See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/285635430

A Study on the Floating House for New Resilient Living

Article · October 2015

DOI: 10.6107/JKHA.2015.26.5.097

CITATION READS

1 8,595

1 author:

Changho Moon
Kunsan National University
6 PUBLICATIONS   11 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Floating Camping Area Design for 25th World Scout Jamboree 2013 View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Changho Moon on 11 September 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Journal of the Korean Housing Association www.khousing.or.kr
Vol. 26, No. 5, 97−104, 2015 pISSN 2234-3571
http://dx.doi.org/10.6107/JKHA.2015.26.5.097 eISSN 2234-2257

A Study on the Floating House for New Resilient Living

새로운 탄력적인 생활을 위한 플로팅 주택에 대한 연구

문창호
Moon, Changho*

Abstract
This paper aims to discuss the concept of resilience in floating housing, to investigate the resilient features of floating
houses & to review the possibility of floating housing as a new form of resilient living, and to suggest some reference
ideas for the planning and design of floating housing projects. Resilient features of the floating house can be
summarized as the buoyant characteristics for natural disasters, the easy employment & potential use of renewable and
nearly self-sufficient energy systems in locations subject to limited energy sources, the movability, mobility, long life,
water recycle system, prefabrication and modular construction with the potential for reduced environmental impact.
Additional benefits include the potential for a peaceful and comfortable atmosphere due to direct connections with nature,
good relationship with neighbors, a solid social spirit of unity, and sense of security. Considering the resilient features of
floating house at a time of serious climate change requires a new paradigm, and floating/amphibious/floatable housing
has great possibility as a new form of resilient living.

Keywords : Floating House, Resilient Living, Natural Disaster, Energy Shortage, Environmental Damage
주 요 어 : 플로팅 주택, 탄력적인 생활, 자연 재해, 에너지 부족, 환경 훼손

I. Introduction As the advantages of floating houses are becoming known

to the public, people with an interest in waterside living have
As climate change and global warming advances, there is an replaced the old and shabby floating homes with new and
increasing potential for gradually rising sea levels, along with luxurious ones in Seattle <Figure 1>, USA where nowadays
more frequent and severe hurricanes & flooding, heavy rain, new construction is not permitted anymore and only
earthquakes & tsunami, and other natural disasters. Proper remodeling is possible.
countermeasures against these natural disasters in terms of
architecture are urgently needed.
New trends of living indicate people prefer to live in a
peaceful and comfortable house while enjoying safe & natural
atmosphere and keeping a strong sense of community.
Therefore new types of future-oriented housing needs to be
provided in order to address both climate change and meet the
psychosocial needs of a growing number of people who live in
high risk low lying and coastal areas.

*Professor, Dept. of Architecture and Building Engineering, Kunsan

Natl. Univ., Korea
Corresponding Author: Changho Moon, Dept. of Architecture and
Building Engineering, Kunsan Natl. Univ., Daehak-ro 558, Kunsan
54150, Korea. E-mail: mchangho@kunsan.ac.kr
This research was supported by a grant (10 RTIP B01) from
Regional Technology Innovation Program funded by Ministry of
Land, infrastructure and Transport of Korean government.
This manuscript was based on the paper presented at the 2015
Conference of Asia-Pacific Network for Housing Research.
Figure 1. Floating Houses in Lake Union, Seattle, USA
Source. photo by the Author, 2012
Meanwhile, in Portland, USA, a large number of modern
and big floating houses have been actively built on the
Columbia & Willamette Rivers including a near net zero
energy floating home with solar PV system, solar water

