for every 200 m2 of a structure. quarrying, telecommunications, transportation, infrastructure and other edifices
near the site constitute additional considerations.
Topography and Geologic Features
General features that must be noted are:
Terrain analysis of the project site can be carried out using remotely-sensed
imagery or topographical maps and then confirmed by conducting site  Underground utility lines and other conduits
reconnaissance surveys. The project site is located on the map and the general  Adjacent structures
surface environment and terrain can be interpreted. By identifying the terrain,
specific issues can be taken into account such as sloping ground, soil and rock  Accessibility (for construction purposes)
(geologic) formation, hydrologic formations, fault systems.  Waste disposal facilities
Geologic information can also be gathered from geologic assessments by licensed  Cuts and fills
and recognized geologists, boring information or geotechnical reports from
 Drainage
previous projects in close proximity to the project site, and data from local
government units and pertinent government offices. The geologic information  Land use
must provide insight to the regional geology of the site particularly soil and rock The aforementioned factors can affect and be affected by any soil investigation or
formation, groundwater table elevation, and other geotechnical characteristics. construction that it is essential to determine the existence and location of such.
An overview of the rainfall patterns and climatic conditions is also ideal for Underground conduits that convey water, sewage, electricity, and
holistic analysis as this provides an insight on the possible environmental telecommunication lines may exist within the project site and must be preserved
conditions to be encountered in the construction and engineering process. from damage during sub-surface exploration and construction.
Drainage and surface water conditions may also provide useful information.
Similarly, structures adjacent to project site must not experience disturbance,
usually due to excessive vibrations and improperly designed excavations that may
Hazards
induce instability or aesthetic detriment (such as misalignment of plumbing and
Exposure to natural hazards must be comprehensively identified for sub-surface door settling) as determined by the Engineer.
investigation and design references. Hazards cover natural and environmental
factors that highly influence the stability and safety conditions of the project Accessibility of the site for mobilization and demobilization of equipment to be
during and after construction. Common risk factors include, but are not limited to, used during sub-surface exploration and construction must be outlined so as to
the following: recommend applicable methods to carry out such works.
 Seismicity/earthquake risks
4.3.3 Sub-surface Investigations
 Flooding Sub-surface exploration shall observe the implementing rules and guidelines of
 Tidal waves governing agencies of national and local government, adapted international
standards without compromising engineering principles and with high priority for
 Landslides safety the of stakeholders involved.
 Problematic soils (such as liquefiable soils, expansive soils and collapsible Existing guidelines observed by local practice pertinent to this section:
soils)
 Sinkholes
4-26 4-27
 DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, 2012 Edition: Highways, Bridges 4.3.4 Laboratory Tests
and Airports (Volume II) Soil laboratory tests must follow applicable governing standards from references
stated above. Geotechnical laboratories that will conduct tests must be ISO-
 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines National Structural Code
certified and duly recognized to operate for local business.
of the Philippines 2010, Sixth Edition: Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical
Structures (Volume I) Some of the geotechnical laboratory tests and corresponding standards are
provided in Table 4-25. The laboratory tests will be conducted to determine the
 Relevant DPWH Orders, Memoranda, etc.
soil properties according to the rock sample recovered and the discretion of the
In addition to the referenced guidelines, the DGCS shall also adopt additional geotechnical engineer on the soil parameters required for engineering design.
guidelines from international standards, professional industry handbooks and
globally used academic literature applicable for the implementation. The Table 4-25 Geotechnical Laboratory Tests and Corresponding Standards
references include:
Laboratory Test Test Standard Parameter Observed
Designation
 American Standard for Testing and Materials International Geotechnical
Moisture Content ASTM D2216-05 Moisture content
Engineering Standards
Specific Gravity ASTM D854-05 Specific gravity
 International Code Council International Building Code 2009 Grain-size Analysis (Mechanical ASTM D422-63 Soil gradation
Sieve Analysis and Hydrometer
 Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Handbook, Second Edition by Hunt, Analysis)
R.E. Atterberg Limits ASTM D4318-05 Liquid limit
Plastic limit
In this section, detailed discussion and instruction is provided on the (1) purpose
Unified Soil Classification ASTM D2487-00 Classification of soil type
and importance of sub-surface investigations; (2) proper execution of standard System (USCS)
techniques and methodologies of soil explorations; and (3) output data analysis of Unconfined Compression Test ASTM D2166-00 Strength parameters
field investigations for geotechnical reports. (for Soils)
Unconfined Compression Test ASTM D2938-95 Strength parameters
Significance and importance of adequate soil sub-surface investigations shall be (for Intact Rock)
explained in relation with structure stability, effects on structural design, effects Tri-axial Test ASTM D2850-03a Strength parameters
(Unconsolidated-Undrained)
on project cost, etc.
Tri-axial Test ASTM D4767-04 Strength parameters
Execution of soil exploration methods shall integrate internationally-adopted (Consolidated-Undrained)
standards and DPWH-observed guidelines. Various soil exploration methodologies Oedometer Test ASTM D2435-04 Consolidation parameters
(1-D Consolidation)
will be discussed focusing on proper procedures, applicability to different soil and
Direct Shear Test ASTM D3080-04 Strength parameters
rock formations, and field considerations.
Soil Sulfate Test Hach Method 8051 Sulfate content
Analysis of information from field explorations shall include good practices in Constant-Head Test ASTM D2434 Hydraulic conductivity
preparing boring logs and borehole logs to facilitate efficient geotechnical Falling-Head Test
analysis. Source: NSCP 2010
Groundwater table must be determined after drilling and rechecked 24 hours Additional tests may be specified by the engineer as needed by the nature of the
after drilling. The Engineer must make sure that the measured groundwater table project.
is not due to the drilling fluid used during boring.
Selection of the laboratory test must reflect the actual site conditions and
Sub-surface investigation must extend reasonably beyond the basement consistent with the assumed failure mode of the soil material under
requirements of the project, if any. When hard strata is encountered (SPT N- consideration.
value>50), coring is executed 3–5m into the hard stratum to analyze its quality
and verify it is really hard strata (or merely an intercepted boulder or such). 4.3.5 Allowable Soil Bearing Capacity
Provisions for unprecedented irregularities during soil sub-surface explorations To determine the allowable soil bearing capacity, the Geotechnical Engineer
will be tackled in brevity. should use any widely accepted method in the industry to calculate for the
ultimate soil bearing capacity. The safe soil bearing capacity shall be determined by
dividing the ultimate bearing capacity (qult) by a safety factor,𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, between 2.0 and
3.0. The allowable soil bearing capacity (qallow) shall be a safe bearing capacity that
4-28 4-29
exhibits settlement within the tolerable limits for the project. Tolerable settlement Table 4-26 Comparison of Soil Bearing Capacity Theories
varies upon the nature of the project. Author Comments
𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 Terzaghi Used for estimating 𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 for very cohesive soils and footings with
𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = (𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) axial loads only
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
Hansen Used for any particular case with applicable correction factors
In estimating the soil bearing capacity, adjacent soil strata with relatively same Meyerhof Used for any particular case with applicable correction factors
properties may be assumed homogenous under the discretion of the assigned Vesic Used for any particular case with applicable correction factors
engineer. Any anomalies in the stratification (such as sand lenses and intercepted specially footings on slopes
boulders) must be noted and properly considered in the calculations and must be
reflected in the report. The correction factors given by each author must not be compounded with other
correction factors given by another author or researcher, unless otherwise
Groundwater table effects on the soil bearing capacity must be considered. The
specified.
season when the field investigation was carried out must also be a factor; boring
during dry season may decrease the groundwater table significantly while the wet The method selected for the analysis must be compatible with the site soil type. As
season may increase it considerably as well. The engineer must calculate the recommended, the use of more than one method is advisable to determine a safe
allowable soil bearing capacity conservatively when insufficient and/or unreliable range of the allowable bearing capacity. From the results, a range of the allowable
or questionable data is derived from the soil investigation program. soil bearing capacity is provided for the structural engineer to adopt in the design
calculations.
The general soil bearing capacity equation for shallow strip footings is:
Soil shear strength parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) must be
𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 + 𝑞𝑞𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑁𝑁𝛾𝛾
determined in either drained or undrained conditions through laboratory testing
where: or correlations. Deformation properties of the soil (such as compression index,
recompression index, coefficient of consolidation, elastic modulus) must also be
𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = ultimate bearing capacity determined for settlement analysis.
𝑐𝑐 = cohesion of soil
Lateral Earth Pressure
𝑞𝑞 = overburden pressure at footing base
Lateral earth pressures are computed whenever the soil exerts horizontal
𝛾𝛾 = soil unit weight beneath footing
pressures on structures particularly retaining walls, sheet piles, and excavation
𝐵𝐵 = footing width bracing. Refer Figure 4-1.
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 , 𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 , 𝑁𝑁𝛾𝛾 = bearing capacity factors; function of soil angle of internal friction, 𝜙𝜙 In computing for lateral earth pressures, widely-accepted theories and models
may be used so as the applicability of the model is justifiable.
This equation is modified by different factors provided by various geotechnical
researchers depending on the considerations of the shallow foundation such as: Lateral earth pressures may be active or passive by character. When the
horizontal pressure is less than the vertical pressure, the soil is under active case;
 Footing shape
otherwise, it is under passive case. A structure may be subjected to both pressures
 Depth of embedment at the same time depending on the geometry and other site conditions during
 Load inclination different phases of construction.
 Ground (slope)
 Eccentric loading
Some of the authors of widely-used modified bearing capacity equations and
comments regarding the use of their correction factors are provided in Table 4-26.
Further information on soil bearing capacity is provided in DGCS Volume 2C
Geotechnical and Geological Investigation.
4-30 4-31
Any correlation from these methods to determine soil properties must be applied
with prudence. Deviations from the established procedures must all be noted
during the procedure.
To monitor consolidation settlement, piezometers may be installed to observe
changes in pore water pressure. Inclinometers and other soil movement gauges
may as well be utilized by experienced users of such technology.
GeoHazards
DGCS Volume 2A GeoHazard Assessment describes the nature of geohazards in
the Philippines, the information required to assess their likelihood at a site, and a
procedure for preparing a preliminary.
As determined by the Engineer, special soil investigation must be carried out to
determine the presence of problematic soil (such as expansive soils, liquefiable
soils, fractures and discontinuities in rock material). Any uncommon condition in
the subsurface material that will influence the project must be noted and properly
investigated.
Various signs of GeoHazards and anomalous behavior in the soil include:
 Sudden soil collapse or heaving
 Steep slopes
 Landslide deposits
 Sand lenses
 Penetration resistance inconsistencies
 Abrupt changes in subsurface stratification
Special caution is practiced in investigating such hazards so as not to induce any
unanticipated danger.
Once the hazard is characterized by a Geotechnical Engineer, mitigating or
remediating procedures may be applied. Any widely-accepted soil or rock
improvement method may be conducted as long as it is identified by the Engineer
as appropriate to the site condition.
Ground remediation techniques include:
 Grouting
 Vertical and/or horizontal drains
 Surcharge preloading
 Lime/cement stabilization
 Geosynthetic reinforcement
The option of removing the soil can be adopted if it is viable and economical.
4-33
4.3.7 Shallow Foundations (Footing Design) End-bearing capacity of piles is estimated by employing principles of soil bearing
Shallow foundations can be used if the soil support mechanism relies on the as shown below.
bearing capacity of the soil within a foundation’s zone of influence and discounts
𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝
the effect of skin friction. Shallow foundations are designed accordingly to exert
pressures less than the allowable soil bearing capacity. 𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝 = 𝑐𝑐′𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 ∗ + 𝑞𝑞′𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 ∗
In the design of shallow foundations, project requirements for basement levels are
where:
major factors. The basement level will determine the depth of the foundation and
may prompt the engineer to decide between using shallow or deep foundation. 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = pile end-bearing capacity
The footing design will observe the provisions of NSCP for structural concrete. 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 = area of pile tip
Eccentric loadings must be emphasized in the design of the footing. Effects may be 𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝 = pile end-bearing pressure
dealt with using any modification in the footing design that is permissible given
𝑐𝑐′ = effective cohesion
the particular restraints of the project.
𝑞𝑞′ = effective overburden pressure
4.3.8 Deep Foundations (Pile Design) 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 ∗ , 𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 ∗ = pile end-bearing capacity factors
Deep foundation is used when the soil support mechanism relies on the skin
Skin friction resistance of piles is estimated by employing the principles below.
friction and end bearing of the foundation against the soil. Deep foundations are
used when soil bearing capacity is not enough to support the weight of the 𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴𝑙𝑙 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓Δ𝐿𝐿
structure, if the upper soil strata are weak, and if the project is off-shore or
subjected to high groundwater table. Accessibility and adjacent structures are 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐾𝐾𝜎𝜎0 ′ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡′
some other considerations for the use of deep foundations.
where:
Two general schemes of pile installation may be chosen by the engineer: driven
piles and bored piles. 𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠 = skin friction capacity
a. Driven piles requires installation of precast piles on-site using a pneumatic or 𝑓𝑓 = unit friction resistance
drop hammer heavy equipment. The installation procedure causes significant 𝑝𝑝 = perimeter of pile section
noise and vibration to induce public disturbance and structural damage to
adjacent structures. This method, however, effectively mobilizes the skin Δ𝐿𝐿 = incremental pile length over which the frictional resistance is
friction resistance of the soil. Driven piles also facilitate construction. evaluated
b. Bored piles require on-site assembly of reinforcing bars and preparation of 𝐾𝐾 = effective earth pressure coefficient
drilled hole. The rebar skeleton is lowered into the hole and filled with 𝜎𝜎0 ′ = effective vertical stress at incremental depth considered
concrete mix delivered on site. Before the concrete is poured onto the hole,
𝛿𝛿′ = soil-pile friction angle
debris and other dirt must be removed from the bottom of the hole to ensure
the load transfer mechanism of the pile. Significant noise or public disturbance When piles are grouped and act as a unit, the pile group capacity must likewise be
and structural damage must not be caused within proximal area of the project. determined. Grouped piles must be placed as near each other as required by space
This method effectively mobilizes the end-bearing more than the skin friction allotment but more importantly, as far from each other for skin friction to develop
resistance of the soil. Bored piles relatively take a little more time than driven and mobilize. The limiting distance between piles must be specified by the
piles to install. attending engineer.
Any widely-accepted method can be used to estimate pile capacity. Pile capacity
Micropiles
mainly relies on two components which are point- or end-bearing resistance and
skin friction. End-bearing capacity depends on the stratum on which the pile end Micropiles are bored mini piles with diameter not exceeding 300 mm. Because of
rests. Skin friction is the frictional force exerted by the soil surrounding the pile the small size of mini piles, only small dimension equipment is needed for
through its embedment length. construction and can be used to drill through any type of soils, boulders and hard
materials. They are constructed using high strength small diameter casing or
thread bar. Typically the casing is advanced to the design depth using a drilling
technique. Reinforcing steel in the form of an all-thread bar is typically inserted
4-34 4-35
into the micropile casing. High strength cement grout is then pumped into the For soil which has a high corrosion potential, it may be assumed that the steel
casing. The casing may extend to the full depth above the bond zone with the casing is not effective in carrying tensile loads, Acasing = 0. The reinforcing bar
reinforcing bars extending to the full depth. The finished micropile resists should be designed to carry the entire tension design load.
compression, uplift or tension loads and lateral loads.
Since a micropile can be subjected to lateral loads or overturning moments, they
The design of micropiles for buildings and bridges involves the same approach. are subject to bending stresses also, thus requiring combined stress evaluation.
The structural design of micropiles, cased or uncased length, provided below is The design check for combined stresses (appropriate for micropile) is:
based on the Micropile Design and Construction Reference Manual, US fa fb
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. + ≤ 1.0
Fa (1 − fa ) F
FHWA NHI-05-039, December 2005. F′e b
The allowable compression load for the cased length of a micropile is: where:
fa = axial stress = Pc ⁄Acasing
Pc−allowable = [0.4f ′ c−grout x Agrout + 0.47Fy−steel (Abar + Acasing )] fb = bending stress = Mmax ⁄S ; S is the elastic section
modulus of the steel casing
where:
Fa = allowable axial stress that would be permitted if axial
Pc-allowable = allowable compression load
force alone existed
f’c = unconfined compressive strength of grout
= 0.47 Fy−casing
(typically a 28-day strength)
Agrout = area of grout in micropile cross section (inside Fb = allowable bending stress that would be permitted if
casing only, discount grout outside the casing) bending moment alone existed
Fy-steel = yield stress of steel = 0.55 Fy−casing
Abar = cross sectional area of steel reinforcing bar (if Fe′ = Euler buckling stress
used) The contribution of a central reinforcing bar to bending strength is small
Acasing = cross sectional area of steel casing. compared to that of the casing, hence its effects on bending strength are ignored in
the above combined axial and bending equation. In this equation, it is
Strain compatibility under compression load is considered for the steel conservatively assumed that the maximum axial compression load, Pc , is carried
components and grout by limiting allowable stresses to the minimum allowable by the steel casing only and the yield stress of the steel casing is used.
for any individual component (i.e., steel casing, steel reinforcement, or grout).
Therefore, the maximum yield stress of steel to be used in the above equation is
the minimum of yield stress of casing, yield stress of steel reinforcing rod and
maximum stress based on grout failure.
The outside diameter of the steel casing is reduced to account for losses due to
corrosion in the computation of the allowable compression capacity of a cased
length. Also, if the micropile is used in very weak ground, the allowable
compression load may be reduced to consider the effect of buckling over the
length of the micropile. Further discussion of losses due to corrosion and buckling
are discussed in the Micropile Design and Construction Reference Manual of the
US Federal Highway Administration.
In cases where the micropiles will be subject to tensile loads, the allowable
tension load 𝑃𝑃t−allowable for the cased length of a micropile can be calculated as:
Pt−allowable = 0.55 Fy−steel × (Abar + Acasing )
where:
Fy−steel = minimum yield stress of the bar and casing
4-36 4-37
Section properties required for the analysis are calculated as: is provided demonstrating that the confined grout can sustain higher strain levels
π without crushing.
Acasing = (OD2 − ID2 )
4 The allowable tension load for the uncased length of a micropile is given as:
Icasing
S= Pt−allowable = 0.55Fy−bar × Abar
(OD⁄2)
π
Icasing = (OD4 − ID4 ) 4.3.9 Excavations and Fills
64
For excavation works, all applicable provisions indicated in DPWH Standard
The Euler buckling stress is calculated as: Specifications 2012 Volume II must be observed.
π2 E Excavations for any project must be properly designed and monitored on-site.
Fe′ =
FS(Kl⁄r)2 Depths of unsupported or unbraced excavation must not exceed 3 m unless the
conditions are deemed stable and safe by the Geotechnical Engineer.
where: Various techniques in supporting excavations may be used depending on the

