INTRODUCTION

Dynamometer a device with a rotating shaft that is coupled to the shaft of a machine under
test to measure the output torque or the required driving torque of the machine. The torque
measured by the dynamometer is multiplied by the shaft angular velocity, measured by a
tachometer, to compute the horsepower of the machine under test. Dynamometers are used
to determine the torque and horsepower characteristics of electric motors, generators, internal
combustion engines, gas turbines, and pumps.
A dynamometer, or “dyno” for short, is a machine used to measure torque and rotational speed
(rpm) from which power produced by an engine or any other rotating prime mover can be
calculated. Dynamometer is an instrument for measuring force exerted by men, animals
and machines.
The name has been applied generally to all kinds of instruments used in the measurement of a
force, as for example electric dynamometers, but the term specially denotes apparatus used in
connection with the measurement of work, or in the measurement of the horse-power of
engines and motors.
Dynamometers can be broadly classified into two major types, absorption dynamometers and
transmission dynamometers.

Theory of Dynamometer:
Dynamometers are used for measurement of brake power. To measure brake power, the
engine torque and angular speed have to be measured. A typical dynamometer is shown. The
rotor is driven by the engine under test by mechanical, hydraulic or electromagnetic means.
The rotor is coupled to the stator. For each revolution of the shaft,
rotor covers the distance 2× ×R×F against coupling force F.
Work done = 2× ×R×F

Now, external torque = S×L, where S is the scale reading and L is the length of dynamometer
arm.
Fig: 1.1: The Dynamometer Principle

Therefore, S×L = R×F for balance of dynamometer.

The power is given by, Brake Power = 2× ×N×T / 60

In the absorption dynamometers, the entire energy or power produced by the engine is
absorbed by the friction resistances of the brake and is transformed into heat, during the
process of measurement. But in the transmission dynamometers, the energy is not wasted in
friction but is used for doing work. The energy or power produced by the engine is transmitted
through the dynamometer to some other machines where the power developed is suitably
measured.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Guan and Huang (2003) proposed a method to measure disc brake squeal propensity. In
the past via the complex eigen value analysis, positive real parts always indicate the level of
instability. Instead of using this generic parameter to show degrees of instability, they
attempted to analyze the squeal problem from the viewpoint of energy. The total feed-in
energy was used to indicate the squeal tendency of the brake system, which was derived
using the magnitude and phase of the modal shape coefficient vector. They concluded the
proposed method would be able to predict disc brake tendency as similar as the positive real
parts of t he complex eigen value analysis. Furthermore, the method allows disclosing the
influence of structure design parameter on the squeal propensity and also helps analyzing
the effectiveness of various modifications to reduce/eliminate squeal.

Moirot et al (2000) proposed an analysis to deal with the squeal problems. The analysis had
three major aspects that differ from typical complex eigen value analysis. The proposed
analysis, first performed non-linear static calculation to determine the contact surface
between the disc and the pads. The second aspect was they considered the damping that due
to friction and the final aspect was the projection of the whole structure on a real modal basis.

Chung et al (2001) presented an analysis approach by transferring the equations of motion

from transient domain to modal domain that the transformation could significantly reduce
the complexity of the complex eigenvalue analysis. The modal domain analysis could
provide mechanism underlying the mode-coupling phenomenon. The instability was
investigated based on the propensity of modes to couple and cause squeal. From the
analysis, even if modes were separated enough in frequency that there was no instability, it
was still possible to predict which mode might couple and create instability if the modes
were slightly shifted. Thus, it could provide the guidance needed to design squeal-free
system. The proposed analysis proved to be successful as good correlations were achieved
against experimental results.
 Types of Dynamometers:

Two Basics types Dynamometers

1=Absorption dynamometers

Mechanical

Rope Brake

Band Brake

Hydralic

2=Transmission Dynamometers

Mechanical

Belt Transmission

Epicyclic Gear Train

Electric

Absorption Dynamometer:

In this type, the work done is converted into heat by friction while being measured. They
can be used for measurement of moderate powers only.
Example: Prony Brake dynamometer and rope brake dynamometer.
Transmission Dynamometer:

In this type, the work is not absorbed in the process, but is utilized after the measurement.
Example: Belt transmission dynamometer and Torsion dynamometer.