- 97 -
98 Moon, Changho

heating, hydronic heating, rainwater collection and reuse, and
reclaimed and certified wood built in the North Portland’s
Tomahawk Island Floating Home Community (Green
Investment Fund, 2007).
After Hurricane Katrina, a floatable house <Figure 2> by
the architecture firm Morphosis was built in New Orleans
through the “Make It Right” project. The house uses low-cost
& prefabricated parts and can be easily transported & adapted
to a variety of flood-prone areas. Its base is made of
polystyrene foam covered in glass fiber & concrete, and
contains the plumbing and electrical systems. In case of
flooding, the house will float up to 3.6 m above the ground,
anchored by guideposts that prevent it from drifting (Axb,
2009).
Floating houses in North America are found on lakes and
rivers in Pacific Northwest coastal regions such as Vancouver,
Victoria, Seattle, Portland, and San Francisco. Most floating
houses are of an eclectic style and include regular home
structures built on wood rafts for a long time. Meanwhile, in
Europe, various floating houses with new technology and
modern construction are being built along the canals, rivers
and lakes.
Floating housing is becoming popular and familiar with a
growing number of ordinary people in the world and is
receiving a lot of attention as a new style of house.
This paper aims to discuss the concept of resilience in
floating housing, to investigate the resilient features of floating
houses & to review the possibility of floating housing as a new
form of resilient living, and suggest some reference ideas for
new floating house projects.

Table 1. Research Method of Referred Floating Houses

Method of
Name of floating home Location Date
investigation
Floating houses in Lake
Site visit WA, USA 2012.8
Union
Floatable house in New
Internet search LA, USA -
Orleans
Floating houses in Terwijde Site visit Netherlands 2011.8
Floating houses in IJburg Site visit Netherlands 2011.8
Amphibious houses in
Site visit Netherlands 2011.8
Massbommel
Figure 2. Floatable Houses in New Orleans, USA Winston land-locked
Source. http://archinect.com/sajimatuk/project/float-house, 2015 Internet search USA -
floatable houses
Sea village marina Site visit NJ, USA 2013.8
Autark Home in Maastricht Internet search Netherlands -
In IJburg, Amsterdam, Netherlands, there are 75 floating
Fennel house, Portland Site visit OR, USA 2012.8
homes consisting of detached and row houses. 19 detached
Ladner reach marina, Delta Site visit BC, Canada 2012.8
floating residences with various facades are built on a small
canal in Eilandenrijk, Terwijde, Utrecht, Netherlands <Figure
3>. Some amphibious houses also can be found along dykes of Research methods included site-visits to several floating
the river, and other floating houses have been built and are houses in Europe, Canada and USA, and an internet search of
being built in many European cities. resiliency and floating houses concepts < Table 1>.

II. Concept of Resilience and Floating House

1. Concept of resilience in architecture

Figure 3. Floating Houses in Terwijde, Utrecht, Netherlands
Source. photo by the Author, 2011
In material science, resilience is the ability of a material to
absorb energy when it is deformed elastically, and to release
that energy upon unloading (Wikipedia, 2015).
Resilience in the built environment is the capacity to adapt
to changing conditions and to maintain or regain functionality
and vitality in the face of stress or disturbance. It is the
capacity to bounce back after a disturbance or interruption of
some sort. Resilient design is the intentional design of
buildings, landscapes, communities, and regions in response to

한국주거학회논문집
 A Study on the Floating House for New Resilient Living 99

these vulnerabilities (The Resilient Design Institute, 2015). is moored in a permanent location, does not include a water
Resiliency is especially important in the face of natural craft intended for navigation, and has a utility services systems
disasters such as hurricanes or tsunami. The ability for one to served through a connection to urban supply/return system
come back from a devastating event is crucial to one’s ability between the floating building structure and a service station on
to thrive. Resilience after a natural disaster can be gauged in land, or it has self-supporting service facilities for itself.
a number of different ways. It can be measured on an
individual level, on a community level, and on a physical
level. Natural disasters are hard to predict, so the ability to
prepare for them is rather limited. Having a strong sense of
community can be a key in psychological resiliency, it is
crucial for this to be developed and cultivated within each
community (Wikipedia, 2015).