nature of the project. The Geotechnical Engineer must account for several factors
E = elastic modulus of the steel casing (typically assumed to
like in-situ soil parameters, access, groundwater table and overall intent in
be 200,000 MPa (29,000ksi)
excavating.
FS = factor of safety equal to 2.12
If the groundwater is relatively shallow, dewatering may be employed, however,
K = effective length factor (assumed equal to 1.0) caution is advised so as not to cause structural damage or significant settlement to
adjacent structures. Observation wells may also be installed near the excavation
L = unsupported length of micropile
sites to monitor dewatering progress and effects.
1⁄2
r = radius of gyration of the steel casing = (Icasing⁄Acasing ) To design the support system for excavations, rain conditions must be considered
The assumption that the entire axial load is carried by the steel casing is in the design observing the principles on lateral earth pressure in Section 4.3.5.
conservative. A combined stress check that can account for the contribution of the Methods such as shotcrete application, soil nailing and other soil reinforcement
grout inside the casing to compression capacity, assuming that buckling potential methods for excavations can be used as long as it is supervised by experienced
is negligible, is: engineers in using the technology.
Pc Mmax For engineered fills, compaction degree will be specified to 95% of maximum dry
+ ≤ 1.0
Pc−allowable Mallowable density, or better. The optimum moisture content will be determined in the
where: laboratory using applicable standard methods. Every layer in the compacted fill in
the field shall be tested according to the specifications.
P𝑐𝑐 = maximum axial compression load;
In the selection of the fill material, special consideration must be given to the use
Pc−allowable = determined from the above equation for
of the fill material particularly with the hydraulic properties of the structure.
compression
Mmax = maximum bending moment in the micropile; and
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = Fb (= 0.55Fy−casing ) × S
The allowable compression load for the uncased length of a micropile is given as:
Pc−allowable = (0.4fc′ × Agrout + 0.47Fy−bar × Abar )
For the uncased portion of the pile, the reinforcing bar yield stress used in the
calculations in compression is assumed to not exceed 600 MPa (87 ksi). The limit
of 600 MPa is to prevent grout crushing at an assumed strain of 0.003 unless data
4-38 4-39
 Intermediate Grade ASTM A615 Grade 40 Fy =276 Mpa Design Strength (NSCP Section 409.4 and 409.5)
 High Grade ASTM A615 Grade 60 Fy =414 Mpa NSCP Section 409.4 provides the recommended strength reduction factor while
NSCP Section 409.5 Design Strength for Reinforcement, states that yield
Welded plain wire fabric for concrete reinforcement shall conform to
strength used in calculation shall not exceed 550 MPa, except in prestressing
"Specifications for Steel Welded Wire, Fabric, Plain for Concrete Reinforcement" tendons and for transverse reinforcement in NSCP Sections 410.10.3 and
(ASTM A 185M).
421.3.5.4.
Grade 60 steel is generally used for high-rise buildings.
Deflection Control (NSCP Section 409.6)
4.4.2 Structural Detailing (NSCP Section 407) NSCP Table 409-1 provides the Minimum Thickness of Non-prestressed Beams or
In general, this section shall be used as reference in detailing requirements for One-way Slab.
constructability and ensure that placement of reinforcement is consistent with
NSCP Section 409.6.2.5 recommends the need to modify immediate deflection to
the design intent.
account for longtime deflection, creep and shrinkage by a factor stated therein
NSCP Section 407.7 – "Spacing Limits for Reinforcement" shall be used in when no comprehensive analysis is prepared.
determining effective depth used in the generated couple that resist stress as in
NSCP Section 409.6.3 governs the minimum thickness of nonprestressed two way
Bending. This will also define the number of bars that can be accommodated per
slab. NSCP Section 409.6.3.3 provides computations for thickness.
layer of bar in flexural members which in turn shall be used in the computation of
effective depth. The center to center spacing and other details of tendons are also NSCP Section 409.6.3.2 contain provisions for flat slabs. NSCP Table 409-3
included in this Section of NSCP. provides minimum thickness of flat slabs
NSCP Section 407.8 – "Concrete Protection for Reinforcement" completes the NSCP Table 409-2 shows the Maximum Permissible Computed Deflection.
information needed as described in the previous paragraph. It specifies the
minimum concrete cover for cast-in-place concrete and precast concrete both for Flexure and Axial Load (NSCP Section 410)
non prestressed and prestressed members. Flexure and axially loaded members shall be analyzed using accepted classical
NSCP Section 407.13 -"Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement"- defines code methods with due consideration for all possible loads and load combinations.
requirements for reinforcement that are required other than those that design This section of the code provides basic assumptions and minimum requirements
computations yield. These are usually provided in structural slabs where the that needs to be satisfied.
flexural reinforcement extend in one direction only.
Further details on structural detailing are provided in ACI Detailing Manual 2004. Shear and Torsion (NSCP Section 411)
Simultaneous to other stresses, members subjected to shear and torsion shall
4.4.3 Analysis and Design (NSCP Section 408) proportioned and reinforced using this section of the code which provides basic
NSCP Section 408.2 requires structural concrete members to be proportioned for assumptions and minimum requirements.
adequate strength design using load factors and strength reduction may be used
as specified in NSCP Section 409. Alternative procedure for strength design may Development Length and Splice Lengths of Reinforcement (NSCP Section 412)
be used as provided in NSCP Section 426.
Consistent with the requirements for reinforced concrete in reinforcement
NSCP Section 424 permits the use of "working stress design (WSD)". This is placement, detailing, and arrangement, equally important are splicing and
applicable for non-prestressed reinforced concrete members which are allowed to development length. Splicing requires the tensile or compressive stress generated
be designed using service loads (without load factors) and permissible load by loads on the reinforcement to prevent slippage of the rebar from its position
stresses. which may cause failure when it is not being able to generate the internal stress
resistance between the concrete and rebar.
Load Combinations and Load Factors (NSCP Section 409.3)
NSCP Section 409.3.1 provides the recommended load factors and combinations of Two Way Slab (NSCP Section 413)
loads to be investigated. Basic design procedure for conventional and flat slab system.
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Design Axial Load Strength
ØPn = 0.85Ø[.85f'c(Ag-Ast) + Astfy]
where:
Ø = 0.65
Spiral Column
steel ratio ρ= As/Ag
where:
As = area of non prestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement
Ag = gross area of section
ρmin = 0.01 ρmax=0.06
Minimum spiral diameter is Ø10 mm bars and a max of Ø16 mm.
Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio ρs, shall not be less than the value given
by:
ρs = 0.45(Ag/Ach – 1)f'c/fyt
where:
Ag = gross area of section
Ach = area of section measured from the outer edge of the spiral
reinforcement
fyt shall not exceed 700 Mpa
Design Axial Strength
ØPn = 0.80Ø[.85f'c(Ag-Ast) + Astfy]
where:
Ø = 0.75
Slenderness effect (NSCP 410.11)
1. For members unbraced against sidesway
klu/r ≤22
2. Members braced against sidesway
klu/r ≤ 34 – 12(M1/M2) ≤ 40
where:
k = the effective length factor
lu = clear height of the column
M1 = the smaller absolute value of the two end moments acting on
the column
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4.5.2 General Design Approach Members fail either by excessive deformation or by fracture. A member fails by
The structural engineer must be able to check the compliance of structural design excessive deformation if the stress on the gross section is greater than the yield
drawings and specifications in the code of standard practice. stress, Fy. And if the stress on the net section is greater than the tensile strength,
Fu, a member fails by fracture. The design strength and the allowable tensile
4.5.3 Material strength shall be the lower value determined based on the limit states mentioned
This section shall apply to material test reports conforming to testing standards above.
set by the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Effective Net Area (Ae) (NSCP Section 504.3)
Such standards are specified in the following local and international codes:
The effective net area of tension members, as specified in the governing code, is
 National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Sixth Edition:
given by:
Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures (Volume I); Chapter 5, Part 1
– Specifications for Steel Members. Ae = AnU
 International Conference of Building Officials Uniform Building Code 1997 where:

(Volume 2).
Ae = effective net area of tension members, mm2
 American Institute of Steel Construction 2010: Ninth Edition for Allowable
U = shear lag factor
Strength Design (ASD) and Thirteenth Edition for Load Resistance and Factor
Design (LRFD). An = effective net area and is the difference between the gross area (Ag)
Materials included are hot-rolled structural shapes, structural tubing, pipe, plates, and the area of bolt holes, mm2
bars, and sheets. Also covered are unidentified steel, rolled heavy shapes, steel The structural engineer shall take into consideration that different U values apply
castings and forgings, bolts, washers and nuts, anchor rods and threaded rods, for tension members provided in NSCP Table 504.3.1. Shear lag factors for
welding, and headed stud anchors. connections to tension members of different cases are:
 Structural Steel Design Requirements, NSCP Chapter 5 1. Tension members where tension load is transmitted directly to each of cross-
sectional elements by fasteners or welds.
 NSCP Section 501 General provisions
 NSCP Section 502 Design Requirements for ASD and LRFD 2. Tension members, except plates and HSS, where tension load is transmitted to
some but not all of the cross-sectional elements by fasteners or longitudinal
welds.
4.5.4 Design for Tension Members (NSCP Section 504)
This section shall apply to designing tension members as specified in NSCP 2010, 3. Tension members where tension load is transmitted by transverse welds to
Referral Code of the NBCP. The DGCS shall also adopt additional design guidelines some but not all of the cross-sectional elements.
from international standards. 4. Plates where the tension load is transmitted by longitudinal welds only.
This covers the following topics: Slenderness Limitation (NSCP Section 504.1), 5. Round HSS with a single concentric gusset plate.
Tensile Strength (NSCP Section 504.2), Effective Net Area (NSCP Section 504.3),
Built-up Members (NSCP Section 504.4), Pin-connected Members (NSCP Section 6. Rectangular HSS.
504.5), and Eyebars (NSCP Section 504.6). 7. W, M, S or HP shapes.
8. Single angles.
Slenderness Ratio (NSCP Section 504.1)
As specified in the governing code, the slenderness ratio, L/r, preferably should Pin-Connected Members (NSCP Section 504.5)
not exceed 300, but is not applicable to rods or hangers in tension. The
Pin – connected members in tension are subjected to several types of failure. The
specification shall aid in the design of bracing members, tension chords and
design strength and allowable tensile strength shall be designed based on the
internal ties in trusses and lattice girders.
lower value obtain from the limit states of tensile rupture, shear rupture, bearing
and yielding.
Tensile Strength (NSCP Section 504.2)
The structural engineer shall consider two limit states for tension member design,
tensile yield strength and tensile rupture strength.
4-52 4-53
As specified in NSCP 504.5, the following shall apply:

1. Tension acting on the net effective area
Pn = 2tbeffFu (NSCP 504.5-1)
2. Shear acting on the effective area
Pn = 0.6FuAsf (NSCP 504.5-2)
Sf = 0.75 (LRFD) Ωsf = 2.0 (ASD)
3. Tension acting on the gross section
Pn = FyAg (NSCP 504.2-1)
t = 0.90 (LRFD) Ωt = 1.67 (ASD)
4. Bearing
Pn = 1.8FyApb (NSCP 510.7-1)
 = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω = 2.0 (ASD)
An example is provided for pin-connected tension members.
where:
Pn = force on area
Rn = nominal bearing strength
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of steel used MPa
Apb = projected bearing area
Fu = specified aluminum tensile stress of steel used
Ag = gross area of member, mm2
Asf = 2t(a+d/2), mm2
A = shortest distance from edge of the pin hole to the edge of the
member measured parallel to the applied force
beff = 2t + 16, mm but not more than the actual distance from the
pinhole to the edge of the member measured perpendicular to the
force.
d = pin diameter, mm
t = thickness of plate, mm
Eyebars (NSCP Section 504.6)
An example is provided for an eyebar connection.
Example: W, Single-angle, WT, Rectangular HSS, Round HSS, Double Angle Tension Members
Designing a member with given loads in tension and member length.
4-54
Ω = 2.00 Example: Eyebar Tension Members
Pn/Ω > Pa Verifying member strength with given loads in tension, pin diameter and eyebar
dimensions.
5. Calculate the available shear rupture strength.
1. Determine material properties for ASTM Designation, Fy and Fu (AISC Table 2-
Pn = 0.6FuAsf 4); and geometric properties of the member.
Asf = 2t(a+d/2)
2. Check dimensional requirements such as t, w, d. dh, R (NSCP Section 504.6.2)
Using LRFD 3. Calculate the required tensile strength, Pu (LRFD) or Pa (ASD). Note that Pu is a
Φ = 0.75 factored load.
ΦPn > Pu 4. Calculate the available tensile yielding strength at the eyebar body (at w)
Using ASD Determine An and Pn.
Ω = 2.00 Pn = FyAg
Pn/Ω > Pa 5. Determine the tensile yield strength.
6. Calculate the available bearing strength. Using LRFD
Pn = 1.8FyApb Φ = 0.90
Using LRFD ΦPn > Pu
Φ = 0.75 Using ASD
ΦPn > Pu Ω = 1.67
Using ASD Pn/Ω > Pa
Ω = 2.00 The structural engineer shall take note that the pin should also be checked for
shear yielding and bearing.
Pn/Ω > Pa
Example: Find Ae of a Plate with Staggered Bolts

7. Calculate the available tensile yielding strength.
1. Calculate the net hole diameter, dnet.
Pn = FyAg
dnet = dh + 1/16 in.
Using LRFD
2. Compute the net width for all possible paths across the plate, w.
Φ = 0.90
w = 14 – Ʃdnet + Ʃs2/4g
ΦPn > Pu
Calculate for An. Note that the nearest path (smallest value) shall govern in the
Using ASD design.
Ω = 1.67 3. Determine U.
Pn/Ω > Pa 4. Determine Ae.
8. Determine the governing strength from the lowest calculated values. Ae = AnU
4.5.5 Design for Compression (NSCP Section 505)

This section shall apply to designing compression members as specified in NSCP
2010, Referral Code of the NBCP. The DGCS shall also adopt additional design
guidelines from international standards.
4-56 4-57
This section covers the following topics: general provisions (NSCP Section 505.1), Requirements for members composed of two or more rolled shapes and for
effective length and slenderness (NSCP Section 505.2), compressive strength for members composed of plates or combination of plates and shapes with related
flexural buckling of members without slender elements (NSCP Section 505.3), connections are specified in the governing code.
compression and bending (NSCP Section 508.1-508.3), composite compression
members (NSCP Section 509.2), and compressive strength of connecting elements Member with Slender Elements
(NSCP Section 510.4.4).
This section shall apply to members with slender sections for compressed
members. The design is similar to members without slender elements except that
Effective Length a reduction factor is introduced to modify the formulas. Appropriate reduction
As specified in the governing code, the slenderness ratio, KL/r, preferably should factors in available strength are incorporated in AISC Manual Part 4.
not exceed 200.
The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be based on the limit states of
torsional, flexural and flexural – torsional buckling.
Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender Elements
As mentioned in the governing standards, this section shall apply to compression Example: W-Shape Column Design Pinned Ends
members with non-slender (compact and non-compact sections), for uniformly
Design a W-shape column to carry specific loads in axial compression, given
compressed elements. This includes non-slender built-up I-shaped columns and
column length and shape.
non-slender HSS columns.
1. Calculate the required strength, Pu (LRFD) or Pa (ASD). Note that Pu is a
The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be based on the limit state of flexural
factored load.
buckling. Flexural buckling is a deflection caused by bending about the axis
corresponding to the largest slenderness ratio. 2. Select a section using AISC Manual Table 4-1.
The equation for determining nominal compressive strength is given by: 3. Find K. For a pinned-pinned connection, K=1.0.
Pn = FcrAg Y-Y axis will govern for unbraced lengths same in both x-x and y-y
directions.
Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members without Slender Elements And for all W-shapes, rx exceeds ry.
This section is most commonly applicable to double angles and Tee sections which 4. Enter the table with an effective length, KL and proceed until reaching the
are singly symmetrical shapes subject to torsional buckling and flexural – least weight shape with an available strength that equals or exceeds the
torsional buckling. required strength.
As specified in the governing code, the nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be 5. Select column section (for adjustments).
determined based on the two limit states mentioned above, torsional and flexural
6. Determine available strength in compression, y-y axis effective length using
– torsional buckling. Available strength of the members is available in AISC
Manual Part 4. AISC Manual Table 4-1.
Using LRFD
Single Angle Compression Members ΦPn > Pu
This section as stated in the governing code shall apply to single angle
Using ASD
compression members wherein the nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be
determined for axially loaded members, as well as those subject to the Pn/Ω > Pa
slenderness modification, provided the members meet the criteria. Available
strength of the members is available in AISC Manual Part 4. Example: W-Shape Column Design with Intermediate Bracing
Redesigning Example C1a assuming the column is laterally braced about the y-y
Built-Up Members axis and torsionally braced at the midpoint.
The analysis for built – up compression member is the same for any other 1. Calculate the required strength, Pu (LRFD) or Pa (ASD). Note that Pu is a
compression member if the cross-sectional properties are known. However, the factored load.
parts of the cross section must be properly connected.
2. Select a column using AISC Manual Table 4-1.
4-58 4-59
ΦPn > Pu Using ASD

Using ASD Pn/Ω > Pa
Pn/Ω > Pa
4.5.6 Flexural Members
7. Repeat procedures (2) to (6) for all members.
This section shall apply to designing flexural members as specified in NSCP 2010,
Referral Code of the NBCP. The DGCS shall also adopt additional design guidelines
Example: Double Angle Compression Member without Slender Elements from international standards. The section contains provisions for determining
Verifying member strength with given loads in axial compression, column flexural strength of members subject to simple bending about a principal axis.
dimensions and column length which are pinned at both ends. Provisions for I shaped members, channels, HSS, tees, double angles, single angles,
rectangular bars, rounds and unsymmetrical shapes.
1. Determine material properties for ASTM Designation, Fy and Fu (AISC Table 2-
3); and geometric properties of member (AISC Table 1-15 for Double angles The selection and evaluation of all members to be used is based on the deflection
and AISC Table 1-17 for MC shapes). requirements and strength. The design strength shall be determined based on
flexural strength, ϕMn or the allowable flexural strength, Mn/Ω.
2. Calculate the required strength, Pu (LRFD) or Pa (ASD). Note that Pu is a
factored load.
Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Major Axis
3. Select column (AISC Table 4-9)
This shall apply to members with compact I – shaped beam and channel cross
4. Find K and compute for KL value for both x and y-axis. sections subject to bending about their major axis as specified in the governing
5. Determine the available strength in axial compression for both axes. code. The only limit state to consider is lateral – torsional buckling. Almost all
rolled wide – flange shapes listed identified by the governing code are qualified to
(AISC Table 4-9) be designed by the provisions of this section.
Using LRFD
ΦPn > Pu Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and Non compact or Slender Flanges
Bent about their Major Axis
Using ASD The strength of shapes designed according to this section is limited by local
Pn/Ω > Pa buckling of the compression flange. Few rolled wide – flange shapes are subject to
this criterion, i.e. having noncompact flanges.
6. Determine the available strength from the lowest value of the two axes
computed.
Other I-Shaped Members with Compact or Non compact Webs Bent About Their Major Axis
Example: Design of Rectangular HSS Compression Member with Slender Elements As specified in the governing code, this section shall apply to doubly symmetric I –
shaped members bent with noncompact webs and singly symmetric I – shaped
Selecting a rectangular HSS member with given loads in axial compression,
members (having different flanges) with compact or noncompact webs.
column dimensions and column length. The base is fixed while the top is pinned.
1. Determine material properties for ASTM Designation, Fy and Fu (AISC Table 2- Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Slender Webs Bent About
3). Their Major Axis
2. Calculate the required strength, Pu (LRFD) or Pa (ASD). Note that Pu is a As specified in the governing code, this section shall apply to doubly symmetric
factored load. I – shaped members with slender webs, also known as “plate girders”.
3. Find K. Solve for KLx and KLy.

I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent About Their Minor Axis
4. Enter AISC Table 4-3 and proceed across the page until the lightest section is
As specified in the governing code, this section shall apply to I – shaped members
found with an available strength that is equal to or greater than the required
and channels bent about their minor axis. The majority of W-, M-, C-, and MC-
strength.
shapes have compact flanges which can develop the full plastic Mp about the minor
5. Determine the available strength in axial compression. axis.
Using LRFD
ΦPn > Pu
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Square and Rectangular HSS and Box-Shaped Members

As specified in the governing code, this section shall apply to square and
rectangular HSS, and doubly symmetric box – shaped members bent about either
axis, having compact and noncompact webs and compact and noncompact slender
flanges.
Round HSS and Pipes

This section shall apply to both tubes and pipes. As specified in the governing
code, this section shall apply to round HSS having D/t ratios of less than 0.45E/Fy.
Tees and Double Angles Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry

As specified in the governing code, this section shall apply to tees and double
angles loaded in the plane of symmetry. The specification provides a check for
flange local buckling which applies only when the flange is in compression due to
flexure.
Single Angles
As specified in the governing code, this section shall apply to single angles with
and without lateral restraint along their length. The structural engineer shall
consider the geometric axis of bending. Also, when designing single angles without
continuous bracing using the geometric axis design provisions, My should be
multiplied by 0.80.
Rectangular Bars and Rounds