Parts of a Rope Brake Dynamometer:

The basic parts of a rope brake dynamometer are as follows:

 Single phase motor

 Wire Ropes
 Pulley
 Dead Weight
 Spring Balance
 Mild steel frame
 Double block brake

SR# Description Materials

1 Single phase motor -----

2 Wire Ropes Plough Steel Wires

3 Pulley Cast Iron

4 Dead Weight Cast Iron

5 Spring Balance --------

6 Mild steel frame Mild Steel

7 Double block brake Mild Steel

Rope: A rope is a linear collection of natural or artificial plies, yarns or strands which are
twisted or braided together in order to combine them into a larger and stronger form, but is
not a cable or wire. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting, but
are far too flexible to provide compressive strength. As a result, they cannot be
used for pushing or similar compressive applications.
Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, line, string, and twine. We have
selected rope of 10mm Diameter.

Pulley: A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement and change of
direction of a cable or belt along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift
loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and
supporting shell is referred to as a "block." Pulley that we have chosen is 90mm in diameter.
Spring Balance: A spring balance apparatus is simply a spring fixed at one end with a hook
to attach an object at the other. It works by Hooke's Law, which states that
the force needed to extend a spring is proportional to the distance that spring is extended from
its rest position. Therefore the scale markings on the spring balance are
equally spaced.

Dead Weight:
Its a heavy weight or load. Dead weight we have selected is of
457gm.

Wire Ropes:
Wire ropes made out of high tensile steel wires, are widely used for lifting loads because of
flexibility, smooth operation, higher reliability and long life. This is manufactured out of thin
high strength wires in twisted form with central steel or fiber core. The ropes are designed
based on safe working load per rope equal to breaking load divided by factor of safety.
The factor of safety varies from 3.5 to 10 depending on application.
Rope drum diameter is selected depending on rope diameter to keep bending stress due to
winding within limits. Drum is grooved for seating of rope. Rope end is clamped by double
clamp. The fleet angle is kept within limits to avoid winding of rope one over the other .
Selection of Wire Ropes:
Wire ropes are selected to meet the following requirements:

 Strength
 Abrasion resistance
 Flexibility
 Resistance to crushing
 Fatigue or endurance strength and
 Corrosion resistance

Advantages of Dynamometer:
 Among the flexible elements used for hoisting and hauling purposes, steel wire ropes
are extensively used.
 Steel wires are superior to welded chains, roller chains and hemp ropes because Wire
ropes are lighter in weight, offer silent operation, can withstand shock loads, are more
reliable and do not fail suddenly.

 The outer layers are subjected to intensive wear and break before the inner wires fail.
As a result, the wire rope becomes fuzzy long before rupture can be replaced before
failure.

 Wire ropes are manufactured from plough steel wire having ultimate strength of 1200
to 2400 N/mm2. In the process of manufacture, wire ropes are subjected to special
heat treatment, which combined with cold drawing, imparts high mechanical properties
to the wire.

 Ropes intended for operation in damp premises are galvanized to protect them against
corrosion.

Stress in Wire Ropes:

A wire rope will generally be subjected to the following stresses:
 Direct stresses on account of axial force on the rope.
 The axial force depends on the weight of the load to be lifted, weight of the rope etc.
 Bending stress due to the bending of ropes over sheaves.
 Stress due to acceleration or retardation of moving masses.
 Stress during starting.
Stress due to axial force

Where,
Wl = Weight of the load to be lifted
Wr = Weight of the rope
Ar = Area of the rope.

Stress due to bending

Er’ = 3/8Er
where,
Er’ = Modified Young’s modulus for the rope
Er = Young’s modulus of rope material.