Table 2. Comparison of Resilient Design Principles

Resilient Design Institute ResilientCity.org
(The Resilient Design Institute, 2015) (Resilient City.org, Resilient, 2015)
1. Transcendence of scales [ED] 1. Diversity [ED]
2. Provision for basic human needs 2. Redundancy [ED]
[ED] 3. Modularity and independence of
Figure 4. Floating Houses in IJburg, Amsterdam, Netherlands
3. Diverse and redundant systems system components [ED]
Source. photo by the Author, 2011
[ED] 4. Feedback sensitivity [ND]
4. Simple, passive, and flexible 5. Capacity for adaptation [ND]
systems [ES] 6. Environmental responsiveness
5. Durability [ND] and integration [ED]
2) Amphibious House
6. Local, renewable, or reclaimed An amphibious house lies on the ground or on a structure
resources [ES]
above the water line except during flood periods and is likely
7. Anticipation of interruptions and
a dynamic future [ND] to float when the water level rises during flooding <Figure 5>.
8. Lessons from nature [ND] It does not therefore float permanently, unlike a floating house,
9. Social equity and community
[SP] which can be found in many countries in urban areas along
10. Implementation in stages [ND] lakes or slow-flowing rivers. This kind of house can be
accessed from both the road by car and the water by boat.
As the resilient design principles of the Resilient Design
Institute and ResilientCity.org are compared in Table 2, major
factors of resiliency can be summarized as measures of
response to natural disasters (feedback sensitivity, adaptability,
durability, dynamic future, natural systems, implementation in
stages), energy aspects (passive system, renewable resources),
environmental aspects (diversity, redundancy, modularity,
transcendence of scales, basic human needs, environmental
responsiveness and integration), and social aspects (social
equity and community).
Therefore, required resilient factors in architecture can be
grouped into 4 categories: natural disaster [ND], energy shortage Figure 5. Amphibious Houses in Massbommel, Netherlands
[ES], environmental damage [ED], and social problems [SP]. Source. http://www.inspirationgreen.com/floating-homes.html, 2015

2. Concept of floating house
There can be three kinds of houses with buoyant systems
such as floating houses, amphibious houses, and floatable
houses according to the site condition.
1) Floating House
A floating house <Figure 4> can be defined as a house for
living space that floats on the water with a floatation system,
The principle is to erect the building structure on a floating
foundation in the same way as a floating house. When moving
vertically with water level variations, an amphibious house is
guided by vertical posts to avoid drifting. Flexible piping
allows electricity/city gas/water feeding and waste utility
systems are provided in the same manner as floating houses
(Flood Resilience Technologies Portal, 2015).

제26권 제5호 (2015. 10)