As specified in the governing code, this section shall apply to rectangular bars bent
about either geometric axis and rounds.
The structural engineer shall consider solid square, rectangular and round bars,
with the exception of rectangular bars bent about the strong axis, are not subject
to lateral-torsional buckling; rectangular bar bent about the strong axis are
subject to lateral torsional buckling; and local buckling does not apply to any bars.
Unsymmetrical Shapes
As specified in the governing code, this section shall apply to all unsymmetrical
shapes, except single angles. However, the structural engineer is advised to have
an appropriate investigation and good engineering judgment for this section to be
applied.
Proportions for Beams and Girders

According to the governing code, this section states the requirements of members
proportioned on the basis of flexural strength of the section. Specific provisions
apply for particular members such as beams and girders with hole reductions, for
I – shaped members, members using cover plates and built – up beams.
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Example: I-Shaped Flexural Member in Minor-Axis Bending

Selecting a member with given uniform loads, and limit to live load deflection
L/240. The beam is simply supported and is braced at ends only.
1. Determine material properties such as ASTM Designation, Fy and Fu (AISC Table
2-3).
2. Calculate the required flexural strength, Mu (LRFD) or Ma (ASD). Note that Mu is
a factored load.
3. Determine the minimum required moment of inertia.
Solve for Δmax and Ireq.
4. Choose the lightest section from AISC Manual Table 3-3.
The structural engineer should consider deflection governing the design for
light sections.
5. Select a trial section and take note of material’s geometric properties, i.e. Sy, Zy, Iy.
6. Check flange slenderness, i.e. if compact or noncompact.
7. Calculate the nominal flexural strength, Mn.
8. Determine the available flexural strength.
Using LRFD
Φ = 0.90
ΦMn > Mu
Using ASD
Ω = 1.67
Mn/Ω > Ma
Example: HSS-Flexural Member with Noncompact Flanges

Selecting a member with given uniform loads, and limit to live load deflection
L/240. The beam is simply supported and is braced at ends only. Selection of
member using AISC Manual.
1. Determine material properties such as ASTM Designation, Fy and Fu (AISC
Table 2-3).
2. Determine the required strength, Mu (LRFD) or Ma (ASD). Note that Mu is a
factored load.
3. Compute for the minimum moment of inertia, Imin.
Solve for Δmax
4. Select HSS member with a minimum Ix from (3) using ASIC Table 1-11; and
having adequate available flexural strength using ASIC Table 3-12.
5. Determine required strength using ASIC Table 3-12.
6. Check available flexural strength.
4-69
ΦMn > Mu
Using ASD
Ω = 1.67
Mn/Ω > Ma
The structural engineer shall take note that for a combination of non-compact
flange and compact web, the specification provides different equation in solving
for the nominal flexural strength.
Example: HSS Flexural Member with Slender Flanges

Verifying a member strength with given nominal uniform loads (dead load and
live load) and limit to live load deflection L/240.
Table 2-3).
2. Compute for the required flexural strength, Mu (LRFD) or Ma (ASD). Note that
Mu is a factored load.
3. Obtain member flexural strength using AISC Manual Table 3-13.
Using LRFD
ΦMn > Mu
Using ASD
Mn/Ω > Ma
4. Check for member deflection. The deflection should be less than the given
limit to live load deflection of L/240.
Example D9. Pipe Flexural Member

Selecting a member with given uniform loads assuming the beam has no limit to
deflection. The beam is simply supported and is braced at ends only.
Table 2-3).
2. Compute for the required flexural strength, Mu (LRFD) or Ma (ASD). Note that
Mu is a factored load.
3. Select a member from AISC Manual Table 3-15 with the required flexural
strength.
4. The available flexural strength of the member shall then be greater than the
required flexural strength.
Using LRFD
ΦMn > Mu
Using ASD
Mn/Ω > Ma
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4.5.10 Plate Girders

This topic is included in Section 4.5.11.
4.5.11 Connections
This section shall apply to design of connections subjected and/or not subjected to
cyclic loading as specified in NSCP 2010, Referral Code of the NBCP. The DGCS
shall also adopt additional design guidelines from international standards.
Bolts and Threaded Parts

The provisions set forth by the governing code shall apply to the use of high –
strength bolts. As mentioned, all joint surfaces shall be free of scale, except tight
mill scale. Installation shall be assured by the any of these methods: turn – of – nut
method, direct tension indicator, calibrated wrench or alternative design bolt.
The structural engineer shall refer to the governing code for the size and use of
holes and the minimum and maximum dimensions for both spacing and edge
distance. Design strengths shall be determined based on the following limit states:
tensile rupture, shear rupture, combined tensile and shear rupture, slip and
tension and shear in slip – critical connections.
Welds
The provisions shall apply to groove welds, fillet welds, plug and slot welds and
combination of welds. The governing code specifies the effective area and the
limitations for each kind in terms of the minimum requirements for application.
Affected Elements of Members and Connecting Elements

According to the governing code, this section shall apply to elements of members
at connections and connecting elements such as plates, gussets, angles and
brackets. The design strengths and allowable strengths shall be determined based
on the following limit states: for elements in tension – tensile yielding and tensile
rupture; shear – shear yielding and shear rupture; block shear – block shear
rupture; and in compression – yielding and buckling.
Fillers
In choosing electrode for use in completing joint – penetration grove welds
subject to tension normal to the effective area, the electrode shall comply with the
requirements for matching filler metals provided by the governing code.
Splices
When tensile forces due to applied tension or flexure are to be transmitted
through splices in heavy sections, by complete penetration groove welds, material
notch – toughness requirements, weld access hole details and thermal cut surface
preparation and inspection requirements shall apply. This provision, however, is
not applicable to built – up members welded prior to shape assembly. This section
is as stated in the governing code.
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Bearing Strength Using ASD

The provisions for bearing strength specified in the code shall apply to the bearing Rn/Ω > Ra
strength at bolt holes to be determined based on the limit state of bearing. As
3. For uncoped beams, beam web shall be checked for bolt bearing.
mentioned in the governing code, the sum of the bearing resistances of the
individual bolts shall apply to connections. Using LRFD
The structural engineer is advised to check the bearing strength for bearing type ΦRn > Ru
and slip – critical conditions.
Using ASD
Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete Rn/Ω > Ra
According to governing code the provisions are made for transferring column 4. Supporting member flange shall be checked for bolt bearing.
loads and moments to the footings and foundations. Using LRFD
The design strength and allowable bearing strength shall be determined based on ΦRn > Ru
the limit state of concrete crushing.
Using ASD
Anchor Rods and Embedments Rn/Ω > Ra
The anchor rods, as specified in the code, shall be designed to provide the
required resistance to loads on the structure at the base of columns. The design Example: Bolted/Welded Double Angle Connection
shall be in accordance with requirements for threaded parts. The designer shall Substituting welds for bolts in the support legs of a double angle connection using
take into consideration the base plate hole size, anchor rod setting tolerance, and a given weld electrode.
the horizontal movement of the column when designing anchor rods resisting
horizontal forces on the base plate.
Table 2-3) and geometric properties (AISC Table 1-1).
Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces 2. Determine required weld strength, Ru (LRFD) or Ra (ASD). Note that Ru is
factored. Select weld size and length which shall have a tfmin lesser than bolt tf.
As specified in the governing code, this section shall apply to single – and double –
concentrated force applied normal to the flange(s) of wide flange sections and Using LRFD
similar built – up shapes. ΦRn > Ru
The structural engineer shall take note that provision for the use of stiffeners shall Using ASD
apply to members with required strength exceeding the available strength. Such
provisions are available in the governing code. Rn/Ω > Ra
3. Determine minimum angle thickness, tmin. Check if tmin < weld size.
Example: All-Bolted Double Angle Connection
4. Checks shall be done on the following limit states: bolt shear and the angles for
Selecting an all bolted double-angle connection between a given and column bolt bearing, shear yielding, shear rupture, and block shear rupture.
flange supporting a given beam end reactions, dead and live loads. Also given are
Using LRFD
bold diameter and hole dimension.
ΦRn > Ru
Table 2-3) and geometric properties (AISC Table 1-1). Using ASD
2. Determine required bolt strength, Ru (LRFD) or Ra (ASD). Note that Ru is Rn/Ω > Ra
factored. Check governing specifications for limiting states in bearing, shear 5. Beam web shall be checked for bolt bearing.
yielding, shear rupture, and block shear rupture on the angles, and shear on
the bolts. Using LRFD
Using LRFD ΦRn > Ru
ΦRn > Ru Using ASD
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Rn/Ω > Ra This section pertains to the design of structural members cold-formed to shape
from carbon or low-alloy steel sheet, strip, plate, or bar not more than 25 mm in
6. Supporting member flange shall be checked for bolt bearing.
thickness and used for load-carrying purposes specified in in the governing code.
Using LRFD The structural engineer shall apply specifications such as the use of design
ΦRn > Ru strength method, second-order analysis and additional provisions which he/she
may deem adequate for the purpose.
Using ASD
Rn/Ω > Ra 4.5.14 Load and Resistance Factor Design
Note: The example shown above shall be applicable when the coped section does To satisfy the requirements of the governing code, the design strength of each
not control the design. If the relative size of the cope to the overall size of the structural component shall be equal or shall exceed the required strength
beam cannot be determined, use AISC Manual Part 9. determined on the basis of LRFD load combinations. This can be written as:
Factored load ≤ Factored Strength
Example: All Welded Double Angle Connection
As mentioned in NSCP 2010, the design shall be in accordance with the following
Designing an all welded double angle connection between a given beam and
equation:
column flange through the aid of AISC Table 10-3. Also given is the weld electrode.
Ru = φRn
Table 2-3) and geometric properties (AISC Table 1-1).
where:
2. Determine required weld strength, Ru (LRFD) or Ra (ASD). Note that Ru is
Ru = required strength
factored.
Rn = nominal strength
Design the weld between the angle leg and the beam to weld such that
twmin is lesser than tw. Φ = resistance factor
Using LRFD φRn = design strength
ΦRn > Ru
4.5.15 Cold-Rolled Steel and Built-Up Members
Using ASD This section shall be in conjunction with “6.11. Cold-Formed Steel Structures” as
Rn/Ω > Ra presented in NSCP 2010, Referral Code of the NBCP.
3. Determine minimum angle thickness, tfmin. Check if tmin < tf.

