SELF DRIVING CAR

by

NARENDER(11610755)

Submitted
To

Dr. Rajesh Kumar

(Assistant Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA

January,2019
CONTENTS

1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................1

1.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………………….…1

1.2 History………………………………………………………………………………….1

1.3 self driving car today?.............................................................................................2

2 How do self-driving cars work? ………………………………………………….2

3 classification…………………………………………………………………………2
3.1 level of automation

3.1.1 level0

3.1.2 level1

3.1.3 level2

3.1.4 level3

3.1.5 level4

3.1.6 level5

4 Advantages……………………………………………………………………………….4

5 Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………………….5
 INTRODUCTION
OVER VIEW
Typically, in this chapter we are discussing on self driving car or autonomous car
or driverless car.

We will also be including the history related to self driving car and challenges
related to it.

1.1 WHAT IS SELF DRIVING CAR

A vehicle which are combination of sensor, camera, radar & artificial
intelligence(AI) to travel a destination without a driver. To qualify fully automatic
a car must drive itself without a men interaction with car.

1.2 HISTORY
Experiments of self driving car been started since 1920’s first trial took place in
the 1950’s.

Normal Bel Geddes is the maker of first self driving car or Autonomous car which
was electric vehicle guided by radio controlled electro magnetic field generated
with magnetized metal spikes embedded in the roadway.General motor had
made its concept in reality by 1958.the front end of the car was fixed with sensor
called pick-up-coils that detect the current flow through a wire embedded in the
road. The current controls the vehicle & tell to move the steer wheel left or right.

In 1977 the Japanese improved this by installing a camera in the car. Camera
shows the data in pc to process image of the road but this vehicle could travel at
speed less than 20mph. after a decade german improve the vehicle outfitted with
camera that run at safetly about 56mph. as techonology improved so did the self
driving vehicle ability to detect & react to their environment.

1.3SELF DRIVING CAR TODAY

At present, many car on the road are considered to be semi automatic

coz of the safety feature like assisted parking and braking system and a few have
the capability to drive, steer, brake, and park by themselves,By 2025 the
autonomous car will be in world wide till then companies audi, ford, google ,
general motor ,tesla are doing there best to make this techonology full perfect.

2 How do self-driving cars work?

Self driving car must be familiar with the surrounding that whats happening in
near area. This give the car to make a best decision that what direction should
take & in which way there will be less obstacles. To obtain this driverless car are
integrated with sensor lasser,a camera, a GPS mapping and a advanced controller
system for reading the information from the sensor. The data so obtained is
incorporated into the car’s map through a simultaneous localization and mapping
algorithm thus creating a clear picture of its surroundings.

The windscreen camera and the bumper mounted radar keep track of the person
walking on the road, street light traffic light, road sign, and other vehicle on the
car. These are also fed into the vehicle’s mapping system ensuring that the car
follows traffic rules and allows pedestrians to cross. Additionally, it is equipped
with an odometer and computer vision that helps to decode the information in a
manner that the vehicles inbuilt software can interpret. the car uses newer range
Lidar (light detection and range) sensors compared to GPS it give more precise
image. the software is programmed with neural networks that represent real
driving experiences so it looked like car is driven by a professional driver it also
allows the car to take the best course of action in different situations.

3 CLASSIFICATION

There are different levels of automation as classified by SAE international. These ranges are
from a “hands-on” driving experience to a “driver-free” mode of driving. In each of these levels,
the driver’s involvement gets lesser as computers take over the operation of the vehicle.

3.1 LEVEL OF AUTOMATION

1. Level0 (zero automation):- In this level there is zero automation vehicle is
controlled by the driver that means no steering control, braking assistance,
or acceleration there is no driving feature everthing is controlled by the
driver even the gears how so ever this system may show the warning sign
but doesn’t take any action.
2. Level1 (hands on):- In this level , the car and the driver share
responsibilities in operating the car. This means that either the car controls
speed and the driver steers the car or vice versa.in this car alone cannot
 handle both steering and acceleration of the vehicle. This level has a
feature of parking assistance, lane assistance, and emergency braking.
3. Level2 (“partial hands off”):-in this vehicle can handle the acceleration,
braking and steering independently. However driver need to be attentive as
the car may not handle the driving on its own.
4. Level3 (conditional automation”):- in this level, the car can handle most of
the situations that may arise when passing from regular traffic. However it
may need the guidance of driver in some cases the some traffic situation
are not programmed.
5. Level4 (“high automation”):-in this level the car is almost fully automatic
hence the driver involvement is very less in this case. For instance, when
the system shows a glitch, the car slows down its speed and if well
programmed, pulls off the road. However the vehicle can not run in a place
like stormy weather or unmapped areas, in such cases vehicle slows down
and switch to parking if driver fails to take the wheel.
6. Level5 (“fully automated”) :-in this level the car is fully automatic it can run
freely on its own no need of driving assistance it can run on unmapped
areas or rough weathers.(So far no such cars are there till now).

4. ADVANTAGES
1. driving under the influence of drugs and reckless driving are the cause of most
road accident. Self driving is expected to reduce the percentage of road accidents.

2. since the vehicle will reduce the road accident the cost in insurance and money
will be save.

3. self driving car will reduce the traffic as each car will follow the traffic rules and
preventing the blockage cause by the driver ignorance’s and fuel usage will be
reduced as vehicles will have shorter idling periods in traffic jams.

4. self driving car will be comfortable for disabled person.

 5. there will be less struggle to locating a parking lot as your car will quickly drop
you off and get a parking space independently.

6. With a ready market for self-driven vehicles, production will need to be in

large-scale to fill the demand. This will create more job opportunities.

5. DISADVANTAGES
1. Although everybody is exciting the coming of self-driven vehicles in the
market, it is unarguable that they will cost a fortune once released. This will be
mainly as a result of the expensive workforce and the high cost of technology
required. However, the price may go down within years as technology gets better
than it is currently and a competitive hand appears on the market.
2. like any programme has a prone there will be an error which may lead to
severe injuries or even worse loss of lives.
 3. These vehicles will cause a significant fall in insurance policies as the risk
covered will be small. This will lead to the collapse of some firms and lesser profit
margins for other firms.
 4. In case of traffic light failure, the vehicles may end up getting stranded as they
are designed in a manner that they follow traffic rules.
5. These vehicles are likely to have more repair charges if anything goes wrong.
 6. Some personnel ranging from personal injury lawyers may end up losing their
jobs as there will be few accidents.
 References
https://www.titlemax.com/resources/history-of-the-
autonomous-car
www.circuitstoday.com/self-driving-cars-work
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car