100 Moon, Changho
3) Floatable House
A floatable house has a buoyant foundation which allows an
otherwise-ordinary structure on the ground to float on the
surface of rising floodwater rather than succumb to inundation.
A buoyant foundation retains a home’s connection to the
ground by resting firmly on the earth under usual circumstances,
but it allows a house to float as high as necessary when
flooding occurs. A buoyancy system beneath the house pushes
water to provide flotation as needed, and a vertical guidance
system allows the rising and falling house to return to exactly
the same place upon descent (Buoyant Foundation Project, 2015).
Figure 6. Winston Land-locked Floatable Houses
Source. http://www.care2.com/causes/5-amphibious-houses-built-to-survive-
the-coming-floods.html, 2015
For example, Winston International has created the Land-
locked Floatable House system <Figure 6>. Using a system
composed of telescoping piers set in concrete anchors, the
system supports a catamaran floatation base attached to one,
two or three story buildings. The system means that the house
is capable of rising above any recorded flood, and will float
back to its original position as the flood recedes (Buczynski,
2015).
III. Resilient Features of Floating House
Resilient features of floating houses can be slightly different
from those of the usual house on land. The following resilient
features are focused on the floating house in terms of natural
disaster, energy shortage, environmental damage, and social
problems.
1. Resilience to natural disaster
A floating house on water is basically buoyant up and down
in some degree by itself at a moored place. Amphibious
houses and floatable houses can also rise on the water when
necessary. Therefore floating/amphibious/floatable houses are
responsive to both a gradual rise in sea or river level due to
한국주거학회논문집
climate change and to a sudden rise of water level due to
flooding or hurricanes.
Figure 7. Sea Village Marina, damaged by Hurricane Sandy
Source. photo by the Author, 2013
Fifty-four floating houses were located in Sea Village Marina,
New Jersey, USA. This floating home community was
damaged during Hurricane Sandy in 2012, which was one of
the worst natural disasters in New Jersey history <Figure 7>.
Sidewalk decks were more severely broken than the floating
houses themselves. The builder didn’t consider the effects of
wind and wave power to their full extent on the overall
complex.
Earthquakes are high on the natural disaster list, but what
many people don’t realize is that much of the damage from
earthquakes occurs largely due to poorly constructed buildings
and faulty infrastructure (Fehrenbacher, 2013). Of course,
many new technologies allow the buildings to be able to
withstand severe seismic activity, but the technology for the
building on land is expensive and not easy. Floating houses are
not directly fixed to the earth, so they are inherently more
structurally stable for the duration of the quake.
A precondition for floating housing is securing a calm water
space. So primary protective measures like the Thames Barrier
are necessary. The Barrier was built after the flood in 1953, it
still functions as a protective barrier for central London. Twice
a day, the incoming tide from the North Sea rushes towards the
ten 3,300 ton steel gates of the Barrier, where water levels can
rise and fall by around 9m. The Barrier prevented catastrophic
damage during the December 2013 storm surge-the largest in
60 years, however a rising sea level remains a serious threat
(Smith, 2014).
Buoyant features of the floating houses can basically make
them resilient to hydrological disasters and earthquakes.
Important lessons from the Sea Village floating home
community include the thorough design for wind and wave
power even in the calm waters of a lake.

2. Resilience to energy shortage
Floating house is easy to get various renewable energy
sources because there are not so many physical obstacles in
the sea, river or lake. More solar and wind energies can be
obtained by the house on water than on the urban land.
Figure 8. 1st Floor Plan, Autark Home in Maastricht, Netherlands
Source. http://www.autarkhome.com/, 2015
Figure 9. Overview, Autark Home in Maastricht, Netherlands
Source. http://www.autarkhome.com/, 2015
A representative floating house in terms of energy independence,
Autark Home <Figures 8 & 9> is a nearly self-sufficient
floating home with a European passive house certificate. A
prototype house is currently anchored in the Maas River,
Maastricht, Netherlands. The floating home has 2 stories and
109.4 square meters floor area, outer wall with 55 cm thick
massive EPS, isolated windows and doors, triple glass and no
thermal bridges. In terms of hot-water supply, there is an
isolated water tank with capacity of 4,000 liters and 6 solar
heat panels on the roof to keep the water at a temperature of
70 to 80 degree Celsius for 4 to 5 days (Autark Home, 2015)
for a household.
The electricity is supplied by 24 solar photovoltaic cells
with a total output of 6,360 Wp (watt peak). The electrical
energy is stored in 24 batteries, each with a capacity of 1,000
A Study on the Floating House for New Resilient Living 101
Ah, supplying enough electricity for 4 days for a normal
family. The system can deliver 5,300 kWh a year. Solar
production situation can be viewed on the display of the
monitoring system in the living room. In adverse weather
conditions, a bio-diesel generator supplies the home with
additional electric power (Renewable Energy Magazine, 2012).
Even though there is no example of hydrothermal systems
being employed in a floating house so far, there are some cases
where hydrothermal systems have been used in a floating hotel
and exhibition building like Salt and Sill hotel in Sweden and
IBA Dock in Germany. The hydrothermal use of sea or river
water beneath the floating house might be a great advantage
because the temperature of water is usually lower than that of
outdoor air in summer and the reverse in winter. Therefore
hydrothermal energy can be used as cooling in tropical regions
and heating in cold regions.
Wind power, tidal power and wave power can be considerable
if a proper system could be integrated with floating home
design and harmonized with the natural environment. Wind
power will be widely used in floating housing because wind is
frequently abundant in seaside or river locations and small
wind power turbines with little noise are under development.
Hybrid systems composed of solar photovoltaic cells with
wind turbines are generally complementary because the sun
usually comes up when there is no wind during the day and
the wind usually blows when there is no sun. So solar-wind
hybrid renewable energy system will be popular if the design
of a hybrid system is integrated with that of a floating house.
Features like easy implementation and the potential use of
diverse renewable and nearly self-sufficient energy systems in
floating house can make them resilient to energy shortages.
3. Resilience to environmental damage
Floating houses are movable by tugboat or trucking because
they do not have their own propulsion power. So floating
houses can be re-located to different places in need, can be
used by different people for a long time. They can also be sent
to less-developed countries as international aid.
As prefabrication and modular system in floating homes are
usually employed <Figure 10>, new floating houses are usually
produced in a factory and moved by water/road transportation
<Figure 11>, and moored to a certain place. Construction
waste can be minimized, and this type of off-site construction
involving minimal site work does not disrupt the calm
atmosphere of the floating home community.
In the Oregon Yacht Club which is a community with 38
floating homes on the Willamette River, there is a new floating
house with 2 stories and 212 square meters of floor area
<Figure 12>. It is an ultra-low energy house and the entire
제26권 제5호 (2015. 10)
102 Moon, Changho