4.5.16 Plastic Design
4. Minimum angle thickness shall be checked, tmin. The purpose of this Specification is to provide criteria using plastic design as
presented in various sections in NSCP 2010, Referral Code of the NBCP. The DGCS
4.5.12 Column Base Plate and Beam Bearing Plates shall also adopt additional design guidelines from international standards.
This topic is included in Section 4.5.11. Members designed by plastic design would reach the point of failure under the
factored loads but are safe under actual service or working loads.
4.5.13 Cold-Formed Steel Structures
This section shall apply to cold-formed steel structural members design as Design Consideration
specified in NSCP 2010, Referral Code of the NBCP. The DGCS shall also adopt Although plastic design is specified in design codes, local and international, the
additional design guidelines from international standards. Such standards are as governing design standard for structural members is the Load and Resistance
mentioned in “Material” and other reference codes: Factor Design.
 American Iron and Steel Institute 1969: Specification for the Design of Cold-
Formed Steel Structural Members
 American Iron and Steel Institute 2001: Specification for the Design of Cold-
Formed Steel Structural Members
4-80 4-81
Design procedure:
1. After determining the design stresses from structural analysis (e.g. shear and
moment diagram). Maximum moments and shears are determined.
2. Use these maximum moment and shear in determining the section required to
satisfy the following:
 Allowable stresses based on wood specie to be used and stress grade
of the material
 Factoring in the different capacity reduction factors
 Case to case detailing issues that may affect design (e.g. notches)
3. Detail as necessary
Flexure
According to NSCP Section 616.2.1, a beam of circular section may be assumed to
have the same strength in flexure as a square beam having the same cross-
sectional area. If a circular beam is tapered, it shall be considered a beam of
variable cross section. In NSCP Section 616.2.2, it is stated that if possible,
notching of beams should be avoided. Notches in sawn lumber bending members
shall not exceed one-sixth the depth of the member and shall not be located in the
middle third of the span.
As in all flexural members, the standard formula for flexure is:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 =
𝐼𝐼
but since we deal mostly with rectangular sections:
6𝑀𝑀
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 =
𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 2
Horizontal Shear
The maximum horizontal shear stress in a solid-sawn wood shall not exceed that
calculated by means of:
3𝑉𝑉
𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣 =
2𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
The actual shear fv shall not exceed the allowable for the species and the grade as
given in NSCP Table 6.1 adjusted for duration of loading, as provided in NSCP
Section 615.3.4.
Horizontal Shear in Notched Beams

When rectangular-shaped girder, beams or joists are notched at points of support
on the tension side, they shall meet the design requirements of that section in
bending and in shear. Provisions and equations to be used regarding horizontal
shear in notched beams are stated in NSCP Section 616.4.
4-83
Design of Joints in Shear For bearing of less than 150 mm in length and not nearer than 75 mm to the end
Eccentric connector and bolted joints and beams support by connectors or bolt of a member, the maximum allowable load per square mm may be obtained by
shall be designed so that fv does not exceed the allowable unit stresses in multiplying the allowable unit stresses in compression perpendicular to grain by
horizontal shear: the factor indicated by:
3𝑉𝑉 𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏 + 0.375
𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣 = 𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏 =
2𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏
In which 𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏 is the length of bearing in mm measured along the grain of the wood.
where:
The multiplying factors for indicated length of bearing on such small areas as
𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 (with connectors) = depth of the member less the distance from the
plates and washers is provided in Table 4-29.
unloaded edge of the member to the nearest edge
of the nearest connector.
Table 4-29 Multiplying Factors for Length of Bearing on Small Areas
𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 (with bolts or lag screws) = depth of the member less the distance from the Length of Bearing (mm) 13 25 38 50 75 100 150 or more
unloaded edge of the member to the center of the Multiplying Factor 1.75 1.38 1.25 1.19 1.13 1.10 1.00
nearest bolt or lag screw.
Allowable unit stresses in shear for joint involving bot or connectors loaded In using the preceding equation and table for round washers or bearing areas,
perpendicular to grain may be 50% greater than the horizontal shear values as set use a length equal to the diameter.
forth in NSCP Table 6.1 and, provided that the joint occurs at least five times the In joists supported on a ribbon or ledger board and spiked to the studding, the
depth of the member from its end. When the joint is less than five times the depth allowable stress in compression perpendicular to grain may be increased 50%.
of the member from its end, the included shear stress is calculated by:
3𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣 = ( )
2𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒
And the 50% increase in design values for shear in joints does not apply.
Compression Perpendicular to Grain

In application where deformation is critical, the following equation shall be used
to calculate the compression-perpendicular-to-grain design values.
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐⊥ ′ = 0.73𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐⊥
where:
𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶⊥ = compression-perpendicular-to-grain values from NSCP Table 6.1
′
𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶⊥ = critical compression-perpendicular-to-grain value
The duration of load modification factors given in NSCP Section 615.3.4 shall not
apply to compression-perpendicular-to-grain values for sawn lumber.
The allowable unit stresses for compression perpendicular to grain in NSCP Table
6.1 and 6.17 apply to bearings of any length at the ends of the beam and to all
bearing 150 mm or more in length at any other location.
4-84 4-85
4.6.4 Column Design Flexure and Axial Compression

According to NSCP Section 617, a simple column consists of a single piece or of Members subjected to both flexure and axial compression shall be proportioned
pieces properly glued together to form a single members. Spaced columns are that:
formed of two or more individual members with their longitudinal axes parallel,
𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
separated at the ends and middle points of their length by blocking and joined at ≤1
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝐹𝐹′𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝐽𝐽𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
the ends by timber connectors capable of developing the required shear
resistance. Built-up columns, other than connector-joined spaced columns and The value of J shall be derived as:
glued-laminated columns, shall not be designed as solid columns. 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑
− 11
For simple solid columns, l/d shall not exceed 50. 𝐽𝐽 =
𝑘𝑘 − 11
The effective column length, le, shall be used in design given in NSCP Section
𝐸𝐸
617.3. Actual column length, l, may be multiplied by the factors given the table in 𝐾𝐾 = 0.671 √
NSCP Section 617.3. 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐
Except that J shall not be less than zero nor greater than one (0 ≤ J ≤ 1).
4.6.5 Combined Load Design
F’c and K shall be determined in accordance with the provision in NSCP Section
Flexure And Axial Tension 617.3, except (1) when checking the design in the plane of bending the
slenderness ratio, 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 /d, in the plane of bending shall be used to calculate F’c and J
Members subjected to both flexure and axial tension shall be so proportioned
and (2) when checking the design perpendicular to the plane of bending the
that:
slenderness ratio, 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 /d in the plane of bending shall be used to calculate F’c and J
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 shall be set equal to zero.
+ ≤1
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 ∗
and Spaced Columns
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 − 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 In the case of spaced columns, this combined stress formula maybe applied only if
≤1 the bending is in a direction parallel to the greater d of the individual member.
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 ∗∗
where: 4.6.6 Truss Compression Chords
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 ∗ = tabulated bending design value multiplied by all applicable Effect of buckling of a 50 mm by 200 mm or smaller truss compression chord
having effective buckling lengths of 2.40 m or less with 9 mm or thicker plywood
adjustment factors except beam stability factor,𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿
sheathing nailed to the narrow face of the chord in accordance with appreciate
= 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 (𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 )(𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 )(𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 )(𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹 )(𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 )(𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 ) for sawn lumber standards shall be determined from the equation:
= 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 (𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 )(𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 )(𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 )(𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 ) for glulam 1 + 0.62 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒
𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇 =
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 ∗∗ = tabulated bending design value multiplied by all applicable 𝐸𝐸0.05
adjustment factors except volume factor,𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 where:
= 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 (𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 )(𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 )(𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 )(𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿 )(𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹 )(𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 )(𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 ) for sawn lumber 𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇 = buckling of the stiffness factor
= 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 (𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 )(𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 )(𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 )(𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿 ) for glulam = 0.819E for machine-stress-rated lumber
𝐹𝐹𝑇𝑇 ′ = allowable tension design value parallel to grain 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 = effective buckling length used in design of chord for
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 = actual unit stress in tension parallel to grain compression loading
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = actual unit stress for extreme fiber in bending 𝐸𝐸0.05 = 0.589E for visually graded lumber
E = Modulus of Elasticity from tables of allowable unit stress,
N/mm2
The value of 𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇 determined from this equation are for wood seasoned to a
moisture content of 19% or less at the time the plywood is nailed to the chord. For
4-86 4-87
wood that is unseasoned at the time of plywood attachment, 𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇 shall be Bolts
determined from NSCP Table 6.17 provides the safe loads in KN for bolts in shear in seasoned
1 + 0.331 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 lumber.
𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇 =
𝐸𝐸0.05 When wood is connected to concrete or masonry, the allowable shear value is
For chords with an effective buckling length greater than 2.40 m, 𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇 shall be taken permitted to be “one half the tabulated double shear values for a wood member
as the value for a chord having an effective length of 2.40 m. twice the thickness of the member attached to the concrete or masonry".
The buckling stiffness factor does not apply to short columns or trusses used
Nails and Spikes
under wet conditions. The allowable unit compressive stress shall be modified by
the buckling stiffness factor when a truss chord is subjected to combined flexure Safe Lateral Strength: When used to fasten wood members together. The
and compression and the bending moment in the direction that induces maximum load causing shear and bending that a common wire nail driven
compression stresses in the chord face to which the plywood is attached. perpendicular to grain of the wood shall not exceed the safe lateral strength of the
wire nail or spike in NSCP Table 6.21.
The buckling stiffness factor 𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇 shall apply as follows:
𝑙𝑙
Use only 2/3 of the capacity of nail driven perpendicular to the grain when wire
Short column ( 𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 11 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙) nail is driven parallel to the grain of the wood.
𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹′𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 Toenails shall be designed using only 5/6 of the lateral load allowed for nails
𝑙𝑙 driven perpendicular to the grain.
Intermediate columns ( 𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 11 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐾𝐾):
𝑑𝑑
Safe Resistance to Withdrawal: NSCP Table 6.21 provides the safe resistance of
K = 0.671√𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇 E/𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶 nails wire driven perpendicular to grain of wood against withdrawal from
anchorage.
1 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 /𝑑𝑑 4
[
𝐹𝐹′𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶 1 − ( ) ]
3 𝐾𝐾
4.6.9 Working Stresses for Timber
𝑙𝑙
Long column ( 𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐾𝐾 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔) The working stress for visually stress-graded unseasoned structural timber is
𝑑𝑑
provided in Table 4-30. The relative densities for species to determine allowable
0.30 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇
𝐹𝐹′𝑐𝑐 = loads is provided in Table 4-31.
(𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 /d)2
4.6.7 Compression at Angle to Grain

