(CONTENT)

CODING

2. INTEPRETATION OF QUALITATIVE FINDINGS

3. DEFINITIONS

Abstract

Introduction

Literature Review

Theoretical Framework

Problem Statements and Hypotheses

Research Paradigm

Research Methodology

Research Design.

Research Locale

Population and Sampling

Research Ethics

Research Instruments

Data collection.

Data Analysis

Results

Discussion and Conclusion

Recommendations

Acknowledgement

References

Appendices

4. GENERAL RULES IN WRITING A CONCLUSION

5. QUALITIES OF A GOOD QUALITATIVE INQUIRER

CODING

Coding, from the name itself, requires the researcher to assign a code to extracted significant statements
from the field text. There is no fixed rule as to how to code your data. It is easier to code electronic data.
One way to do it is to create a table ( a repertory grid) with several columns. Extracted significant
statements will be assigned a code (e.g. “I hate being on welfare, It’s embarrassing!” (P1:24). In this coding
scheme, P1 pertains to Participant 1 and 24 refers to significant statement number 24. The researcher
may devise his own coding scheme.

The following table is an example of a repertory grid showing the coded significant statements and the
categorization scheme created by the researcher.

CATEGORIZATION SCHEME

SIGNIFICANT SCHEME

Restriction: Like being in a cage “Because you are working everyday, I came to a point that I also want

INTEPRETATION OF QUALITATIVE FINDINGS

In qualitative studies, interpretation of data occurs during the analytic phase. The qualitative researcher
is drawing out interpretation as the stage of analysis is taking place. That is, the researcher interprets the
data as they code, categorize, and formulate themes.

Most qualitative researchers hold their interpretations up for closer examination by peers and outside
reviewers. This is as a form of validation for the findings. One must understand however that just because
you performed validation does not assure that results and interpretations are credible. Some reviewers
might be too polite to disagree with the researchers to determine other plausible alternative explanations
for the findings and to consider methodologic or other limitations that could have affected results of the
study.

It is not the goal of qualitative studies to generalize its findings. But one must ask whether the findings
are at least transferable. Transferability refers to the degree to which results of the study can be
transferred or applied to other contexts or settings.

Also, qualitative researchers may ask the following questions as they write the conclusion section: Are
there implications for future research is there a need to replicate the study could it be expanded in a more
relevant and useful way? Does the findings have implications for the specific discipline?

INTRODUCTION
In sharing and reporting research findings, we follow a specialized way of knowledge presentation. It is
not a mere narrative of ideas and data that have been discovered and unearthed., It conforms with
standards and a prescribed format.

The research report must be written in an academically accepted manner. When we write in accordance
to the formalities of research reporting. This assures relevant information and intellectual honesty.
Making the study genuine and scientifically sound.

Structure of a Research Report

Manuscript Content

Preliminaries

Title page

Endorsement

Certificate of Originality

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

Abstract

The abstract is the summary of the whole content of the research paper. It must be clear and the
statements must be concise and written in complete sentences and paragraph instead of an outline or
note form. The abstract must contain all the essential sections : IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results
and Discussion). It must also end with a conclusion statement. Abstract are justified and the first lines are
not indented. The abstract must not exceed 20 words. After the last paragraph of the abstract the
researcher must include keywords. These keywords are terminologies or index terms used to retrieve a
paper easily, so it is very important that we decide carefully on these keywords.

Introduction

The introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research. It
establishes the context and significance of the research being conducted by summarizing current
understanding and background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the form
of the research problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions, briefly explaining the
methodological approach used to examine the research problem, highlighting the potential outcomes
your study can reveal, and outlining the remaining structure of the paper.

Literature Review
This portion provides the foundation of the study. Through literature review, the reader would know how
and why the researchers come up with the review, the reader would know how or why the researchers
come up with the topic objectives.

Theoretical Framework

This part discusses the theories that will support and help the researcher to conceptualize their research
study. This provides a strong scientific foundation that serves as a guide making scientifically sound
research. Theoretical frameworks is discussed in SEC format.

S-tate – state the theory appropriate for the study.

E-xplain – explain why the theory is used for the study and on how it is used in other literatures. It Is also
important to use the proper citation the literatures used for the study.

C-ontextualize – apply the theory on the set-up of the study.

Problem Statements and Hypotheses

Research question or problem is the principle that guides in the analysis of the research study. The
problem usually arises from the review of literature. Be identifying the problem the researcher is guided
on the goal of the study and enables him to identify that data to gathered relevant for the study.

Research Paradigm

Or Research Simulacrum, this is a figurative representation of the variables presented in the study. This
also shows the interrelatedness and relationship of one variable to another. Boxes and arrow are used to
present the data for research paradigm.

Research Methodology

The scientific process used to collect data and information essential and substantial for the study. These
requires results that must be reproducible and the researcher must provide a basis for repetition of the
study by other. Since the research methodology must be scientifically sound, the tool used in the study
must be valid and reliable.

Research Design.