structure is made of glued laminated wood sections that allow

for a swirling and curved design. This kind of construction not
only allows the use of various forms but also greatly reduces
the overall amount of material used, and so is very light and
easy to produce.

Figure 12. Fennel House, Portland, Oregon, USA

Source. http://www.oshatz.com/text/fennel-1.htm, 2015

Features of movability, the ability to relocate, long life usage,

Figure 10. Prefabricated Floating House in Netherlands
Source. photo by the Author
water cycle system, prefabrication and modular construction in
floating homes can contribute to the conservation of the
environment through resources saving, and can be regarded as
resilient to the environmental impact.

4. Resilience to social problem

Figure 11. Trucking of Floating House in Netherlands
Source. http://www.hollandhouseboats.com/project-construction/overview/
floating-homes-in-utrecht, 2015
Through site-visits to several floating home communities, it
was observed that residents enjoy the peaceful and comfortable
atmosphere on the water within a good natural environment.
They believe the best view is seeing only natural elements
such as sky, mountains & trees, grain fields, docks, migratory
birds, and water without any artificial structures.
A floating home community in Vancouver area, Canada has
a marvelous view to the river or lake, a distant mountain, and
migration habitats <Ladner Reach marina, Figure 13>. Connections
to nature generate positive states of well-being and health for
the residents.

The window wall is only for taking in amazing river views

and the glass permits solar heat and light during the day while
providing natural ventilation. With the materials prefabricated
and transportation by boat, the home construction required
minimal amounts of energy, and most importantly, did not
disrupt the atmosphere of the floating home community. The
house project integrates a beautiful, modern home into its
surrounding natural environment (Cotter, 2011).
In case of the Autark Home, river water is converted to gray
water through a filter. And high-quality drinking water is
Figure 13. View from the Living Room of Floating House in Canada
purified through reverse osmosis in combination with sand Source. photo by the Author, 2012
and a UV filter. Before the waste water returns to the river, the
water is cleaned 90% by a built-in filtration system (Autark When the residents were asked what the first reason to move
Home, 2015). Even though Autark Home is a small floating there, they usually answered they liked the peaceful environment
house, it has independent water cycle system. with nature and had good neighbors. They enjoyed sunrise and