The allowable unit stress in compression at an angle of load to grain between 0𝑜𝑜
and 90𝑜𝑜 shall be computed from the Hankinson Equation as follows:
𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶⊥
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 =
𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃+ 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶⊥ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃
Allowable values 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶 shall be adjusted for duration of load before use in
Hankinson’s Equatioon. Values of 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 and 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶⊥ are not subjected to duration of load
modifications.
4.6.8 Timber Connectors and Fasteners

Mechanical wood connectors and fasteners are used to transfer member forces to
other structural elements. NSCP Section 619 provides us the allowable loads and
installation of timber connectors and fasteners. NSCP Tables 6.2, 6.17, 6.19 and
6.20 are the pertinent references for the allowable loads and installation for
timber connectors.
4-88 4-89
Table 4-30 Working Stresses for Visually Stress-Graded Unseasoned Structural 80% Stress Grade
Timber of Philippine Woodsa
Species Bending Modulus of Compression Compression Shear
80% Stress Grade (Common and Botanical Names) and Tension Elasticity Parallel to P’pendicular Parallel
Parallel to in Bending Grain to Grain to Grain
Species Bending Modulus of Compression Compression Shear Grain
(Common and Botanical Names) and Tension Elasticity Parallel to P’pendicular Parallel
Parallel to in Bending Grain to Grain to Grain (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Grain ×103
MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
×103 Lanutan-bagyo [Gonystylus macrophyllum 15.0 6.06 8.96 2.02 1.84
MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa (miq.) Airy Shaw]
I. High Strength Group Lauan (Shorea spp.) 13.9 5.83 8.18 1.72 1.48
Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst) 26.3 8.22 14.5 5.91 2.95 Malaanonang (Shorea spp.) 13.8 5.41 8.54 1.96 1.59
Liusin [Parinari corymbosa (Blume) Miq.] 25.0 9.36 15.6 4.31 2.64 Malasaging (Aglaia spp.) 16.8 5.94 9.51 2.92 1.85
Malabayabas (Tristania spp.) 28.7 8.30 15.8 8.70 3.02 Malugai (Pometia spp.) 15.4 6.30 9.33 3.07 2.07
Manggachapui (Hopea spp.) 25.8 9.63 16.0 6.03 2.78 Miau (Dysoxylum spp.) 15.7 6.50 8.83 2.78 2.06
Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) 24.0 6.54 15.4 6.34 2.88 Nato (Palaquium spp.) 16.2 5.56 9.17 2.33 1.98
Narig (Vatica spp.) 21.8 8.33 13.7 4.97 2.61 Palosapis (Anisoptera spp.) 13.8 5.98 8.38 2.73 1.68
Sasalit [Teijmanniodendron ahernianum 31.3 9.72 21.60 10.2 3.38 Pine (Pinus spp.) 14.7 6.66 8.29 1.88 1.56
(Merr) Bkh.]
Salakin (Aphanamixis spp.) 15.7 5.67 8.83 2.94 1.88
Yakal (Shorea spp.) 24.5 9.78 15.8 6.27 2.49
Vidal lanutan [Hibiscus campylosiphon 19.5 5.83 8.54 2.65 2.39
Turcz. Var. glabrecens (Har. Ex. Perk.)]
II. Moderately High Strength Group
Antipolo (Arthocarpus spp.) 18.6 5.35 10.8 3.90 2.06 IV. Moderately Low Strength Group
Binggas (Terminalia spp.) 18.9 6.57 11.4 3.27 2.24 Almaciga [Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rilh.] 11.8 5.47 6.27 1.44 1.47
Bokbok (Xanthophyllum excelsum (Blume) 18.1 6.36 11.3 3.41 2.18 Bayok (Pterospermum spp.) 12.6 4.75 7.33 1.30 1.20
Miq.]
Lingo-lingo (Vitex turczaninowii Merr.) 13.2 4.13 6.85 2.00 1.66
Dao (Dracontomelon spp.) 16.2 5.43 9.44 2.27 1.92
Mangasinoro (Shorea spp.) 12.8 5.36 7.46 1.97 1.44
Gatasan [Garcinia venulosa (Blanco) 20.8 6.84 13.5 3.52 2.36
Choisy] Raintree [Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.] 11.9 2.75 7.23 3.32 2.07
Guijo (Shorea spp.) 21.8 8.47 13.2 4.26 2.40 Yemane (Gmelina arborea R. Br.) 12.6 4.09 7.87 3.40 1.96
Kamagong (Diospyros spp.) 20.9 7.20 11.7 4.39 2.47

Kamatog [Erythrophloeum densiflorum 19.0 7.56 11.2 3.95 2.35 63% Stress Grade
(Elm) Merr.]
Species Bending and Modulus of Compression Compression Shear
Katmon (Dillenia spp) 18.4 6.82 11.9 4.84 2.29 Tension Elasticity in Parallel to P’pendicular Parallel
(Common and Botanical Names)
Kato (Amoora spp.) 18.4 8.04 10.6 3.46 1.96 Parallel to Bending Grain to Grain to Grain
Grain
Lomarau (Swintonia foxworthyi Elm.) 19.8 7.92 11.8 2.98 2.18
(1) (7) (8) (9) (10) (10)
Mahogany, Big-leafed (Swietenia 16.5 4.66 10.5 3.83 2.71 ×103
macrophylla King) MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
Makaasim (Sysygium nitidum Benth) 20.5 6.72 11.4 3.70 2.40 I. High Strength Group
Malakauayan [Decusocarpus 18.9 6.66 11.12 2.32 2.14 Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst) 20.7 6.47 11.4 4.65 2.32
philippinensis (Fxw.) de Laub.]
Liusin [Parinari corymbosa (Blume) Miq.] 19.7 7.37 12.3 3.39 2.08
Narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) 18.0 5.94 11.4 3.07 1.91
Malabayabas (Tristania spp.) 22.6 6.53 12.5 6.85 2.38
Pahutan (Mangifera spp.) 16.6 6.53 10.0 2.50 2.05
Manggachapui (Hopea spp.) 20.3 7.58 12.6 4.75 2.19
Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) 18.9 5.15 12.1 5.00 2.27
III. Medium Strength Group
Narig (Vatica spp.) 17.2 6.56 10.8 3.92 2.06
Apitong (Dipterocarpus spp.) 16.5 7.31 9.56 2.20 1.73
Sasalit [Teijmanniodendron ahernianum 24.7 7.65 17.0 8.07 2.67
Bagtikan [Parashorea malaanonan 16.6 6.48 9.89 2.33 1.82 (Merr) Bkh.]
(Blanco) Merr.]
Yakal (Shorea spp.) 19.3 7.70 12.0 4.94 1.96
Dangkalan (Calophyllum spp.) 16.3 6.38 9.20 2.48 1.98
Gisau (Canarium spp.) 14.3 5.33 8.16 1.99 1.90
4-90 4-91
63% Stress Grade 63% Stress Grade
Species Bending and Modulus of Compression Compression Shear Species Bending and Modulus of Compression Compression Shear
(Common and Botanical Names) Tension Elasticity in Parallel to P’pendicular Parallel (Common and Botanical Names) Tension Elasticity in Parallel to P’pendicular Parallel
Parallel to Bending Grain to Grain to Grain Parallel to Bending Grain to Grain to Grain
Grain Grain
(1) (7) (8) (9) (10) (10) (1) (7) (8) (9) (10) (10)
×103 ×103
MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
Antipolo (Arthocarpus spp.) 14.7 4.21 8.53 3.07 1.62 IV. Moderately Low Strength Group
Binggas (Terminalia spp.) 14.9 5.17 8.98 2.57 1.77 Almaciga [Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rilh.] 9.26 4.30 4.94 1.13 1.16
Bokbok (Xanthophyllum excelsum (Blume) 14.3 5.01 8.90 2.68 1.72 Bayok (Pterospermum spp.) 9.94 3.74 5.78 1.03 0.95
Miq.]
Choisy] Raintree [Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.] 9.37 2.16 5.70 2.61 1.63
Guijo (Shorea spp.) 17.1 6.67 10.4 3.35 1.89 Yemane (Gmelina arborea R. Br.) 9.90 3.22 6.20 2.68 1.55
Kamagong (Diospyros spp.) 16.6 5.67 9.21 3.46 1.95