This part discusses the approach that the researcher used for the study (Quantitative or Qualitative) and
the design (Phenomenology, Ethnography, Grounded Theory).
Research Locale

This describes the geographic characteristics of the place of the study. Anonymity must always be
observed so as to not violate any ethical considerations.

Population and Sampling

Describes the demographic characteristics of the respondents of the study. This also discusses the
sampling technique used in the selection respondents. This part must state clearly Inclusion and exclusion
criteria in choosing the respondents of the study.

Research Ethics

Enumerates the ethical principles maintained throughout the study, This includes the consent form, the
Institutional Ethics Review Committee approval and permission to conduct human and animal study.

Research Instruments

The materials and equipment used for the study are stated in this part. The method for validation and
reliability testing must be stated in this section.

Data collection.

Is a step by step process that should be comprehensively explained by the researcher. This part
chronologically describes on how the data was gathered which includes all the essential information about
the data collection procedure.

Data Analysis

This section describes how the data were analyzed using appropriate statistical method.

Results

This part presents the processed and condensed data, with the important trends extracted and described.
The result of the study must be brief and direct. Not too brief in as sense that is must be able to present
the essential data and state the findings without any bias. In describing the results from a table or figure,
It is important to introduce the table or figure number and title on the first statement for it to be easily
located.

Discussion and Conclusion

In this part w enumerate the findings of the research from the gathered and analyzed data. This represents
the answer relating to the objectives of the study. It must offer highlight on the topic and future directions
for further studies. The conclusion of the paper is not just a summary or a mere restatement of the
research paper but a synthesis of the important points that recommend new avenue for future research.

Recommendations

This part offers future directions for the study. This allows the readers to have a clear knowledge and
understanding on the area of focus of the research and will let them identify what can be the significant
implications of the present study to future scholarly works. From this point, It will also open avenues,
wherein the results of the study could be modified, replicated and validated.

Acknowledgement

This page mentions the assistance and support the researcher received from his mentors, advisers,
professor and to others who he wishes to express gratitude and appreciation in the accomplishment of
his research study. This part also provides an opportunity to recognize those persons who have taken part
ad contributed greatly in the research process.

References

The university strictly follows the APA (American Psychological Association) 6th style format. The
researcher must identify and list down all the sources used in the study. They are arranged alphabetically,
hanging indent format (0.5inch)

Appendices

This part contains all copies of the questionnaire, tables, certificates, checklist and all the essential and
necessary materials that have been used to complete the research study.

Guidelines in Writing a Conclusion

A conclusion that is well-written gives he researcher the opportunity to demonstrate to the reader an
understanding of the research problem. These include:

Highlight on key points and put an emphasis to the last sentences to make a lasting impression. The
introduction is the part that gives the first impression to the reader, The conclusion on the other hand
provides a chance to leave that mark and impression. Highlight on key points in doing your data analysis
and results. It is important to note the implication applied to practice.

Summarize your reflections and thoughts and communicate what is the relevance of your study. The
conclusion is an opportunity to briefly answer the question, “so What?” by contextualizing on past
literatures placing the study within the context of past research about the topic you’ve investigated.

Identify how gaps in previous literatures have been addressed. The conclusion can be where you describe
how a previously identified gap in the literature has been addressed by your research.

Demonstrate the relevance of your thoughts. The conclusion gives you the chance to explain in detail the
impact and significance of your findings.

Introduce new strategies on formulating about a potential research problem. Introducing new
information must be avoided, instead you must be able to provide new insights and creative approaches
in formulating a potential research problem that can derived out of your study.

General rules in writing a Conclusion

Conclusions must state a clear summary of results and findings.

Must provide a contextual data interpretation.

Discuss research implications based on data.

Offer highlights and future actions.

RESEARCH: AN INTRODUCTION

Research is an area that is commonly misunderstood, but an indispensable component of academic and
industry practices. Students must maximize all the opportunities to be knowledgeable o the research
process while still under schooling to create an excellent. Knowledge base for future career as a researcher
or scientist. Being a full-pledged researcher doesn’t happen overnight. It entails a lot of effort and
perseverance to become an expert in the research filed. However, Budding researchers can start by
appreciating the worth of doing studies, and by engaging in simple/basic research, such as qualitative
approach research papers.

Qualitative research is an attempt to understand the world as lived. It encompasses studies about how an
individual consider a particular experience and he/she reflects on it. Basically, Think of qualitative
research as a product od individual interviews. No statistical analysis is being performed, yet the
researcher can analyze the experience using words., Phrases and texts guided by own understanding. As
the saying goes, “ every human being is a text to be read” qualitative studies aims to explore human
phenomena, which may involve a single or a group of people experiencing the same situation.

Qualities of a Good Qualitative Inquirer

TECHNICAL COMPETENCY – The ability to use available technologies.

UTILITY COMPETENCY – The ability to troubleshoot during unexpected scenario.

PATIENCE – Intra (within) and extra (outside) group

SERVICE – Willingness of the researcher to serve other, to do good

EFFORT – Time and skill

GUTS AND RISK – Considering options

CARE – distinct characteristics of a researcher