한국주거학회논문집

sunset with water and mountain background and good
relationships with neighboring residents. There was a strong
social and psychological sense of stability among the residents
of the floating home community.
The residents in floating home communities usually have
their own boat, canoe and other water leisure equipment to
have fun in the water at any time. They are always ready to
enjoy water sports and entertainment <Figure 14>. Sometimes
they visit nearby restaurants for dinner and neighbors by boat.
These experiences provide feelings of health and psychological
well-being.
Figure 14. Floating Houses in Union Lake, Seattle, USA
Source. photo by the Author, 2012
The residents of floating houses usually have great interest
in conserving the natural environment like wild birds, native
fish, and watershed vegetation; they have to cooperate in
taking some countermeasures against natural disasters like
flooding and typhoon, they have to ensure their safety for fire
& evacuation, and sometimes they must negotiate legal regulation
conflicts with the city officers and to get administrative/
financial support from the City government. A solid social
spirit of strong unity is essential and easy to be found in a
floating home community (Oregon Yacht Club, 2015).
Floating home communities are usually more secure against
crime than housing on land because the residents know each
other well with good feelings, the entrance is limited and
controlled, and the community is surrounded by water, so
unwanted guests do not have easy access <Figure 15>. This
kind of housing condition can enhance a social sense of
security.
Features of peaceful and comfortable atmosphere, good
connections to the natural environment, good relationships
with neighbors, a social and psychological sense of stability, a
solid social spirit of strong unity, and a social sense of security
in floating house can minimize social conflict, so these
features can be regarded as resilient to social issues.
A Study on the Floating House for New Resilient Living 103
Figure 15. Floating Home Community in Portland, USA
Source. Google Map
In summary, floating houses should be designed to maximize
the application of resilient features <Table 3> against the
natural disaster, energy shortage, environmental damage and
social problems.
Table 3. Summary of Resilient Features of Floating House
Category Resilient features of floating house
Buoyancy for the hydrological disaster and the
Natural disaster
earthquakes
Easy employment and potential use of diverse
Energy shortage renewable energy, especially hydrothermal energy
and tidal & wave power
Environmental Movability, long time usage, water cycle system, and
damage prefabrication & modular system
Peaceful atmosphere, good natural environment, solid
Social problem social spirit of strong unity, and social sense of
security
IV. Conclusions
This paper aimed to discuss the concept of resilience in
floating housing, to investigate the resilient features of floating
houses & to review the possibility of floating houses as a new
form of resilient living, and to suggest some relevant ideas for
the planning and design of floating house projects.
Some conclusions can be summarized as the followings;
1) In architecture, resilient factors can be grouped into 4
categories: natural disaster, energy shortage, environmental
damage, and social problems. And there can be three kinds of
houses with buoyant system such as a floating house, an
amphibious house, and a floatable house.
2) Feature of buoyancy for floating houses makes them
basically resilient to the natural disaster. A precondition for the
location of a floating house is securing a calm water site yet
it remains important to design for dynamic forces even in calm
water.
3) Features of prefabrication and the potential use of diverse
제26권 제5호 (2015. 10)
 104 Moon, Changho
renewable energy sources and nearly self-sufficient energy
system in floating houses make them resilient to energy
shortage.
4) Features of movability, long term usage, water cycle
system, prefabrication and modular construction in floating
houses make them resilient to the environmental damage.
5) Features of peaceful and comfortable atmosphere due to
direct connection to nature, good relationships with neighbors,