Stress due to acceleration

Factors Considered for the Design of a Flywheel:
The weight of the flywheel is calculated considering the inertia of the rim and neglecting
influence of arms and hub.
The velocity of the flywheel rim is calculated as,
V= Dn
Where,
D= outside rim diameter of flywheel & N= engine rpm
The radius of gyration k can be determined as,

k2= 0.125[D2+ (D- 2a)]

Where,
a= rim thickness of flywheel.
The weight of the flywheel is given by:

W = Weight of the flywheel material & k= radius of

Gyration

Construction of Fly Wheel

Flywheels up to 8 feet in diameter are cast solid and above this size they are made in halves.
The hub is split and joined by a key. The halves are connected by bolts through a hub. The
flywheels used for automotive applications have teeth for starter engagement.
Flywheels are balanced by drilling holes in the heavier part of the
flywheel rim. Wooden plugs are then driven into the holes. The diameter of the clamping bolt is
approx onesixth of the shaft diameter. This completes our discussion of flywheels.
Construction

Factors Considered for the Design of Wire Ropes

Selection Procedure:
The following procedure may be employed for selecting wire ropes..

 Note down the weight to be lifted, weight of sheaves, hooks lifting speed, acceleration
etc.
 Select suitable group of wire. Where flexibility is required select 6×19 or 6×37 group.
6×7 group is suitable for abrasion resistance.
 For preliminary calculations, take factor of safety as 2.5 times the value given in table.
 Obtain the design load by multiplying the factor of safety with the dead load acting on
the rope.
 Select suitable rope based on the design load.
 Determine the weight, area, diameter, of wire etc.
 Determine the breaking strength using Indian Standards.
 Determine the weight of the rope and add with the weight to be lifted.
 Determine the bending stress.
 Determine the equivalent load, which will produce the bending stress . For this multiply
bending
 stress by area of rope.
 Determine the load due to acceleration.
 Determine the load during starting.
 Calculate the load during normal working, during acceleration and during starting.
 Calculate the actual factor of safety by comparing the maximum load on the rope with
the breaking strength of the rope.
 Compare the factor of safety with the value given in table.
 Select suitable diameter of the rope drum and sheaves.
 Calculate the length of the drum to accommodate the required wire rope.
Designation of Wires:
Wire ropes are designated by the number of wires in each strand, number of strands, its
diameter, its construction and its grade. The diameter of the wire rope is that of the smallest
circle enclosing it. The grade of wire is the minimum tensile strength of the wire used. The table
3.1 gives the grade of wires and their
tensile strength range.

Table
Factors Considered for the Design of Block Brakes

Design Procedure for Block Brakes:

 From the given data note down the braking torque and speed.
 Select brake drum diameter D taking into account the torque and space availability.
 Calculate the tangential force, Ft for the torque and radius.
 Select materials for brake drum and shoe linings. Table may be used for guidance.
 Find the normal force to be applied on the drum, N= F /μ. t
 Determine the area of the brake shoe friction surface based on permissible bearing
pressure (table).
 Determine the dimensions of the lever to obtain the required force on the shoe.
 Determine the cross section of the lever based on the strength.
 Heat dissipating capacity is to be checked for brake drums meant for absorbing heavy
power.

Friction Co-efficient and Allowable Pressures

Design Calculation:
The various notifications used in the design calculation of rope brake dynamometer are as
follow:-

W = Dead load in newtons,

S = Spring balance reading in newtons,
D = Diameter of the wheel in metres,
D = Diameter of ropes in metres,
N = Speed of the engine shaft in r.p.m.
Therefore net load on the brake = (W- S) ×N
We know distance moved in one revolution =

Work done per revolution = (W-S)× ×(D+d) N-m

And work done per minute = (W-S)× ×(D+d)×N N-m
Hence, Brake Power of the engine,

If diameter of the rope (d) is neglected, then brake power of the engine,

Working of Rope Brake Dynamometer:

In a rope brake dynamometer a rope is wrapped over the rime of a pulley keyed to the
shaft of the engine. The diameter of the rope depends upon the power of the machine. The
spacing of the rope on the pulley is done by 3 to 4 U-shaped wooden blocks which also
prevent rope from slipping of the pulley. The upper end of a rope is attached to the spring
balance whereas the lower end supports the weight of suspended mass.
If the power is high, so will be the heat produced due to friction between the rope and the
wheel, and a cooling arrangement is necessary. For this, the channel of the flywheel usually
has flange turned inside in which water from a ripe is supplied. An outlet pipe with a
flattened end takes the water out.
A rope brake dynamometer is frequently used to test the power of the engines. It is easy
to manufacture, inexpensive, and requires no lubrication.
If the rope is wrapped several times over the wheel, the tension of the slack side of the
rope, i.e., the spring balance reading can be reduced to a negligible value as compared to the
tension of the tight side. Thus one can even do away with the spring balance.
Let,
W = weight attached
S = Spring Balance
r = Effective radius = rd + r1
Where,
rd = Radius of Brake drum
r1 = Radius of rope
n = r.p.m. of the engine
Therefore, Braking Torque, Tb = (W-s) * r
SURVEY OR COMPARISION
Difference between Brake and Dynamometer
Sr # Brakes
1 Principle object is to absorb
energy.
2 It is used to retard or stop.
3 No torque or power is
measured
DIFFERNCE BETWEEN BRAKES AND DYNAMOMETER
Difference Between Rope Brake Dynamometer And Prony Brake Dynamometer:
Sr# Rope Brake Dynamometer
1 Cooling arrangement is required,
since
friction is developed
2 Its accuracy is comparatively more.
3 Its Construction is Simple.
4 It is comparatively cheaper.
5 It consists of less no. of parts.
6
Dynamometers
Works on principle of absorption.
It is able to measure absorb K.E.
transmitted to prime mover.
It measures, torque and hence
power.
Prony Brake Dynamometer
No cooling arrangement is required.
Its accuracy is comparatively less.
Its construction is complex.
It is comparatively expensive.
It consists of more no. of parts.
APPLICATION
Applications of Rope Brake Dynamometer:

1. The main application of a rope brake dynamometer is to test IC Engine.

 Dynamometers are useful in the development and refinement of modern engine

technology.
 The concept is to use a dyno to measure and compare power transfer at
different points on a vehicle, thus allowing the engine or drivetrain to be modified to
get more efficient power transfer.
 For example, if an engine dyno shows that a particular engine achieves 400 N·m (295
lbf·ft) of torque, and a chassis dynamo shows only 350 N·m (258 lbf·ft), one would know
to look to the drive train for the major improvements.
 Dynamometers are typically very expensive pieces of equipment, and so are normally
only used in certain fields that rely on them for a particular purpose.

2. It is also used in Pelton Wheel Turbine to measure the torque, then power.

The turbine whose torque is to be measured, its shaft is connected to the shaft of rape
brake dynamometer on which drum or pulley is mounted.
Rope is wrapped on the periphery of drum.
Tension is provided from the both ends by attaching one end of rope with spring balance and
other with dead weight.
This restricts the motion pulley which gives reading in spring balance. Ultimately torque can be
calculated.

3.It is used for measuring the torque in Francis Turbine.

4. It can be used for measuring torque of any rotary member, simply by
coupling it with shaft of dynamometer.
CONCLUSION

 A brake is an appliance used to apply frictional resistance to a moving body to stop or

retard it by absorbing its kinetic energy. In general, in all types of motion, there is always some
amount of resistance which retards the motion and is sufficient to bring the body to rest.
However, the time taken and the distance covered in this process is usually too large. By
providing brakes, the external resistance is considerably increased and the period retardation
shortened.

 A dynamometer is a brake incorporating a device to measure the frictional resistance

applied. This is used to determine the power developed by the machine, while maintaining its
speed at the rated value.

 The functional difference between a clutch and a brake is that a clutch connects two
moving members of a machine whereas a brake connects a moving member to a stationary
member.

 The determination of power delivered to rotating machinery simultaneous measurement

of torque and shaft speed. Machines used for torque measurement under test – bed condition are
called dynamometer. The type of dynamometer to be used depends on the nature of machine to
be tested.

 Absorption dynamometers working principle is that the power measured is converted into
heat by friction or by other means. The power absorbed is lost as heat and is dissipated to the
surrounding where it have no use.

 These are used for measurement of power of generator, electric motor, turbines and
engines. Dynamometers are capable only of power absorption include various forms of
mechanical brakes working on dry friction, fluid friction and eddy current brake.