C

CHAPTER 1::
Introduction to Concrete

Prepared by: Engr. NMSTabucal

 2

CHAPTER OUTLINE
11.11 Concrete and Its Uses
1.2 Components of a Concrete
13
1.3 Mechanical Properties of a Concrete
1.4 Tests on Concrete
 3

1.1 CONCRETE and ITS USES

Concrete
 Hard and solid composite material

 produced by combining in proper proportions of

cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and
water

 The chemical reaction between cement and water

produces heat and hardening of the mass.
 4

1.1 CONCRETE and ITS USES

U
Uses off C
Concrete:

BUILDINGS

SMOG-EATING CONCRETE
 5

1.1 CONCRETE and ITS USES

U
Uses off C
Concrete:

WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES

ROADS
 6

1.1 CONCRETE and ITS USES

U
Uses off C
Concrete:

DAMS

SEWER PIPES
 7

1.2 COMPONENTS OF A CONCRETE

Cement

Water

Fi
Fine A t
Aggregates

Co rse Aggregates
Course
 8

1.2 COMPONENTS OF A CONCRETE

C
Cement
 A binder that sets and hardened

 Came from the Roman word opus caementicium

H d li or non-hyrdaulic
 Hydraulic h d li

 Fine powder obtained from the

calcination of a mix of limestone, clay,
and iron ore
 9

1.2 COMPONENTS OF A CONCRETE

W
Water
 Any natural water that is drinkable

 ASTM C1602 provides standard specification for

mixing water used in production of hydraulic
cement concrete

 ASTM C9492 provides guidelines for limits of

chemicals allowed in mixing water

 Controls workability of fresh concrete

 10

1.2 COMPONENTS OF A CONCRETE

Fi
Fine Aggregates
A

 Washed river sands

 Particle size that is

l
less th 6
than 4.76mm
(Sieve no.4)
 11

1.2 COMPONENTS OF A CONCRETE

C a
Course A
Aggregates
 Gravel with particle size between 5mm
5m to 50mm

 Classified as uncrushed
gravel, crushed gravel, or
partially crushed

 New studies use ceramic

tiles, plastic, and other waste
materials
 12

1.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

 High compressive strength
 Low
o tensile
e s e sstrength
e g
 Low coefficient of thermal expansion
 Permeable
 Corrosion resistant
 Hardens with age
 Shrinks with time due to loss of water
 13

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

Tests on concrete are di
divided
ided into ttwo:
o
1) for fresh concrete
2) for hardened concrete

FRESH CONCRETE
- stage of concrete in which concrete can be molded
- phase of mixing to finished surface
- plastic stage

HARDENDED CONCRETE
- stage where in concrete hardens due to chemical
reaction between water and cement
 14

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

Test on Fresh Concrete:
Concrete
1) Slump
2) Unit Weight
3) Air Content
4) Temperature

Test on Hardened Concrete:

1) Compressive Strength
2)) Splitting
p g Tensile Strength
g
3) Flexural Strength
4) Unit Weight
5) Durability Tests
 15

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

1 Slump Test – ASTM C143; for consistency and

1.
fluidity of concrete mix
 16

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

2 Unit Weight Test – ASTM C138,

2. C138 weighing a properly
consolidated specimen in a calibrated container
 17

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

3 Air Content Test – ASTM C231,

3. C231 pressure method;
measures total air content of sample
 18

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

4 Temperature Test – ASTM C1064M,

4. C1064M affects rate of
hydration
 19

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

1 Compressive Strength Test – ASTM C39

1.
 20

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

2 Flexural Strength Test

2. Test– ASTM C78
 21

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

3 Splitting Tensile Strength Test–

3. Test ASTM C496
 22

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

4 Unit Weight Test–

4. Test ASTM C642
 23

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

5 Durability Test
5.
Example: Rapid Chloride Migration Test
 24

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

5 Durability Test
5.
Example: Salt Ponding Test
 25

1.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

5 Durability Test
5.
Example: Impressed Voltage Test
26