a solid social spirit of strong unity, and sense of security in
floating house communities can make them resilient to social
problems.
Considering the resilient features of floating house at a time
of serious climate change and require a new paradigm.
Floating/amphibious/floatable houses can provide a possible
new form of resilient living if proper resilient features are
applied according to the circumstances.
Meanwhile, some disadvantages of floating houses such as
a wet environment, shadows on the bottom of water space,
water pollution from building & pontoon materials, and other
negative effects to the ecosystem from both building &
residents should be investigated in depth and countermeasures
to solve these issues are suggested through further research.
References
1. ABC Waterwoningen. (2015). 10 floating homes Utrecht.
Retrieved March 2, 2015 from http://www.Hollandhouse
boats.com/project-construction/overview/floating-homes-in-
utrecht
2. Autark Home. (2015). Warm Water Collectors. Retrieved
March 5, 2015 from http://www.autarkhome.com/
3. Axb. (2009). Floating House Designed for New Orleans,
eGFI Dream Up the Future. Retrieved January 12, 2015
from http://students.egfi-k12.org/floating-house-designed-for-
new-orleans/
4. Buczynski, B. (2013). 5 Amphibious Houses Built to
Survive the Coming Floods. Retrieved March 3, 2015 from
http://www.care2.com/causes/5-amphibious-houses-built-to-
survive-th e-coming-floods.html.
5. Buoyant Foundation Project. (2015). What Is Amphibious
Architecture? Retrieved April 6, 2015 from http://www.
buoya ntfoundation.org/
6. Cotter, M. (2011). Robert Oshatz's Floating Fennell House
is a Passive Riverside Dream Home. inhabitat. Retrieved
February 23, 2015 from http://inhabitat.com/robert-oshatzs-
한국주거학회논문집
View publication stats
floating-fennell-house-is-a-passive-riverside-dream -home/
7. Donors Forum of Wisconsin. (2015). Hurricane Sandy.
Retrieved April 10, 2015 from http:// www.dfwonline.org/
hurricane sandy
8. Fehrenbacher, J. (2013). Resilient Design: Is Resilience the
New Sustainability? inhabitat. Retrieved April 7, 2015 from
http://inhabitat.com/resilient-design-is-resilience-the-new-
sustainability/
9. Flood Resilience Technologies Portal. (2015). Flood Resilience
Measures. Retrieved January 25, 2015 from http://tech.
flood resilience.eu/flood-resilience-measures
10. Green Investment Fund. (2015). Urbansun Floating Home,
2007. Retrieved March 23, 2015 from https://www.Portland
oregon.gov/bps/article/437433
11. Hill, D. (2015). Beyond the Thames Barrier: how safe is
London from another major flood? The Guardian. Retrieved
January 27, 2015 from http://www.theguardia n.com/cities/
2015/feb/19/thames-barrier-how-safe-london-major-flood-
at-risk#imca talystg-5
12. Oregon Yacht Club. (2015). History. Retrieved March 12,
2015 from http://www. Oregonyachtclub.com/
13. Renewable Energy Magazine. (2012). Floating passive
house close to mass production. Retrieved February 13,
2015 from http://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/ article/
floating-passive-house-close-to-mass-production-01 20917
14. Resilient City.org. (2015). Resilient Design Principles.
Retrieved January 22, 2015 from http://www. resilientcity.
org/index.cfm?pagepath=Resilience/Resilient_Design_Principles
&id=11900
15. Robert Harvey Oshatz Architect. (2015). Fennel Residence.
Retrieved February 24, 2015 from http://www.oshatz.com/
text/fennel-1.htm
16. Smith, A. (2014). Flooding in the UK Highlights the Need
for Resilient Cities. Great Ecology. Retrieved March 15,
2015 from http://greatecology.com/flooding-uk-highlights-
resilient-cities/
17. The Resilient Design Institute. (2015). The Resilient Design
Principles. Retrieved February 14, 2015 from http: //
www.resilientdesign.org/the-resilient-design-principles/
18. The Resilient Design Institute. (2015). What is Resilience?
Retrieved January 27, 2015 from http://www.resilientdesign.
org/what-is-resilience/
19. Wikipedia. (2015). Psychological resilience. Retrieved March
13, 2015 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_
resilience#Natural_disasters
20. Wikipedia. (2015). Resilience. Retrieved March 13, 2015
from http:// en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Resilience
Received: May 12, 2015
Revised: August 9, 2015
Accepted: August 15, 2015