Kamatog [Erythrophloeum densiflorum 15.0 5.95 8.79 3.11 1.85 50% Stress Grade
(Elm) Merr.]
Katmon (Dillenia spp) 14.8 5.37 9.38 3.81 1.80 and Tension Elasticity Parallel to P’pendicular Parallel
(Common and Botanical Names)
Kato (Amoora spp.) 14.5 6.33 8.34 2.73 1.54 Parallel to in Bending Grain to Grain to Grain
Grain
(1) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
Mahogany, Big-leafed (Swietenia 13.0 3.67 8.24 3.01 2.13 ×103
macrophylla King) MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
Makaasim (Sysygium nitidum Benth) 16.1 5.29 8.95 2.92 1.89 I. High Strength Group
Malakauayan [Decusocarpus 14.9 5.24 8.79 1.83 1.69 Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst) 16.4 5.14 9.06 3.69 1.84
Liusin [Parinari corymbosa (Blume) Miq.] 15.6 5.85 9376 2.69 1.65
Malabayabas (Tristania spp.) 17.9 5.19 9390 5.44 1.89
Manggachapui (Hopea spp.) 16.1 6.02 10.0 3.77 1.74
Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) 15.0 4.09 9.60 3.96 1.80
Narig (Vatica spp.) 13.6 5.20 8.59 3.11 1.63
Sasalit [Teijmanniodendron ahernianum 19.6 6.08 13.5 6.40 2.12
Bagtikan [Parashorea malaanonan 13.1 5.10 7.79 1.84 1.43 (Merr) Bkh.]
(Blanco) Merr.]
Yakal (Shorea spp.) 15.3 3.11 9.55 3.92 1.55
Lanutan-bagyo [Gonystylus macrophyllum 11.8 4.77 7.06 1.59 1.45
(miq.) Airy Shaw] Antipolo (Arthocarpus spp.) 11.6 3.34 6.77 2.44 1.29
Lauan (Shorea spp.) 10.9 4.59 6.44 1.35 1.17 Binggas (Terminalia spp.) 11.8 4.11 7.13 2.04 1.40
Malaanonang (Shorea spp.) 10.9 4.26 6.72 1.54 1.25 Bokbok (Xanthophyllum excelsum (Blume) 11.3 3.97 7.06 2.13 1.36
Miq.]
Malasaging (Aglaia spp.) 13.3 4.68 7.49 2.30 1.46
Malugai (Pometia spp.) 12.1 4.96 7.35 2.42 1.63
Miau (Dysoxylum spp.) 12.3 5.12 6.96 2.19 1.62 Choisy]
Nato (Palaquium spp.) 12.7 4.38 7.22 1.84 1.56 Guijo (Shorea spp.) 13.6 5.30 8.22 2.66 1.50
Palosapis (Anisoptera spp.) 10.9 4.71 6.60 2.15 1.33 Kamagong (Diospyros spp.) 13.1 4.50 7.31 2.74 1.54
Pine (Pinus spp.) 11.6 5.24 6.53 1.48 1.23 Kamatog [Erythrophloeum densiflorum 11.9 4.72 6.98 2.47 1.47
(Elm) Merr.]
Katmon (Dillenia spp) 11.7 4.26 7.44 3.03 1.43
Turcz. Var. glabrecens (Har. Ex. Perk.)] Kato (Amoora spp.) 11.5 5.02 6.62 2.17 1.23
4-92 4-93
50% Stress Grade

(Common and Botanical Names) and Tension Elasticity Parallel to P’pendicular Parallel
Parallel to in Bending Grain to Grain to Grain
Grain
(1) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
×103
MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
Mahogany, Big-leafed (Swietenia 10.3 2.91 6.54 2.39 1.69
macrophylla King)
Makaasim (Sysygium nitidum Benth) 12.8 4.20 7.10 2.31 1.50
Malakauayan [Decusocarpus 11.8 4.16 6.98 1.45 1.34

Bagtikan [Parashorea malaanonan 10.4 4.05 6.18 1.46 1.14
(Blanco) Merr.]
Lanutan-bagyo [Gonystylus macrophyllum 9.39 3.79 5.60 1.26 1.15
(miq.) Airy Shaw]
Lauan (Shorea spp.) 8.68 3.64 5.11 1.07 0.93
Malaanonang (Shorea spp.) 8.63 3.38 5.34 1.23 0.99
Malasaging (Aglaia spp.) 10.5 3.71 5.95 1.83 1.16
Malugai (Pometia spp.) 9.62 3.94 5.83 1.92 1.30
Miau (Dysoxylum spp.) 9.80 4.06 5.52 1.74 1.29
Nato (Palaquium spp.) 10.1 3.48 5.73 1.46 1.24
Palosapis (Anisoptera spp.) 8.65 3.73 5.24 1.70 1.05
Pine (Pinus spp.) 9.19 4.16 5.18 1.18 0.98
Turcz. Var. glabrecens (Har. Ex. Perk.)]
IV. Moderately Low Strength Group

Almaciga [Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rilh.] 7.35 3.42 3.92 0.90 0.92
Bayok (Pterospermum spp.) 7.89 2.97 4.58 0.81 0.75
Raintree [Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.] 7.43 1.72 4.52 2.07 1.30
Yemane (Gmelina arborea R. Br.) 7.86 2.55 4.92 2.13 1.23
4-94
Test procedures should be able to recreate the material design stresses. In the
absence of a reliable as-built plan, a comprehensive investigation should be
conducted which includes, but not limited to, the use of the following:
 Rebound hammer test and concrete coring for compression tests
 The PUNDIT (Portable Ultrasonic Nondestructive Digital Indicating Tester)
test for evaluating the uniformity of concrete, locating internal concrete voids
and cracks, and estimating severity of concrete deterioration.
 Rebar locator for concrete structures
 Corrosion and carbonation tests for concrete
 Direct measurement of structural members including plumbness detection
 Load testing
Structural analysis based on the test results will then be made to complete the
study.
Analysis may be code based or performance based.
Retrofitting work will follow the results of the structural analysis and review. The
retrofitting shall be dependent of the established criteria (code based or
performance based) and shall be considered on case by case basis depending on
the discovered inadequacies of the structure being investigated.
Code based: the intention of this type of analysis is essentially to bring the
existing structure into a design level consistent with the NSCP.
Performance based: Uses as an objective the "degree of acceptable risk" which
should be agreed upon by stakeholders. The structural engineer may consider, the
acceptable damage to the structure without loss of life. To the owner, the higher
construction cost in case the owner decides on a higher design criteria.
Expected performance level can be one of the four damage states after an
earthquake:
 Fully operational – use of structure is the same as before the earthquake
 Operational – building suffers some damage but remains functional and will
not collapse.
 Life safety – foremost in the consideration is the safety of the occupant and not
the prevention of structural and non structural member failure.
 Collapse prevention. – allows minimum design criteria and would require
extensive repair (or demolition) after an earthquake event.
References are:
 Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering Seismology to Performance-
Based Engineering by Yousef Bozorgnia, Vitelmo V. Bertero 2004
 Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering, Amr S. Elnashai, Luigi Di Sarno
2008, ISBN 978-0-470-02483-6 (Hbk)
4-97
 Locations and details, expansion joint detail  Stair details

 Rebar splice, development length, hook schedule  Shearwall and shearwall footing details, ramp details
 Slab opening, corner reinforcements, depression details  Elevated water tank detail including concrete saddles
 Pipe sleeve on beam, change in elevation of beams  Cistern, septic tank details
 Bay sections
Framing Plans
Foundation Plan
 Foundation plan should contain property line, footing and column
designations
 Location of walls with wall footings, slab on fill thickness and rebar size and
spacing
 Scale should be consistent with the floor plan scale
 Excavation plan
Floor Framing Plans (including deck)

 Beam and slab designations, scaled location of beams and columns, floor
openings
 Columns terminated at a particular floor should be hatched
 Scale should be consistent with the floor plan scale.
Roof Framing Plan

 Roof beams, truss, rafters, bracings designations. Scaled location of beams,
truss
 Rafters, bracings
 Purlin size and spacing call out
 Columns terminated at a particular floor should be hatched
 Scale should be consistent with the floor plan scale
Schedule and Typical Details

 Slabs, beams, footings showing all necessary dimensions and rebar size and
number
 Detailed column section and typical column elevation showing rebars and
splice
 Restrictions
 Truss and rafter schematic diagrams with sizes and connection/anchoring
detail
 Purlin, sagrod, bracing connection details
4-102 4-103

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Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards: Volume 6 – Public Buildings and Other Related Structures

Table 5-1 General Lighting Load Density ....................................................................................................................................5-5

Table 8-22 Design Criteria of Five Typical Soils ............................................................................................................................... 8-80

Acronym Definition Acronym Definition

FCC Federal Communications Commission NEC National Electrical Code®

Alarm Zone A part or subdivision of a protected building or premises.

Attention Signal (alias Tone or ringing-style short signal before an announcement.

Building A roofed and walled structure built for permanent use.

Concrete A mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water.

Ductility Ability of a component or solid material to deform under tensile stress.

 Apply prescribed setbacks and yards/court to determine AMBF.

Excluded Floor Areas

Market Stalls and Aisles

3.8.3 School Building Design Particulars Maximum Space Requirements

Main Lobby 0.25/pax; minimum for lobby as waiting/standing Pantry 5.00

(for Public use) 1 WC/1 – 200 for male

Space Requirement/s of Key Officials

pipes/tubings/drains connected to NON-CAPITAL EQUIPMENT and

4.2.3 Gravity Loads

4.2.4 Dead Load

4.2.5 Live Load

4. Bowling alleys, poolrooms and -- 3.6 0 Notes for Table 4-3

Table 4-4 Special Loads1 11

p = qGCp − qi (GCpi ) Table 4-6 Occupancy Category

Occupancy Category Occupancy or Function of Structure

(GCpi ) = internal pressure coefficient from NSCP Figure 207-5

Zone Classification (Basic Provinces Height above Ground Exposure (Note 1)

4. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height 𝓏𝓏 is acceptable.

5. Exposure categories are defined in Section 207.5.6.

Table 4-11 Terrain Exposure Constants Simplified Design Base Shear

Average Soil Properties for Top 30 m of Soil Profile SC 0.32 0.56Nv

Seismic Source Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2

Table 4-15 Seismic Coefficient, Ca

System Limitation and System Limitation and

 Composite steel and concrete concentrically braced frame 6 2.8 NL NL

 Composite steel plate shear walls 7.5 2.8 NL NL

 Buckling-restrained braced frame 8 2.8 NL NL

 Special steel plate shear walls 8 2.8 NL NL

 Masonry shear wall steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50

 Steel EBF with steel SMRF 8.5 2.8 NL NL

System Limitation and Vertical Distribution of Force (NSCP Section 208.5.5)

System Limitation and

Table 4-23 Vertical Structural Irregularities

Irregularity Type and Definition Reference NSCP Section

analysis. Source: NSCP 2010

varies upon the nature of the project. Author Comments

Fy-steel = yield stress of steel = 0.55 Fy−casing

where: Various techniques in supporting excavations may be used depending on the

Design Axial Load Strength

ØPn = 0.85Ø[.85f'c(Ag-Ast) + Astfy]

 International Conference of Building Officials Uniform Building Code 1997 where:

As specified in NSCP 504.5, the following shall apply:

Eyebars (NSCP Section 504.6)

An example is provided for an eyebar connection.

Ω = 2.00 Example: Eyebar Tension Members

Example: Find Ae of a Plate with Staggered Bolts

4.5.5 Design for Compression (NSCP Section 505)

ΦPn > Pu Using ASD

3. Find K. Solve for KLx and KLy.

Square and Rectangular HSS and Box-Shaped Members

Round HSS and Pipes

Tees and Double Angles Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry

Rectangular Bars and Rounds

Proportions for Beams and Girders